State laws governing school physical education in relation to attendance and physical activity among students in the USA: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:This study systematically synthesized and quantified the relationship linking state laws governing school physical education(PE)to PE attendance and physical activity(PA)in class and throughout the day and week among students in the USA.Methods:A keyword search was performed in PubMed,Web of Science,Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL),Academic Search Complete,and EconLit.Meta-analyses were performed to estimate the effects of state PE laws.Results:A total of 17 studies were included in the review,and five contributed to the meta-analyses.A total of 8 studies used nationally representative school-or student-level data,three focused on multiple states,and the remaining six examined the PE laws of a single state.The presence and strength of state PE laws were positively associated with PE attendance and the frequency and duration of PA during PE classes and throughout the school day.Compared to those residing in states with weak or no PE laws,students in states with strong PE laws had an additional 0.2 days(95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.10.4)of PE attendance per week and spent an additional 33.9 min(95%CI:22.745.0)participating PE classes per week.State PE laws affected girls’PA more than boys’.Different aspects of state PE laws tended to affect students’PE attendance differently.Disparities in the implementation of state PE laws existed across schools.Conclusion:Future studies should adopt objective measures on PE and PA participation and examine the roles schools and districts play in mediating the effect of state PE laws on students’PE attendance and PA.

Conflict： Efficient State or State Under the Rule of Law？-- The Hungarian Case of the Victory of the Efficient State over the State Under the Rule of Law

This study is seeking an answer as to whether the efficient state and the state under the rule of law are indeed irreconcilable, as well as to whether these two categories are by nature to be seen as contrary concepts. The basic issue is whether efficiency is to be handled as an ＂extralegal＂ category, or whether legal regulation, in accordance with public administration traditions in Europe, can in itself meet the requirement of efficiency. Also the study presents the formation of the issue of conflict between the effective state and the state under the rule of law in Hungary after the election held in 2010 in the practice of economic policy and legislation of the Orban government. We are trying to answer the question of the tendency of power concentration to really menace the principles of a traditionally-formed state under the rule of law, as well as whether the economic policy of the government can be implemented effectively in a strongly centralized political and state administrative system.

Vietnamese State Budget Accounting With the Relationships Between the State Budget Law and International Public Sector Accounting Standards （IPSAS）＊ Pham Quang Huy University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

For a long time, Vietnam has modifications in all aspects in the society. For many years, Vietnam has improved features in administrative works as well as in different areas, such as public administration, finance, and accounting In the accounting content, budget accounting is an important thing which is worth noting. However, along with the achievements, Vietnam is also facing a number of limitations to be overcome for ensuring transparency in the state budget. Since then, the main purpose of the article is to provide a general picture of budget accounting in Vietnam and what has not been done through finding the relationships with budget regulations and international public sector accounting. The results showed that Vietnam will transform and issue the new law on budget and build up a new model for controlling information published by data accounting system in the future.

The Natural Law of Transition of a Charged Particle into a Compound State under the Action of an Electroscalar Field

This article is the continuation of article [1] where the experimental facts of observation of the electroscalar radiation in the spectrum of the Sun have been presented [2]. This radiation comes into the world having a long wavelength, being longitudinal and extraordinarily penetrating. In accordance with the principle of least action, the Lagrangian of the electroscalar field and the tensor of energy-moment are determined using the variation the potential and coordinates. The equation of motion the charged particle in electroscalar field is determined and the energy of particle has the negative sign with respect to the mechanical energy of particle and the energy of electromagnetic field. So, this is decreasing the electrical potential of particle during the propagation. The electroscalar energy of charged particle and field’s force acting on the particle during their motion change the particle’s electrical status which, in its turn, may trigger the transition of the particle into a compound state during interaction with any object. Due to the continuity this process can lead the particle to the state which enters into a compound state with a negative energy for a different particle’s velocity. This state is the physical vacuum’s state. Analysis of the solar spectrum demonstrates that scattering and absorption of electroscalar wave go on the cavities of solids. The spreading out of electroscalar field obeys to the law of plane wave and the transfer the energy and information can occur in vacuum and any medium.

Experimental study on the slip evolution of planar fractures subjected to cyclic normal stress

The frictional rupture mechanisms of rock discontinuities considering the dynamic load disturbance still remain unclear.This paper investigates the transitional behaviors of slip events happened on a planar granite fracture under cyclic normal stress with diferent oscillation amplitudes.The experimental results show that the activations of fast slips always correlate with unloading of normal stress.Besides,the intensive normal stress oscillation can weaken the shear strength which is recoverable when the normal stress return to constant.The rupture patterns are quantifed by stress drop,slip length and slip velocity.With the efect of small oscillation amplitudes,the slip events show chaotic shapes,compared to the regular and predictable style under constant normal stress.When the amplitude is large enough,the big and small slip events emerge alternately,showing a compound slip style.Large amplitude of the cyclic normal stress also widens the interval diferences of the slip events.This work provides experimental supports for a convincible link between the dynamic stress disturbance and the slip behavior of rock fractures.

Modified DS np Chart Using Generalized Multiple Dependent State Sampling under Time Truncated Life Test

This study presents the design of a modified attributed control chart based on a double sampling(DS)np chart applied in combination with generalized multiple dependent state(GMDS)sampling to monitor the mean life of the product based on the time truncated life test employing theWeibull distribution.The control chart developed supports the examination of the mean lifespan variation for a particular product in the process of manufacturing.Three control limit levels are used:the warning control limit,inner control limit,and outer control limit.Together,they enhance the capability for variation detection.A genetic algorithm can be used for optimization during the in-control process,whereby the optimal parameters can be established for the proposed control chart.The control chart performance is assessed using the average run length,while the influence of the model parameters upon the control chart solution is assessed via sensitivity analysis based on an orthogonal experimental design withmultiple linear regression.A comparative study was conducted based on the out-of-control average run length,in which the developed control chart offered greater sensitivity in the detection of process shifts while making use of smaller samples on average than is the case for existing control charts.Finally,to exhibit the utility of the developed control chart,this paper presents its application using simulated data with parameters drawn from the real set of data.

Three-dimensional nonlinear H_2/H_∞ guidance law based upon approach of solving the state feedback Nash balance point

Based upon the theory of the nonlinear quadric two-person nonzero-sum differential game,the fact that the time-limited mixed H2/H∞ control problem can be turned into the problem of solving the state feedback Nash balance point is mentioned. Upon this,a theorem about the solution of the state feedback control is given,the Lyapunov stabilization of the nonlinear system under this control is proved,too. At the same time,this solution is used to design the nonlinear H2/H∞ guidance law of the relative motion between the missile and the target in three-dimensional(3D) space. By solving two coupled Hamilton-Jacobi partial differential inequalities(HJPDI),a control with more robust stabilities and more robust performances is obtained. With different H∞ performance indexes,the correlative weighting factors of the control are analytically designed. At last,simulations under different robust performance indexes and under different initial conditions and under the cases of intercepting different maneuvering targets are carried out. All results indicate that the designed law is valid.

General Philosophy of Relationism and Its Application to the Political Theory of State and Society and Implications on Natural Sciences

In the examination and study of the general methodology of science and philosophy,we have discovered a common fundamental problem of the“paradox of the basic element”that creates inconsistencies in social and natural theory and general ontology and epistemology.Our study of the interactions of states as major international actors leads us to the conclusion that the unsolved“paradox of the basic element”of the general systems theory(GST)applied in the neorealist doctrine of international relations generates apparent fundamental theoretical weaknesses that have to be resolved.Therefore,herein we propose a solution to the paradox of the basic element on an ontological level by showing that not the element,but rather the relation is the basic“entity”of the system.Such an approach,where the relationship is the most fundamental category and plays a primary role in the system,transforms the GST into a relationist theory(systemic relationism)that includes the relevant systemic variables both in the system as a whole and in its subsystems(or elements).At the same time,due to the equivalence of the“paradox of the basic element”with the paradox of existence of anything or everything(usually formulated as“Why everything[that is]exists”[and not just nothing]),our relationist approach proves to be a good methodological tool for resolving this fundamental question of the general ontology.In addition,this new approach seems to resolve even the basic problem of natural philosophy formulated as the origin of natural force(F).The relationism formulated in our study provides an answer for the existence of anything(E)in relation to nothingness(N),and then through equivalence of basic relation and interaction explains natural force(s)(F)studied in physics.The basic relation in form of irreducible and inseparable{E,N}system or{E}<->{N},(where E—everything,N—nothingness),represents in the physical world a basic irreducible interaction,e.g.,a category of force defined in physics(as intensity of interaction).Thus,by applying the same relationist methodology for understanding the physics of force,we provide a fundamental answer related to the origin of force(in the universe).However,besides natural and social applications,in the present article,we discuss how relationism can be used to resolve controversies in the mainstream political theories of state and to provide new original explanation of the origin of state and causes of social development and change.One of our basic conclusions related to the genesis of state is that this supreme institution was historically(systemically)created as a result of struggle for the monopoly of force when the legal idea of titulus(a title of leader/ruler that could be subject of inheritance)emerged.Rulers(i.e.,first kings,as successor of primitive tribal chiefs)developed and established legitimacy and appropriate binding rules or laws related to that supreme title to justify their special status(titulus).

Considerations About Municipal Government Finance in the State of the Espirito Santo： 2001/2009

Fiscal decentralization in Brazil has promoted a break in the national collection system and granted greater autonomy to states and municipalities against the federal government with regard to fundraising. The theoretical difference emerged, when one observes the greatest proliferation of local entities from the autonomy granted by the Federal Constitution （FC） from 1988 to the various levels of government, many of which almost totally depend on inter-governmental transfers. There are those who advocate the strengthening of public actions from observing the problems of small units （municipalities） and who will now have greater decision-making freedom. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the public finances of municipalities in the core theoretical （all people born in Espirito Santo） state guided by the Fiscal Responsibility Law （FRL） and fiscal decentralization in the country. For this purpose, they were taken as the time frame 2001 and 2009. Methodologically, this paper used a literature review, as well as data from the National Treasury Secretariat （STN）. In addition, authors took as a tool to help multiple regression models to strengthen the results. The principal evidence shows that, even with a slight improvement in the framework of indicators of revenue, these municipalities have proved essentially dependent on resources from the Union. Additionally, the results show a relative reduction of spending on items, such as staff costs and legislation in one year to another. In parallel, there were greater participation of the variables, costs of health and sanitation, education and culture, among others, to explain the variation of the expenditure of municipalities in Espirito Santo in the years observed. The data fit well to the model with a significance level of 1%.

The Comparative Discussion of State Owned Enterprise in Competition Law

Reflect on the benefits and costs of the current approaches in the European Union and the People’s Republic of China.To the conclusion that State Owned Enterprises(SOE)’s and more generally state conduct should be fully covered by competition law.

“Running China in Accordance with the Law” Ensures Development of Human Rights

I. A Review of China＇s Judicial Protection for Human Rights To effectively protect human rights, a country needs to specify in its laws a complete series of basic rights its citizens shall enjoy. Meanwhile, the legal rights for an individual citizen would be meaningless even though such rights are prescribed in laws if, when the person＇s rights are infringed upon, he or she has no access to judicial relief. Administration of justice is the last resort, in fact the most effective, means.

United States Law on the Protection of Abused and Neglected Children

I. Introduction This paper discusses child protection in the United States. I will discuss four general topics. The first topic is United States laws on the protection of children from child abuse and neglect. The second topic is providing care for children who must be removed from their homes. The third is the role of courts in child protection in the United States.

On the Definition of State Variables for an Internal State Variable Constitutive Model Describing Metal Deformation

The quest for an internal state variable constitutive model describing metal deformation is reviewed. First, analogy is drawn between a deformation model and the Ideal Gas Law. The use of strain as a variable in deformation models is discussed, and whether strain serves as an internal state variable is considered. A simple experiment that demonstrated path dependence in copper is described. The importance of defining appropriate internal state variables for a constitutive law relates to the ability to accurately model temperature and strain-rate dependencies in deformation simulations.

A numerical study of comparison of two one-state-variable,rate-and state-dependent friction evolution laws

The two one-state-variable, rate- and state-dependent friction laws, i.e., the slip and slowness laws, are com- pared on the basis of dynamical behavior of a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model through numerical simulations. Results show that two （normalized） model parameters, i.e., A （the normalized characteristic slip distance） and β-α （the difference in two normalized parameters of friction laws）, control the solutions. From given values of △, β, and α, for the slowness laws, the solution exists and the unique non-zero fixed point is stable when △〉（β-α）, yet not when △ 〈（β-α）. For the slip law, the solution exists for large ranges of model parameters and the number and stability of the non-zero fixed points change from one case to another. Results suggest that the slip law is more appropriate for controlling earthquake dynamics than the slowness law.

Simple statistical model for predicting thermal atom diffusion on crystal surfaces

A simple model based on the statistics of single atoms is developed to predict the diffusion rate of thermal atoms in （or on） bulk materials without empirical parameters. Compared with vast classical molecular-dynamics simulations for predicting the self-diffusion rate of Pt, Cu, and Ar adatoms on crystal surfaces, the model is proved to be much more accurate than the Arrhenius law and the transition state theory. Applying this model, the theoretical predictions agree well with the experimental values in the presented paper about the self-diffusion of Pt （Cu） adatoms on the surfaces.

Perception of Abortion and Abortion Laws by Lawyers in Anambra State Nigeria

Abortion is the knowing destruction of the life of an unborn child in the womb other than for the principal purpose of producing a life birth or removal of a dead tissue. The Nigeria law stipulates that abortion is allowed only where there is risk to the life of the woman and or to her physical or mental health. This study is aimed at determining the perception of abortion and the relevant laws by lawyers in Anambra State, Nigeria. It is a descriptive cross sectional study carried out between May-June 2010 using pre-tested self administered questionnaires to collect data from consenting 200 lawyers in the 3 major towns of Anambra State. All the respondents knew about abortion, recognized health hazards associated with it and mentioned infertility as the major complication of abortion (53%) followed by death (52.5%) and bleeding (42.5%). About 80% of respondents said abortion should be allowed in cases of danger to woman’s life, rape or incest. Eighty-five percent of the lawyers were aware of the existing abortion law in Nigeria and 76.5% of this knew abortion was legal only to save the life of the woman. Only 26% were in support of legalization of abortion. The Lawyers recommended health education and family planning, among others as means of preventing abortion and its complications. Stigma associated with abortion should be removed to improve free reporting of abortion cases for legal actions. Further research should involve other stakeholders on abortion to make for a holistic approach to the problem.

Timberland Investing and Private Property Rights in the United States of America

Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.

A System Status Definition to Improve Behavior Description in Specifications Based on Constructal Law

System behavior description using states faces problems like state explosion, lack of clear definition of state, state identification and coordination between multiple agents. The goals of this work are to ease design activity, to reduce engineering efforts, and to mitigate project risks. The proposed way is to improve information flow during design by adding definitions and some protocols or rules for communicating a specification or design description. This work presented an objective definition of system status (way of interaction with the rest of the world) along other concepts. This work focused in definitions as mind entities and their importance to rationalize work and mitigate project risks during design. This article presented some simple examples to illustrate the advantages of each aspect of proposed definition of system status and discussed limits and exceptions for such definition. The key finding was the proposed definition which was the simplest while keeping completeness at a given product breakdown level. Such definition of status enforced formal segregation of needs and solutions, and eased the inclusion of behavior definition in specifications.

Competition Law in the GCC Countries： The Tale of a Blurry Enforcement

countries, and emphasizes that the application of the rules in force represents the weak point of systems in which the competition policy awareness is much needed but still anchored at a rudimentary stage. This is especially evident when considering that, although such laws have been built up following the European Union model as regards to the forbidden practices, and the US system-with its combination of monetary fines and criminal approach-for the sanctions, the establishment of a legal environment “friendly competition” is far from effective enforcement. After providing an overview of the competition laws passed by the six GCC members, the paper highlights that, notwithstanding the wide arsenal of legal tools to curb possible anticompetitive practices made available under the national regimes, in all countries role and powers of the competition authorities are somewhat underrated. Due to such generalized lack of implementation, the article underlines the need for effective enforcement standards accompanied by a joint harmonized action against illegal competition to be undertaken at regional level in order to facilitate the flow of commerce, and strengthen the economy in the GCC marketplace.