Effect of γ' formation and strengthening elements on microstructures and stress rupture property of single crystal super-alloys

An investigation was carried out to study the effects of γ' formation and strengthening elements (Al, Ti and Ta) on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of nickel base single crystal super-alloys.The results show that with the increase of γ' formation and strengthening elements, the percentage of γ-γ' eutectic and the misfit degree of γ/γ' increases.Detailed microstructural analysis revealed that with the increase of γ' forming element content, the morphology of γ' changed from spherical to cubic, then irregular shape; and the size of γ' increases gradually.Excessive γ' formation and strengthening elements will lead to the precipitation of μ phase during stress rupture tests.The alloy with 5wt.%Al, 1wt.%Ti and 6wt.%Ta has the best stress rupture property.

Rapid rupture characterization for the 2023 M_(S)6.2 Jishishan earthquake

On December 18, 2023, the M_(S)6.2 Jishishan earthquake occurred in the northeastern region of the QinghaiXizang Plateau, causing heavy casualties and property damage in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces. In this study,we integrate space imaging geodesy, finite fault inversion, and back-projection methods to decipher its rupture property, including fault geometry, coseismic slip distribution, rupture direction, and propagation speed. The results reveal that the seismogenic fault dips to the southwest at an angle of 29°. The major slip asperity is dominated by reverse slip and is concentrated within a depth range of 7–16 km, which explains the significant uplift near the epicenter observed by both the Sentinel-1 ascending and descending In SAR data. Moreover, the teleseismic array waveforms indicate a northwest propagating rupture with an overall slow rupture velocity of~1.91 km/s(AK array) or 1.01 km/s(AU array).

Microstructural change and stress rupture property of Nimonic 105 superalloy for advanced ultra-supercritical power plants

Microstructural change,stress rupture property,deformation and fracture mechanisms of Nimonic 105 superalloy at 750℃have been studied.Experimental results showed that the stress rupture strength of the alloy at 750℃ for 10^(5)h is about 200 MPa.γ'precipitates and M_(23)C_(6)carbides grew gradually with prolonging the rupture time,while no significant change was observed in MC carbide morphology.After stress rupture test at 750℃ and 250 MPa for 23,341 h,a transition from spherical to cuboidal morphology of γ'precipitates was found,and nearly continuous chains of M_(23)C_(6)carbides formed on the grain boundary.Orowan looping and strongly coupled dislocation pairs cutting and microtwinning were the dominant deformation mechanisms at 750℃ and 350-450 MPa,while the main deformation mode was Orowan looping at 750℃ and 250 MPa.The failure of the alloy was mainly attributed to the nucleation,growth and interlinkage of voids.

Effect of Ru on stress rupture properties of nickel-based single crystal superalloy at high temperature

Two experimental single crystal superalloys, Ru-free alloy and Ru-containing alloy with [001] orientation, other alloying element contents being basically kept same, were cast in the directionally solidified furnace. The effect of Ru on the stress rupture properties of the single crystal superalloy was investigated at （980 ℃, 250 MPa）, （1100 ℃, 140 MPa） and （1120 ℃, 140 MPa）. The results show that Ru can enhance high temperature stress rupture properties of single crystal superalloy. The improvement effect of Ru addition on stress rupture properties decreases with increasing test temperature. The γ′ coarsening and rafting directionally are observed in Ru-free alloy and Ru-containing alloy after stress rupture test. Needle shaped TCP phases precipitated in both of alloys after stress rupture test at （1100 ℃, 140 MPa） and （1120 ℃, 140 MPa） and no TCP phase was observed in both of alloys after stress rupture test （980 ℃, 250 MPa）. The precipitate volume fraction of TCP phases is significantly decreased by the addition of Ru. At last, the relationship between the microstructure change with Ru addition and improvement of stress rupture properties was discussed.

Effect of Phosphorus on Stress Rupture Properties of GH4133 Ni-Base Superalloy

The effect of phosphorus on the stress rupture property of GH4133 alloy has been investigated and is compared with that of IN718 alloy. The GH4133 alloy is crept by dislocation movement. Phosphorus has a tendency to prolong the rupture life of some wrought superalloys by inhibiting the dislocation movement. If the phosphorus addition is too high, its effect on impairing the grain boundary cohesion overwhelms that on inhibiting the dislocation movement, and the life of the GH4133 alloy can be shortened. The two functions of inhibiting the dislocation movement and impairing the grain boundary cohesion determine that the optimum phosphorus content in the GH4133 alloy is around 0.011 wt pet. Phosphorus exhibits a greater effect on prolonging the rupture life of IN718 alloy than that of GH4133 alloy. The two alloys are crept by different mechanisms. The intergranular phosphorus-bearing phase is precipitated in the IN718 alloy, while not in the GH4133 alloy. The precipitation of the phosphorus bearing phase can balance the phosphorus segregation at the grain boundaries and allows a more remarkable effect of phosphorus on extending the rupture life of IN718 alloy.

Influence of long-term isothermal aging on microstructure and creep rupture properties of Ni-base superalloy M4706

After a standard heat treatment,the microstructural evolution with time during isothermal aging at 850°C and its effect on the creep rupture properties of the Ni-base superalloy M4706 at 870°C and 370 MPa are investigated.It is found that as the aging time increases from 0 to 5000 h,the average diameter of coarseγ′increases from 241 to 484 nm,and the distribution of the carbides at grain boundaries changes from discontinuous to continuous.Moreover,experimental observations on the microstructures of all the crept specimens reveal that dislocation bypassing controls the creep deformation.Thus,it is concluded that the transitions in the microstructures result in the degeneration of the creep rupture properties of the experimental alloy with aging time.

EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE STRESS RUPTURE PROPERTIES OF ALLOY K403

The standard heat treatment of cast nickel base superalloy K403 is the solid solution treatment of 1210℃/4h, air cooling. It is very difficult to meet the requirements of Aviation Standard HB5155, in which the stress rupture life at 750℃ and 645MPa is longer than 50h. The results showed that the intermediate temperature stress rupture properties impaired by treatment of 1210℃/4h were due to precipitation of too small γ′ phase(<0.2μm) in grains and absence of the secondary carbides at grain boundaries. Microstructure containing the intergranular M6C carbides with envelope of γ′ and the residual coarse γ′ was obtained by means of 1180℃/4h treatment, therefore the stress rupture life was obviously increased to meet the demand of HB5155. The effect of γ′ size was also discussed from the view point of deformation mechanism in this paper.

Effect of Nb content on microstructure stability and stress rupture properties of single crystal superalloy containing Re and Ru

Three experimental single crystal superalloys with 0%Nb,0.5%Nb,1.0%Nb were cast in the directionally solidified furnace,while other alloying element contents were basically kept unchanged.The effect of Nb on the microstructure,stability at1100°C and stress rupture properties at 1070°C and 160 MPa of the single crystal superalloy were investigated.The experiment results show that the primary dendrite arm spacing decreases and the volume fraction ofγ/γ′eutectic of the alloy increases with the increase of Nb content in the as-cast microstructures.The size ofγ′phase particles becomes small and uniform and the cubic shape does not obviously change with the increase of Nb content.The precipitating rate and volume fraction of TCP phases increase significantly with the increase of Nb content in the process of long term aging at 1100°C.The stress rupture lives increase and elongation decreases with increasing Nb content at 1070°C/160 MPa.At last,the relationship between the microstructures stability,stress rupture properties of the alloy and Nb content is discussed based on JMat Pro software and the lastest relevant database for single crystal superalloy.

Microstructures and properties of transient liquid phase diffusion bonded joints of Ni_3Al-base superalloy

An investigation of transient liquid phase (TLP) diffusion bonding of a Ni 3Al base directionally solidified superalloy, IC6 alloy, was presented. The interlayer alloy employed was Ni Mo Cr B powder alloy. The results show that the microstructure of the TLP diffusion bonded joints is a combination of γ solid solution (or a γ+γ′ structure) and borides. With the bonding time increasing, the quantity of the borides both in bonding seam and adjacent zones is gradually reduced, and the joint stress rupture property is improved. The obtained stress rupture property of the TLP bonded joints is on a level with the transverse property of IC6 base materials. [

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A Ni_3Al-Fe BASED ALLOY

The microstructure,tensile properties at 20—950℃ and creep rupture properties at 700- 900℃ in a Ni_3Al-Fe based alloy after high temperature deformation have been studied.The results show the microstructure of the alloy is composed of γ′-and β-phases.The grain size and yield strength of the alloy is stable when the temperature≤600℃,and it is ductile at high temperature.The creep of the alloy at 700—900℃ is controlled by the climbing of dislo- cations,and the activation energy for creep is 439 KJ/mol with a stress exponent of 4.

Influence of Carbon Content and Solidification Condition on Incipient Melting of DS Superalloy MAR-M200+2Hf

Hf lowers the incipient melting temperature of superalloy. As carbon content in Hf-bearing alloy decreases, the incipient melting temperature drops furthey. PD ingots have stronger tendency to incipient melting than HRS ones. Even though in PD ingot, the sensitivities at both ends of the ingot are quite different. The melting of Ni_5Hf phase may be considered as one of the main factors affecting incipient melting. The more Ni_5Hf the alloy contains, the more serious the incipient melting becomes. The results of differential thermal analysis (DTA) have proved that the peak of 1135-1160℃ corresponds to the melting range or Ni_5Hf. By means of a pretreatment at 1150℃, 8h, Ni_5Hf phase can be eliminated in two ways: the reaction Ni_5Hf+γ(C)→MC_(2)+γ and solid solution, and therefore the final solid solution treatment can be carried out at 1260℃. This brings about a high homogenized structure and further increases the stress rupture properties of the alloy at 1040℃, 140 MPa.

Alloy steel pipes and furnace tubes for petrochemical industry

The equipments and pipes serving at high temperature and pressure and the presence of hydrogen in the petrochemical industry are usually made of Cr-Mo steels.Cr9Mo pipes replacing Cr5Mo are widely used in many parts of/with high-sulfur crude oil refining equipment to meet the more demanding high temperature anticorrosion and oxidation resistance requirements.The mechanical property,creep rupture property and high temperature oxidation-resistant property of domestic Cr9Mo steel are at the same level as the similar foreign products.Three years applications indicate that domestic Cr9Mo steel can fully meet the service requirements of petrochemical industries.Finally,this paper presents the material selection guidelines for the key oil refining devices processing of low sulfur/high acid crude oil.

Anisotropic Creep Rupture Properties of a Nickel-base Single Crystal Superalloy at High Temperature

The creep rupture properties of a single crystal superalloy were tested at 975℃/255 MPa as a function of the deviation degrees from [001].The misorientation of the specimens away from [001] distributed approximately along a line between [001]-[011] and [001]-[111] boundaries in the triangle of the stereographic projection.Creep rupture lifetimes of the specimens were not sensitive to the misorientation until the deviation degree exceeded ～30 deg.Two steps of lattice rotation were found in all specimens during creep,first towards the [001]-[111] boundary,and then to [001] or [111] along the boundary.Single slip and strong asymmetric deformation were observed during the first stage of lattice rotation in specimens with large misorientation.The rotation mechanism was associated with the activated slip systems according to the calculated Schmid factors.The impact of lattice rotation on the rupture properties was also discussed.

Effects of Dendritic Orientation on Stress Rupture Properties of DD6 Single Crystal Superalloy

DD6 single crystal superalloy slabs were prepared with seed method in the direetionally solidified furnace with high temperature gradient. The transverse stress rupture properties and fracture hehaviour of the alloy at 760 ℃/758 MPa, 850 ℃/550 MPa and 980 ℃/250 MPa were investigated and compared with those of longitudinal specimens. The transverse stress rupture lives are corresponding with the longitudinal stress rupture lives at 760 ℃/758 MPa and 850 ℃/550 MPa. The transverse stress rupture lives are slightly less than the longitudinal stress rupture lives at 980 ℃/ 250 MPa. The fracture mechanism of the transverse stress rupture of the alloy at 760 ℃/758 MPa shows quasi-cleav- age mode and the fracture mechanism at 980 ℃/250 MPa shows dimple mode, while the fracture mechanism at 850 ℃/ 550 MPa shows quasi-cleavage and dimple mixture mode. At higher temperature and lower stress, the microeracks are easier to initiate and interconnect in the transverse specimen than those in longitudinal specimen because there are interdendritic regions perpendicular to the axis of stress.

Effect of Hf on Stress Rupture Properties of DD6 Single Crystal Superalloy After Long Term Aging

The specimens of the second generation single crystal superalloy DD6 with different Hf contents were prepared in the directionally solidified furnace with a high temperature gradient. The long term aging of the specimens after full heat treatment was performed at 1040℃for 800 h. The effect of Hf on the microstructure and stress rupture properties under 980℃/250 MPa of the alloy after long term aging was investigated. The results show that the γ＇ coarsening and rafting and no topologically close packed phase （TCP） are observed in the microstructures of DD6 alloy with different Hf contents after aged at 1 040℃ for 800 h. It indicates that DD6 alloy with different Hf contents all possesses good microstructure stability. With increasing Hf content the rupture life after long term aging turns shorter and the elongation represents the increasing first and decreasing afterwards. The fracture mechanism of the alloy with different Hf contents at 980℃/250 MPa all shows dimple model. The influence of the microstructures on the stress rupture properties of the alloy is also discussed.

Effect of Co on Microstructure and Stress Rupture Properties of K4750 Alloy

The effects of substituting Co for Fe on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of K4750 alloy were studied.The microstructure of the alloy without Co(K4750 alloy)and the alloy containing Co(K4750-Co alloy)were analyzed.Substitution of Co for Fe inhibited the decomposition of MC carbide and the precipitation ofηphase during long-term aging treatment.In K4750-Co alloy,the morphology of MC carbide at the grain boundary(GB)remained dispersed blocky shape and noηphase was observed after aging at 750℃ for 3000 h.However,in K4750 alloy,almost all the MC carbides at GBs broke down into granular M23C6 carbide and needle-likeηphase.The addition of cobalt could delay the decomposition of MC carbides,which accordingly restricted the elemental supply for the formation ofηphase.The stress rupture tests were conducted on two alloys at 750℃/430 MPa.When Co is substituted for Fe in K4750 alloy,the stress rupture life increased from 164.10 to 264.67 h after standard heat treatment.This was mainly attributed to increased concentration of Al,Ti and Nb inγ’phase in K4750-Co alloy,which further enhanced the strengthening effect ofγ’phase.After aging at 750℃ for 3000 h,substitution of Co for Fe can also cause the stress rupture life at 750℃/430 MPa to increase from 48.72 to 208.18 h.The reason was mainly because MC carbide degradation andηphase precipitation in K4750 alloy,which promoted the initiation and propagation of micro-crack during stress rupture testing.

High Temperature Stress Rupture Anisotropy of a Ni-Based Single Crystal Superalloy

High temperature stress rupture anisotropies of a second generation Ni-base single crystal（SC） superalloy specimens with [001], [011] and [111] orientations under 900 ℃/445 MPa and 1100 ℃/100 MPa have been investigated in the present study, with attentions to the evolution of γ/γ′ microstructure observed by scanning electron microscopy and the dislocation configuration characterized by transmission electron microscopy in each oriented specimen. At 1100 ℃/100 MPa as well as 900 ℃/445 MPa, the single crystal superalloy exhibits obvious stress rupture anisotropic behavior. The [001] oriented specimen has the longest rupture lifetime at 900 ℃/445 MPa, and the [111] oriented sample shows the best rupture strength at 1100 ℃/100 MPa. While the [011] oriented specimen presents the worst rupture lifetime at each testing condition, its stress rupture property at 1100 ℃/100 MPa is clearly improved, compared with900 ℃/445 MPa. The evident stress rupture anisotropy at 900 ℃/445 MPa is mainly attributed to the distinctive movement way of dislocations in each oriented sample. Whereas, at 1100 ℃/100 MPa, together with the individual dislocation configuration, the evolution of γ/γ′ microstructure in each orientation also plays a key role in the apparent stress rupture anisotropy.

Effect of stabilizing treatment on microstructure and stress rupture properties of phosphorus microalloyed Inconel 706 alloy

The microstructure and stress rupture properties of Inconel 706 alloy microalloyed with phosphorus are examined under stabilizing and unstabilizing heat treatment conditions.It was found that applying the stabilizing treatment resulted in a 98% increment in the stress rupture life and a 215% increment in the elongation tested at 650℃/690 MPa for the alloy compared to that under the unstabilizing heat treatment condition.The stabilizing treatment led to the precipitation of rod-shaped and needle-shaped n phases at the grain boundaries.Morphologies of γ'-γ" co-precipitates in the grain interior were noncompact form and compact form for the alloy under unstabilizing and stabilizing heat treatment conditions,respectively.Based on the microstructure characterizations,the improvement of stress rupture properties by the stabilizing treatment was attributed to the precipitation of n phases at the grain boundaries,which can hinder cracks initiation and propagation and relieve the stress concentration.

Microstructure evolution and stress rupture properties of K4750 alloys with various B contents during long-term aging

The relationship among B content,microstructure evolution and stress rupture properties of K4750 alloy during long-term aging were investigated.After aging at 800℃for 1000 h,the decomposition degree of MC carbides of K4750 alloys with 0 B,0.007 wt.%B and 0.010 wt.%B were basically identical,which indicated that B has no inhibition on MC carbide decomposition during long-term aging.The MC carbide decomposition was accompanied by the formation of M_(23)C_(6) carbides and a small number ofηphases,which was controlled by the outward diffusion of C and Ti combined with the inward diffusion of Ni and Cr from theγmatrix.In addition,M_(23)C_(6) carbides in boron-free alloy were in continuous chain and needle-likeηphases were precipitated near them,while M_(23)C_(6) carbides in boron-containing alloys remained in granular distribution and noηphases precipitation around them.Adding B could delay the agglomeration and coarsening of M_(23)C_(6) carbides during long-term aging,which was because the segregation of B at grain boundary retarded the diffusion of alloy elements,thus weakened the local fluctuation of chemical composition near grain boundary.The stress rupture samples of K4750 alloys with various B contents after aging at 800℃for 1000 h were tested at 750℃/380 MPa.The results indicated that the stress rupture properties of bo ron-containing alloys were significantly better than that of boron-free alloy,which could be attributed to the increase of grain boundary cohesion strength and the optimization of M_(23)C_(6) carbide distribution due to the addition of B.

Effect of Carbon Content on the Creep Rupture Properties and Microstructure of 316H Weld Metals

Two types of 316 butt welds with carbon contents of 0.016%and 0.062%have been produced using the gas tungsten arc welding process.Theδ-ferrite content decreased from 7.2 to 2.8%in volume as the carbon content increased.The creeprupture strength and creep ductility of the two types of weld metals have been measured at 550℃over the stress range of 290-316 MPa and at 600℃over 230-265 MPa.The microstructure change and precipitation behavior of the weld metals were observed and related to the creep rupture properties.The creep rupture strength of the C2(0.062%C)weld metal was higher than that of the Cl(0.016%C)weld metal at both 550℃and 600℃.At 550℃,as the decrease in the applied stress,the difference of the creep-rupture life between the two weld metals diminished due to the higher depletion rate of carbon by precipitation of M_(23)C_(6) in the C2 weld metal,while at 600℃,the difference enlarged due to the massive precipitation ofσphase and extensive crack formation and propagation alongσ/austenite boundaries in the C1 weld metal.For both the C1 and C2 weld metal,the decrease in ductility was adverse with the transformation percentage and related to products of theδ-ferrite transformation.