Currently,the water inrush hazards during tunnel construction,the water leakage during tunnel operation,and the accompanying disturbances to the ecological environment have become the main problems that affect the str...Currently,the water inrush hazards during tunnel construction,the water leakage during tunnel operation,and the accompanying disturbances to the ecological environment have become the main problems that affect the structural safety of tunnels in water-rich regions.In this paper,a tunnel seepage model testing system was used to conduct experiments of the grouting circle and primary support with different permeability coefficients.The influences of the supporting structures on the water inflow laws and the distribution of the water pressure in the tunnel were analyzed.With the decrease in the permeability coefficient of the grouting circle or the primary support,the inflow rate of water into the tunnel showed a non-linear decreasing trend.In comparison,the water inflow reduction effect of grouting circle was much better than that of primary support.With the increase of the permeability coefficient of the grouting ring,the water pressure behind the primary lining increases gradually,while the water pressure behind the grouting ring decreases.Thus,the grouting of surrounding rock during the construction of water-rich tunnel can effectively weaken the hydraulic connection,reduce the influence range of seepage,and significantly reduce the decline of groundwater.Meanwhile,the seepage tests at different hydrostatic heads and hydrodynamic heads during tunnel operation period were also conducted.As the hydrostatic head decreased,the water pressure at each characteristic point decreased approximately linearly,and the water inflow rate also had a gradual downward trend.Under the action of hydrodynamic head,the water pressure had an obvious lagging effect,which was not conducive to the stability of the supporting structures,and it could be mitigated by actively regulating the drainage rate.Compared with the hydrostatic head,the hydrodynamic head could change the real-time rate of water inflow to the tunnel and broke the dynamic balance between the water pressure and water inflow rate,thereby affecting the stress state on the supporting structures.展开更多
Aim of this work is to try to explain, on a Rational basis, some equations of Electro-Magnetism, which are based on Experimental data. Any Electric Field can produce a Field of many small Electric Dipoles, continuousl...Aim of this work is to try to explain, on a Rational basis, some equations of Electro-Magnetism, which are based on Experimental data. Any Electric Field can produce a Field of many small Electric Dipoles, continuously distributed in space. In a region, where the Electric Field is constant, in direction and magnitude, all the small Dipoles are parallel to the Electric Field, and are represented by a single, long, parallel to them, fixed in space, Electric Dipole, which is here called Compass. An Alternating current, in a straight Conductor, is studied, by a simple, short computer program, for step-by-step nonlinear dynamic analysis. It is found that, only an Alternating current, not a direct current, can produce an Electric Dipole, in a straight Conductor. The two above Dipoles (Compass-Conductor) are assumed with equal lengths ℓ, lying on two skew lines, perpendicular to each other, at a distance ℓ√2, thus forming, by their four ends, a Regular Tetrahedron, with side length ℓ. Repulsion, between Like Charges, obeys the simple Coulomb Electro-Static law. Whereas Interaction (Attraction or Repulsion), between Unlike Charges, obeys a more accurate Lennard-Jones law. The analysis of Dipole-Dipole (Compass-Conductor) Interaction is performed by hand calculator. The only out-of-balance forces, in the regular Tetrahedron, acting on the Rigid Conductor, are the so-called magnetic forces. Their direction is found, in a simple Rational way, with help of Regular Tetrahedron, without recoursing to a “right-hand-rule”. The proposed model is applied to 1) The force acting on an Electric Charge moving in a magnetic field. 2) The force acting on a Current carrying straight Conductor, due to a magnetic field. 3) The magnetic fields created around a Current carrying straight Conductor. In these applications, proposed model gives reasonable results. Particularly, in third application, results, obtained by proposed model, are found in satisfactory approximation with corresponding ones, obtained by an empirical formula, based on relevant Experimental observations of H.-C. Oersted and A.-M. Ampère. So, the reliability of proposed model is checked. Position and direction of magnetic field vector coincide with those of a corresponding fixed Compass of a constant Electric Field. Main point of present work is that, without introducing the concept of a magnetic field vector, by combining field of dipoles, produced by an electric field, with dipole of an alternating current carrying conductor, the magnetic forces can be determined.展开更多
In the present era, water contamination represents one of the considerable environmental problems. Population growth along with ever increasing industrial developments has resulted in the contamination of most of the ...In the present era, water contamination represents one of the considerable environmental problems. Population growth along with ever increasing industrial developments has resulted in the contamination of most of the water resources in the world, bringing about serious problems for humans and other living organisms. According to the human life on earth depends on the way different water resources are exploited, the most important way to preserve the quality of water resources is to codify appropriate regulations and standards and develop plans for proper and principled implementation of them. Therefore, it seems to be necessary to take required actions to manage water resources optimally. In this regard, one of the most significant legal tools is the law. Following a descriptive-analytic approach, the present research aims to consider legal challenges in the context of water contamination briefly. Investigations indicate that, given the limitations in water resources, in future, water contamination will raise serious problems for the country should the solutions and measures required for tackling this issue are not well incorporated into respective regulations. As such, in order to systemize the activities within this scope, it is necessary to codify a comprehensive act about different water-related topics, so as to cover all separate and sparse pieces of regulations on water. Further, acquiring help from experts when preparing the regulations with an emphasis on the inhibitory role of penalties, roles of NGOs and culture-making in the society will contribute to the successful legal protection of the quality of water resources.展开更多
Stepping up legislation in the foreign-related field is a foundation and prerequisite for advancing the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs in a coordinated manner.It is also an important link in the p...Stepping up legislation in the foreign-related field is a foundation and prerequisite for advancing the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs in a coordinated manner.It is also an important link in the promotion of the socialist legal system with the Constitution as the core,as proposed in the Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC).Since China introduced the reform and openingup policy in 1978,China's legal system in the foreign-related field has evolved from initial formulation to mature framework,and China's legislation in the foreignrelated field has maintained distinct Chinese characteristics and contemporary features.Currently,China's legislation in the foreign-related field focuses on national security and on high-level opening-up.It continuously strengthens the connection of the rule of law in domestic affairs with that in international affairs,and consistently promotes the China's legal system of extraterritorial application.Furthermore,legislation in the foreign-related field in China still has issues to address,which includethe inconclusive status of international treaties within the legal system,a relatively conservativeedomestic approach in exercising extraterritorial jurisdiction,and a limited scope of legal liability.To better respond to the need of legislation in building a human community with a shared future and to enhance China's right to international legal discourse in global governance,China needs to move faster to introduce the Law on Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China.This law shouldreflectthebasicpositions,principles,and policies that China upholds in matters of foreign relations,as highlighted in the Report to the 20th CPC National Congress.Furthermore,Chinashould continue to improve legislation in keyareas of national security and increase the preexisting punitive measures for responding to actions that harm national security both domestically and internationally.Legislation should also be strengthened to counter sanctions and interference,and supporting measures should be adopted to ensure the effect of relevant legislation.In the field of foreign economic and trade relations,China should incorporate highstandard international economic and trade rules in relevant legislations,and should legalize the replicable and promotable legal rules in the building of free trade zones.Additionally,the existing jurisdictional system and international commercial dispute resolutionsystem shoulddbe promoted.展开更多
基金supported by the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(No.cstc2020jcyjmsxm X0904)the Chongqing Talent Plan(No.CQYC2020058263)+3 种基金the Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project(No.cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0246)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M693739)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2021YJ0539)the Natural Science foundation of Jiangsu higher education institutions of China(Grant No.19KJD170001)。
文摘Currently,the water inrush hazards during tunnel construction,the water leakage during tunnel operation,and the accompanying disturbances to the ecological environment have become the main problems that affect the structural safety of tunnels in water-rich regions.In this paper,a tunnel seepage model testing system was used to conduct experiments of the grouting circle and primary support with different permeability coefficients.The influences of the supporting structures on the water inflow laws and the distribution of the water pressure in the tunnel were analyzed.With the decrease in the permeability coefficient of the grouting circle or the primary support,the inflow rate of water into the tunnel showed a non-linear decreasing trend.In comparison,the water inflow reduction effect of grouting circle was much better than that of primary support.With the increase of the permeability coefficient of the grouting ring,the water pressure behind the primary lining increases gradually,while the water pressure behind the grouting ring decreases.Thus,the grouting of surrounding rock during the construction of water-rich tunnel can effectively weaken the hydraulic connection,reduce the influence range of seepage,and significantly reduce the decline of groundwater.Meanwhile,the seepage tests at different hydrostatic heads and hydrodynamic heads during tunnel operation period were also conducted.As the hydrostatic head decreased,the water pressure at each characteristic point decreased approximately linearly,and the water inflow rate also had a gradual downward trend.Under the action of hydrodynamic head,the water pressure had an obvious lagging effect,which was not conducive to the stability of the supporting structures,and it could be mitigated by actively regulating the drainage rate.Compared with the hydrostatic head,the hydrodynamic head could change the real-time rate of water inflow to the tunnel and broke the dynamic balance between the water pressure and water inflow rate,thereby affecting the stress state on the supporting structures.
文摘Aim of this work is to try to explain, on a Rational basis, some equations of Electro-Magnetism, which are based on Experimental data. Any Electric Field can produce a Field of many small Electric Dipoles, continuously distributed in space. In a region, where the Electric Field is constant, in direction and magnitude, all the small Dipoles are parallel to the Electric Field, and are represented by a single, long, parallel to them, fixed in space, Electric Dipole, which is here called Compass. An Alternating current, in a straight Conductor, is studied, by a simple, short computer program, for step-by-step nonlinear dynamic analysis. It is found that, only an Alternating current, not a direct current, can produce an Electric Dipole, in a straight Conductor. The two above Dipoles (Compass-Conductor) are assumed with equal lengths ℓ, lying on two skew lines, perpendicular to each other, at a distance ℓ√2, thus forming, by their four ends, a Regular Tetrahedron, with side length ℓ. Repulsion, between Like Charges, obeys the simple Coulomb Electro-Static law. Whereas Interaction (Attraction or Repulsion), between Unlike Charges, obeys a more accurate Lennard-Jones law. The analysis of Dipole-Dipole (Compass-Conductor) Interaction is performed by hand calculator. The only out-of-balance forces, in the regular Tetrahedron, acting on the Rigid Conductor, are the so-called magnetic forces. Their direction is found, in a simple Rational way, with help of Regular Tetrahedron, without recoursing to a “right-hand-rule”. The proposed model is applied to 1) The force acting on an Electric Charge moving in a magnetic field. 2) The force acting on a Current carrying straight Conductor, due to a magnetic field. 3) The magnetic fields created around a Current carrying straight Conductor. In these applications, proposed model gives reasonable results. Particularly, in third application, results, obtained by proposed model, are found in satisfactory approximation with corresponding ones, obtained by an empirical formula, based on relevant Experimental observations of H.-C. Oersted and A.-M. Ampère. So, the reliability of proposed model is checked. Position and direction of magnetic field vector coincide with those of a corresponding fixed Compass of a constant Electric Field. Main point of present work is that, without introducing the concept of a magnetic field vector, by combining field of dipoles, produced by an electric field, with dipole of an alternating current carrying conductor, the magnetic forces can be determined.
文摘In the present era, water contamination represents one of the considerable environmental problems. Population growth along with ever increasing industrial developments has resulted in the contamination of most of the water resources in the world, bringing about serious problems for humans and other living organisms. According to the human life on earth depends on the way different water resources are exploited, the most important way to preserve the quality of water resources is to codify appropriate regulations and standards and develop plans for proper and principled implementation of them. Therefore, it seems to be necessary to take required actions to manage water resources optimally. In this regard, one of the most significant legal tools is the law. Following a descriptive-analytic approach, the present research aims to consider legal challenges in the context of water contamination briefly. Investigations indicate that, given the limitations in water resources, in future, water contamination will raise serious problems for the country should the solutions and measures required for tackling this issue are not well incorporated into respective regulations. As such, in order to systemize the activities within this scope, it is necessary to codify a comprehensive act about different water-related topics, so as to cover all separate and sparse pieces of regulations on water. Further, acquiring help from experts when preparing the regulations with an emphasis on the inhibitory role of penalties, roles of NGOs and culture-making in the society will contribute to the successful legal protection of the quality of water resources.
文摘Stepping up legislation in the foreign-related field is a foundation and prerequisite for advancing the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs in a coordinated manner.It is also an important link in the promotion of the socialist legal system with the Constitution as the core,as proposed in the Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC).Since China introduced the reform and openingup policy in 1978,China's legal system in the foreign-related field has evolved from initial formulation to mature framework,and China's legislation in the foreignrelated field has maintained distinct Chinese characteristics and contemporary features.Currently,China's legislation in the foreign-related field focuses on national security and on high-level opening-up.It continuously strengthens the connection of the rule of law in domestic affairs with that in international affairs,and consistently promotes the China's legal system of extraterritorial application.Furthermore,legislation in the foreign-related field in China still has issues to address,which includethe inconclusive status of international treaties within the legal system,a relatively conservativeedomestic approach in exercising extraterritorial jurisdiction,and a limited scope of legal liability.To better respond to the need of legislation in building a human community with a shared future and to enhance China's right to international legal discourse in global governance,China needs to move faster to introduce the Law on Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China.This law shouldreflectthebasicpositions,principles,and policies that China upholds in matters of foreign relations,as highlighted in the Report to the 20th CPC National Congress.Furthermore,Chinashould continue to improve legislation in keyareas of national security and increase the preexisting punitive measures for responding to actions that harm national security both domestically and internationally.Legislation should also be strengthened to counter sanctions and interference,and supporting measures should be adopted to ensure the effect of relevant legislation.In the field of foreign economic and trade relations,China should incorporate highstandard international economic and trade rules in relevant legislations,and should legalize the replicable and promotable legal rules in the building of free trade zones.Additionally,the existing jurisdictional system and international commercial dispute resolutionsystem shoulddbe promoted.
