Failure mechanism and simulation for long run-out of the catastrophic rock landslide in the Shanyang Vanadium Mine,China

On 12th August 2015,a massive rapid long run-out rock landslide occurred in the Shanyang Vanadium Mine in Shaanxi Province,China,which claimed the lives of 65 miners.No heavy rainfalls,earthquakes,and mining blasts were recorded before the incident.Therefore,the failure mechanism and the cause of the long run-out movement are always in arguments.In this paper,we conducted a detailed field investigation,laboratory tests,block theory analysis,and numerical simulation to investigate the failure and long run-out mechanisms of the landslide.The field investigation results show that the source material of the rock landslide is a huge dolomite wedge block bedding on siliceous shale layers.Uniaxial compression tests indicate that the uniaxial compression strength of the intact dolomite is 130-140MPa and the dolomite shows a brittle failure mode.Due to the progressive downward erosion of the gully,the dolomite rock bridge at the slope toe became thinner.As the compression stress in the dolomite bridge increased to surpass its strength,the brittle failure of the bridge occurred.Then huge potential energy was released following the disintegration of the landslide,which led to the high acceleration of this rock landslide.The 3D discrete element simulation results suggest that the low intergranular friction contributes to the long run-out movement of this rock landslide.

A prediction model for horizontal run-out distance of landslides triggered by Wenchuan earthquake

The peak ground acceleration （PGA）, the volume of a sliding mass V, the height of a mountain HL and the slope angle θ of a mountain are four important parameters affecting the horizontal run-out distance of a landslide L. Correlations among them are studied statistically based on field investigations from 67 landslides triggered by the ground shaking and other factors during the Wenchuan earthquake, and then a prediction model for horizontal run-out distance L is developed in this study. This model gives due consideration to the implications of the above four parameters on the horizontal run-out distance L and the validity of the model is verified by the Donghekou and Magong Woqian landslides. At the same time, the advantages of the model are shown by comparing it with two other common prediction methods. The major findings drawn from the analyses and comparisons are： （1） an exponential relationship exists between L and log V, L and log HL, L and log PGA separately, but a negative exponential relationship exists between L and log tan0, which agrees with the statistical results; and （2） according to the analysis results of the relative relationship between the height of a mountain （H） and the place where the landslides occur, the probabilities at distances of2H/3-H, H/3-2H/3, and O-H/3 are 70.8%, 15.4%, and 13.8%, respectively, revealing that most landslides occurred at a distance of H/2-H. This prediction model can provide an effective technical support for the prevention and mitigation of landslide hazards.

Advanced run-out table cooling technology based on ultra fast cooling and laminar cooling in hot strip mill

In order to meet the severe requirements of market and reduce production costs of high quality steels,advanced run-out table cooling based on ultra fast cooling(UFC) and laminar cooling(LC) was proposed and applied to industrial production.Cooling mechanism of UFC and LC was introduced first,and then the control system and control models were described.By using UFC and LC,low-cost Q345B strips had been produced in a large scale,and industrial trials of producing low-cost dual phase strips were completed successfully.Application results show that the ultra fast cooling is uniform along the strip width and length,and does not affect the flatness of strips.The run-out table cooling system runs stably with a high precision,and makes it possible for the user to develop more high quality steels with low costs.

Coupled models of heat transfer and phase transformation for the run-out table in hot rolling

Mathematical models are been proposed to simulate the thermal and metallurgical behaviors of the strip occtLrring on the run-out table （ROT） in a hot strip mill. A variational method is utilized for the discretization of the governing transient conduction-convection equation, with heat transfer coefficients adaptively determined by the actual mill data. To consider the thermal effect of phase transformation during cooling, a constitutive equation for describing austenite decomposition kinetics of steel in air and water cooling zones is coupled with the heat transfer model. As the basic required inputs in the numerical simulations, thermal material properties are experimentally measured for three carbon steels and the least squares method is used to statistically derive regression models for the properties, including specific heat and thermal conductivity. The numerical simulation and experimental results show that the setup accuracy of the temperature prediction system of ROT is effectively improved.

高位堆积体远程滑坡动力侵蚀过程量化预测模型

高位远程滑坡快速解体后,往往形成碎屑流,会沿程动力侵蚀坡体表层第四纪松散物质,改变滑坡滑移动力学特征,导致滑坡体积显著放大,灾害效应强烈,已成为近年来防灾减灾研究的重点。首先,针对高位堆积体远程滑坡动力侵蚀过程量化预测问题,基于深度积分水动力计算理论与固液两相界面剪应力侵蚀模型架构,构建了高位堆积体远程滑坡动力侵蚀过程量化预测的连续介质数值模型,自主进行了数值实现,编制了具有二阶计算精度的软件程序DisasterFlowV1.0。然后,通过经典的溃坝水流算例验证,结果表明所构建的数值模型的数值求解格式正确并具有较好的总变差不增特性(total variation diminishing,TVD)。再后,通过对柏杨林高位堆积体远程滑坡案例动力侵蚀过程预测可知,所构建的数值模型与传统雪橇模型对该滑坡滑移速度预测结果基本一致,但相较于传统雪橇模型,所构建的数值模型对滑动路径地形的适应能力强,滑移速度预测值振荡性较小。最后,利用所构建的数值模型在时间和空间维度上对柏杨林高位堆积体远程滑坡的动力侵蚀过程进行量化表达,结果表明所构建的数值模型能够对该滑坡动力侵蚀过程中各历时的滑移深度、速度及侵蚀堆积深度进行量化,这是传统雪橇模型所不具备的。所做研究可充实高位远程滑坡动力侵蚀过程量化预测理论与技术体系。

黏聚力随机场波动范围的各向异性对流态性滑坡滑动距离的影响

流态性滑坡的大变形运动过程受到诸多因素的影响,其中一个重要因素便是岩土体的强度参数。由于现场测试和室内试验的局限性,强度参数往往呈现出明显的空间变异性,同时在不同方向上具有不同的波动范围,即随机场波动范围具有各向异性。针对黏聚力随机场波动范围的各向异性对流态性滑坡滑动距离的影响问题,引入基于乔列斯基分解的中心点法实现了各向异性随机场的离散,采用摩尔-库仑破坏准则和非牛顿流体模型相结合的光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particl ehydrodynamtcs,SPH)分析方法模拟了流态性滑坡的滑动距离,在蒙特卡洛模拟框架上提出了流态性滑坡的随机分析方法。然后,通过羊宝地滑坡和水平地层模型的模拟,验证了流态性滑坡确定性分析方法和随机场离散方法的适用性。最后,根据汶川地震中王家岩滑坡的地形资料构建了概念性的滑坡分析算例,讨论了黏聚力随机场中各向异性波动范围影响下滑坡运动过程的变化,分析了滑动距离的概率分布规律。结果表明:竖直波动范围的增加会增大滑坡滑动距离的分布范围,使其表现出更强的离散性;在黏聚力参数符合对数正态分布的前提下,滑动距离的分布也符合对数正态分布,说明流态性滑坡滑动距离的概率分布与强度参数的不确定性具有一定的联系。

A multi-order method for predicting stability of a multi-delay milling system considering helix angle and run-out effects

In this paper, a multi-delay milling system considering helix angle and run-out effects is firstly established. An exponential cutting force model is used to model the interaction between a work-piece and a cutting tool, and a new approach is presented for accurately calibrating exponential cutting force coefficients and cutter run-out parameters. Furthermore, based on an implicit multi-step Adams formula and an improved precise time-integration algorithm, a novel stability prediction method is proposed to predict the stability of the system. The involved time delay term and periodic coefficient term are integrated as a comprehensive state term in the integral response which is approximated by the Adams formula. Then, a Floquet transition matrix with an arbitraryorder form is constructed by using a series of matrix multiplication, and the stability of the system is determined by the Floquet theory. Compared to classical semi-discretization methods and fulldiscretization methods, the developed method shows a good performance in convergence, efficiency,accuracy, and multi-order complexity. A series of cutting tests is further carried out to validate the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the calibration process needs a time of less than 5 min, and the stability prediction method is effective.

黄土地震滑坡运动特征研究——以海原特大地震诱发滑坡为例

基于1920年海原81/2级特大地震诱发的568处典型黄土滑坡,从方向性特征、远程滑移特征以及流滑特征等3个方面探究黄土地震滑坡运动特征,主要结论如下:(1)海原地震诱发黄土滑坡主滑方向集中于60°~90°和270°~300°两个区间,与斜坡坡向优势范围50°~90°和255°~290°较为一致,体现出明显的顺坡向特征;(2)主滑方向与发震断裂走向平行或呈小角度相交(0°~30°)的滑坡占比41.9%,滑动方向受断层错动方向的影响较为显著;(3)滑坡密集分布于迎坡面,发育数量为背坡面的1.98倍,表现出典型的迎坡面特征;(4)滑坡最大水平距离与坡高的相关性明显,滑坡密集发育在坡高30~120 m的范围内,滑坡的等效摩擦系数均小于0.4,展现出典型的远程滑移特征;(5)568处滑坡中等效摩擦系数小于0.17的占比70.95%,表现出显著的流滑特征。作为黄土地震滑坡发育特征研究成果的重要补充,所得结论对深入开展黄土地震滑坡成灾机理与风险评估研究具有一定的参考价值。

Thermal , Microstructural and Mechanical Coupling Analysis Model for Flatness Change Prediction During Run-Out Table Cooling in Hot Strip Rolling

Non-uniformity of temperature distribution across strip width direction is the ultimate reason why the flatness defect occurs on the strip after cooling process although the strip is flat at the exit of finishing mill.One thermal , microstructural and mechanical coupling analysis model for predicting flatness change of steel strip during the run-out table cooling process was established using ABAQUS finite element software.K Esaka phase transformation kinetics model was employed to calculate the phase transformation , and coupled with temperature calculation using the user subroutine program HETVAL.Elasto-plasticity constitutive equations of steel material , in which conventional elastic and plastic strains , thermal strain , phase transformation strain and transformation induced plastic strain were considered , were derived and programmed in the user subroutine program UMAT.The conclusion that flatness of steel strip will develop to edge wave defect under the functions of the differential thermal and microstructural behaviors across strip width during the run-out table cooling procedure was acquired through the analysis results of this model.Calculation results of this analysis model agree well with the actual measurements and observation.

基于危险源识别的山区地质灾害风险定量评价——以贵州省茅台镇为例

我国西南山区是地质灾害多发易发地,特别是贵州省西北部近四川盆地的盆山过渡带,滑坡和崩塌对居民生产和生活构成了严重威胁。为合理预测山区地质灾害风险的空间分布特征,以贵州省茅台镇为研究区,开展了山区乡镇尺度地质灾害风险评价的探索性研究。应用层次分析法,以水文斜坡单元为基础评价单元,对研究区地质灾害易发性、危险性、易损性和风险进行了量化,并通过划分地质灾害易发性临界阈值识别地质灾害相关危险源,分析其运动特征和影响范围,建立了一套适合山区的地质灾害危险源识别及run-out定量分析方法,并据此对斜坡单元的风险评价结果进行修正。结果表明:斜坡坡度、工程地质岩组和斜坡变形是研究区地质灾害发育的主要控制因素;研究区地质灾害空间预测准确率为92%,ROC曲线的AUC值为0.97;结合危险源影响范围预测和风险分析,确定研究区赤水河两岸及北部山区人口伤亡风险和建筑物财产损失风险较高,而茅台镇北部罗村及柏杨村一带的丘陵地区人口伤亡风险和建筑物财产损失风险较低。本研究提出的危险源分析手段和地质灾害定量风险评价方法适用于盆山地带乡镇尺度的地质灾害风险评价,可为国土空间规划和地质灾害应急决策提供必要的资料和参考。

斜齿轮的有效长度和收尾长度的计算

文章基于理论分析并应用Lagrange乘数法以及求解一个一元四次方程,推导得到了与圆柱型齿条配合的斜齿轮所需要的有效长度的解析表达式,并通过SolidWorks软件验证了其正确性。再通过求解一元四次方程,推导得到了斜齿轮的滚齿收尾部分最远端到垂直于工件轴线且包含退刀时滚刀轴线和工件轴线的最短距离线所在平面的距离,即滚齿收尾长度的解析表达式,并通过SolidWorks软件验证了其正确性。这两个表达式为与斜齿轮相关的机械产品的设计提供了重要依据。

制动角总成端面跳动控制研究

制动角总成的端面跳动(SRO)主要由制动盘的端面跳动和轮毂法兰盘的端面跳动构成,受限于零部件机加精度,会出现制动盘端面跳动和轮毂法兰盘端面跳动符合零部件的技术要求但制动角总成端面跳动超差的现象。文章从制动盘和轮毂法兰盘叠加出制动角总成端面跳动进行分析,将轴向端面跳动转化为径向矢量合成从而在端面跳动测量点的圆周方向上建立函数,并通过改变制动盘测量点的相位来调整叠加波形的振幅,理论上解决了零部件端面跳动合格但总成端面跳动不合格的问题。落实方案则是通过在轮毂法兰盘上增加一个备用制动盘定位螺钉孔,在首次制动角总成端面跳动检测不合格的情况下可以对制动盘进行旋转调整,从而改变制动盘和轮毂法兰盘叠加后的制动角总成端面跳动值。同时,文中也对装配生产的环节和端面跳动检测环节做了相关的技术要求以提高制动角总成的装配一致性,并通过对后续制动角总成检测结果进行了跟踪确认了落实方案的有效性。

淡盐水脱硝工艺的比较

介绍了盐析法和冷冻法的脱硝原理及工艺流程,并比较了这两种工艺的投资和运行成本。盐析法总能耗和运行成本低,是淡盐水脱硝的首选工艺方案。

基于计算机视觉的径向跳动公差检测实验平台开发

针对“互换性与测量技术”课程实验设备不足、理论教学缺少实验辅助以及径向跳动公差教学中存在学生不易理解的问题,设计了基于计算机视觉技术的径向跳动公差测量实验平台。首先,通过中值滤波对工件源图像进行去噪处理;其次,采用Roberts算子提取边缘,得到工件母线定位精确的连续边缘特征;再次,开发测量程序系统,检测工件的径向尺寸变化,实现径向跳动公差测量;最后,以图形方式展示测量结果,使学生容易掌握领会。这种集探索、开发于一体的教学模式,对学生创新思维的启发和综合素质的培养有着积极的作用。实践表明:该实验平台检测结果直观、速度快、界面友好、操作容易,是理论教学的有效支撑,不仅适合学生实验,还可用于实际生产。

退刀槽设计库两种制作方法的比较

以轴类零件的退刀槽为研究对象,论述了Solidworks中创建轴退刀槽设计库的两种方法,分别是用拉伸切除的方法创建和用旋转切除的方法创建。详细说明了两种方法的制作过程和操作技巧,并给出了应用实例,最后比较了两种方法的优劣。两种方法可以在实际应用中根据需要灵活选用。

水力机械轴摆度测量与分析的研究

水力机械轴摆度的测量广泛应用于机组盘车、检查机组轴线安装质量、机组运行稳定性评价,轴摆度信号过大会导致机组故障停机等严重后果。本文从测量水力机组轴摆度电涡流位移传感器量程选择、安装布置、信号分析等方面论证了安装环节对测量结果的影响,给出了针对不同轴径传感器选择原则和允许的轴线与传感器感应面之间安装角度;提出了测量部位轴断面不圆度信号与轴摆度信息分离检测的分析方法、轴摆度合成轴心轨迹平面参数分析方法和轴心轨迹特征值计算方法,解决了轴不圆度与轴摆度信息混淆、轴摆度合成轴心轨迹特征值分析等问题,为水力机械轴摆度的测量与分析提供参考。

西藏易贡高位远程滑坡研究进展与展望

高位远程滑坡指剪出口高、滑动距离长、体积大和速度快的滑坡,具有强动能、强烈碎屑化-流体化、铲刮效应等特征,滑坡及其诱发的灾害链对人类生命财产安全、路桥基础设施、水利水电工程等危害巨大。在遥感解译和野外调查的基础上,总结了2000年西藏易贡高位远程滑坡的研究进展,分析了滑坡启滑机制、体积、运动速度、堰塞湖体积、溃坝机制等,进一步揭示了内外动力耦合作用是西藏易贡高位远程滑坡的主要影响因素,以及该滑坡具有溯源侵蚀复发型的周期性启滑机制。基于GIS与高精度DEM进一步核算了易贡高位远程滑坡的体积,认为滑源区崩滑体体积约9225×10^(4)m^(3),滑坡堆积体体积约为2.81×10^(8)~3.06×10^(8)m^(3),其中堆积体体积与国内外研究的认识基本一致。易贡滑坡崩滑源区还发育2个潜在失稳区,潜在崩滑体方量约1.86×10^(8)m^(3),一旦失稳可能再次形成滑坡-堵江-溃坝灾害链,危害巨大,故提出了进一步加强易贡高位远程滑坡潜在崩滑体稳定性研究、灾害链流域性影响范围预测和监测预警等建议,对于指导该区正在规划建设的铁路、水利水电等重大工程建设和城镇防灾减灾具有重要意义。

基于非接触光学的金刚石滚轮石墨型腔测量方法

为了实现对金刚石滚轮石墨型腔的高精度测量,建立了基于激光同轴位移传感器的型腔轮廓测量系统,介绍了系统组成与测量原理、系统坐标系建立及参数标定方法,并提出型腔径向圆跳动与轴向圆弧轮廓度参数的测量计算方法。试验结果表明,径向圆跳动的测量标准差为0.0033 mm,轴向圆弧半径测量值最大偏差为1.7μm,圆弧轮廓度测量值最大偏差为0.7μm,测量精度高。

基于模型试验的滑体不同节理组合岩块破碎特征研究

岩块破碎在高速远程滑坡碎屑化运动中起关键作用,而岩块内在结构控制着滑体的变形、破坏特征和运动距离。为研究不同节理设置对岩块在自重作用下的失稳停积是否会产生不同的破碎效果和运动距离,开展了物理模型试验。试验中通过改变节理方向和组合形式设置了8种不同组合的滑块,其在自重作用下失稳下滑,利用高速摄像机记录试块撞击底板破碎和停积的过程,分析试块撞击底板时的破碎模式;通过人工测量方法获取最远运动距离和堆积体累积质量曲线,并引入相对破碎率对最后试块的破碎程度进行量化;利用由图像处理方法获取的运动参数推导出破碎耗能比,进而研究破碎特征与运动距离、破碎耗能比之间的关系。结果表明:(1)根据滑块的接触方式可将破坏模式分为:撞击破碎、二次碰撞破碎以及滑动摩擦破碎;(2)存在竖向节理、水平向和竖向组合型节理时,滑块的破碎程度和运动距离明显增加;(3)最远运动距离、破碎耗能比都具有随相对破碎率增加而增加的趋势。

制动引起方向盘抖动的分析

针对制动引起方向盘抖动的故障展开分析,通过故障现象分析,车辆的故障现象属于高速下的冷态抖动,与制动盘的端面跳动及厚薄差超差相关。通过鱼刺图进一步分析DTV增长的原因,最终确定此制动抖动是与车轮压紧制动盘的平面度超差及制动卡钳盘片间隙相关。通过更换合格的车轮和回位值偏大的卡钳,并进行了验证,制动抖动现象消失。结合故障抖动车的分析,得出一套有效的制动抖动的分析流程。