The impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on the“health poverty alleviation”of rural households in China

This study investigates the impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme(NRCMS)on rural households to escape poverty.We employ the instrumental variable method,the IVProbit model,to analyze the national data from the rural-resident field survey by the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2016.Based on the large-scale data,we found that,first,the hospitalization of family members is the key factor in increasing the risk of the family falling into poverty.The NRCMS has significantly reduced the likely risk of falling into poverty.Second,the impact of the NRCMS on poverty alleviation varies among groups with different levels of income.There is no impact on the upper-middle and high-income groups;in contrast,the NRCMS has substantially improved the capacity of low-income rural families to prevent poverty due to illness,especially for the lower-middle-income group.Third,there exist significant regional differences in the impact of NRCMS on the health poverty alleviation of rural households in China.The NRCMS has successfully reduced the risk of rural households in the western region falling into poverty,simultaneously,no significant impact on those in the eastern and central regions.In order to diminish and eliminate poverty eventually and boost rural residents'capacity for income acquisition,we propose the following:raise the actual compensation ratio of the NRCMS,control the rising expense of NRCMS by promoting the payment method reform,construct the comprehensive healthcare system in the western region,strengthen the medical security for the poor in remote area,and enhance the living environment for rural residents.

Alienation of Rural Cooperative Finance and the Innovation of Financial Organization in China

Based on the elaboration of the content and status of rural cooperative finance, rural cooperative finance--the alienation of rural credit cooperative is introduced from three aspects of the concept and objective of management, the organizational form and management mode, and the service object and business scope. Causes of alienation are analyzed. Firstly, change in the economic foundation of cooperative finance is the fundamental reasons for the alienation. Secondly, mandatory system change led by the government is an important reason for alienation. Thirdly, property and administration structure of rural credit cooperative are the internal reasons for alienation of agricultural support. To achieve the innovation of rural cooperative financial organization, the following aspects should be done: cultivating the basis for rural cooperative economy, further promoting the reform of rural credit cooperatives (innovating a variety of property rights modes; making clear definition of ownership; implementing the internal governance structure), introducing competition in the field of rural cooperative finance, and homing function of government and rural cooperative finance.

Profits and Costs of the Development of Rural Cooperative Economic Organizations

Through analyzing the economic profits of rural cooperative economic organizations,the following conclusions are obtained.The rural cooperative economic organizations can get the economic profits which are in accordance with the demands of market-oriented economy.The rural cooperative economic organizations can benefit from sharing the knight service provided by the government;from reducing and avoiding various kinds of risks in operation and from applying the agricultural technology and standardization production.Besides,the organizations can share the profits bought along by the standardized production of agricultural production and their members can enjoy the profits bought by socialized service system.In addition,the rural cooperative economic organizations can enjoy the profits produced by the agricultural management integration strategy.What' more,they can increase profits by reducing the transaction costs;enlarging scale and enjoying the brand advantages.The analyses of the costs of the development of rural cooperative economic organizations mainly include the organizing costs,operation costs,restriction costs and cooperation costs.We think that the slow development of rural cooperative economic organizations is caused by their high operation cost and the impediment of external environment.In the end,the countermeasures on strengthening the research on the theory,promotion,education and training of rural economic cooperative organizations and intensifying the supports on the policies of rural economic cooperative organizations are put forward.

40 Years of Rural Cooperative Medical Service

Our story dates from 40 years ago, on August 10, 1966, when China＇s first institution of rural medical service was inaugurated at a county called Changyang, Hubei Province, Central China, where people of Tujia, an ethnic minority group, live in compact communities. It was actually a clinic at a Dujia Village in the county, which charged itself with the task of making primary or basic medical care available and affordable-- to all the villagers. China has undergone tremendous changes since then, and now its economy becoming increasingly market-oriented. Despite that, rural cooperative medical service has kept expanding at Changyang though having experienced twists and turns over the past four decades. The county has been chosen by the central authorities to try out a new type of rural medical service, which in many ways is different from the old pioneered by Dujia in Changyang County.

Development of the New Rural Cooperative Medical System in China

Based on a survey conducted by our research team at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the present paper reports on the development of China＇s new rural cooperative medical system set up in late 2002. The new rural cooperative medical system is different from the old system in that it is organized, guided and supported by the government but that rural residents voluntarily participate in its administration. It is financed by individuals, collectives and the government. The new cooperative medical system focuses on serious disease planning and mutual aid and fraternily between rural residents in health care. The results of our survey indicate that the new rural medical system has been successful up to now but that it also has some problems. China needs to pay more attention to overcoming the difficulties and challenges it faces in terms of future medical needs so that a mechanism for its sustainable development can be established.

Empirical analysis of the farmer's behavior under the new rural financial cooperatives in China

It's been well recognized for the big role played by innovative rural cooperative financial organizations in terms of spreading farmers' operation risk,increasing farmers' income,and developing rural economy.However,no sufficient research has been conducted regarding those factors which may have effects on the farmer's willingness to participate in the new rural financial organization.This paper tries to fill out the gap of identifying various factors which may have potential influence on the farmer's willingness to participate in the new type of rural financial cooperatives.In the process,442 farmer households and small-micro-enterprises are sampled from the cooperative finance experiment villages in Panjin municipality of Liaoning province.The potential influencing factors are classified into four categories,including the famer household's characteristics,financial cooperative reputation,transaction costs,and service quality.A discrete Logit model is used for the parameter estimations.The results show that most assumed factors display statistical significance effect on the farmer's willingness to take part in the rural cooperative financing organizations but with different level of sensitivity.The cause and effect are fully discussed following by addressing policy issues related to the rural financing cooperative reforms.

Land Consolidation Model Implemented by Cooperated Rural Households——A Case of Hubin Village, Baijia Town of Dianjiang County

In view of the problems faced by implementation model of cooperated rural households in terms of limited use scope, insufficient governmental policy and one-sided participation of rural households, the comprehensive evaluation index system of the feasibility of implementation model of cooperated rural households is established. From the macro-perspective, seven indexes including urban land use, township economic development stage, urbanization and township enterprise structure are selected. From the micro-perspective, 12 indexes including location situation, governance capability and economic developmental level at village level are selected. Besides, the multiple factors evaluation model is established. Taking implementation items of cooperated rural households in Hubin Village, Baijia Town of Dianjiang County as an example, the implantations items are analyzed by using the comprehensive evaluation model and the evaluation results are in accordance with actual situation. The effectiveness of the comprehensive evaluation method is proved. However, affected by the limited application scope of implementation model, insufficient policy and one-sided farmers' participation, in order to avoid copying the successful experience of completed pilot blindly, farmers are suggested to adopt the implementation model of cooperated rural households.

The Participation of Specialized Cooperative Members——A Case Study of Basil Cooperative in Pengshui County of Chongqing Municipality

On the basis of analyzing the current development situation of basil cooperative in Pengshui County of Chongqing Municipality,we use the questionnaire survey and case study method to analyze the participation mode,participation motivation and satisfaction of specialized cooperative members. Through the in-depth interviews with farmers,we sum up the existing problems in the cooperative members,specialized cooperatives and external environment,and bring forward the corresponding recommendations.

ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITY,VALUE EVOLUTION,AND ORGANIZATIONAL INTEGRATION OF PROFESSIONAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURSHIP:A MULTI-CASE COMPARISON IN CHINA

A comparative multi-case analysis of professional farmer entrepreneurship cases in China was performed by applying the structural hole theory.The results confirmed four views.(1)Choosing the modern agriculture project entrepreneurship is rational for professional farmers,who return from urban,to reduce the interference from non-market factors.The success of this project stems from its ability to successfully occupy the structural hole of the market trading network.(2)In economically developed areas,professional farmers start their businesses and reduce transaction costs with factors by occupying‘self-benefit’or‘mutual-benefit’structural holes in market networks.(3)In traditional agricultural areas,for reducing factor transaction costs,professional farmers occupy the organizational-governance structural hole of rural social relationship networks and the mutual-benefit structural hole of market networks to start their businesses.(4)The embedding order of these two structural holes will change depending on the differences in the local resource endowment.This article proposes some suggestions to encourage professional farmers to develop featured agricultural projects,build a close benefit-linked mechanism with smallholders through the provision of socialized services,and participate in the governance of rural communities.