Selection of Water Transmission Method and Analysis of Pipe Network Zoning in Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Design

With the acceleration of urbanization,the demand for water supply and drainage pipe networks has increased significantly.In the planning of urban construction,it is necessary to optimize the design of the water supply and drainage system pipe network to effectively save energy while providing residents with more accessible water resources.Therefore,the municipal water supply and drainage system and the water transmission methods should be designed according to the geographical conditions of the city.In this paper,we mainly analyze the design of municipal water supply and drainage systems and the selection of water transmission methods.Besides,the optimization of the water supply and drainage network zoning process and pipe network maintenance is also discussed,so as to provide a reference for municipal water supply and drainage work.

Impact of the Condition of Drinking Water Supply Networks on the Quality of Water Intended for Consumption: The Case of the Network in the Commune of Daloa (Central West of Côte d’Ivoire)

The potability of drinking water depends not only on the source and the treatment system, but also on the quality of the waterworks. In fact, the quality of drinking water is considerably degraded by the dilapidated state and lack of maintenance of drinking water networks. In Côte d’Ivoire, the majority of drinking water networks in the various towns are ageing. In Daloa, despite the efforts made by the company in charge of water treatment and distribution to make the water drinkable, the water at consumers’ taps is often colored, has an unpleasant aftertaste and settles after collection. As a result, people are concerned about the potability of tap water, and some are turning to alternative sources of drinking water of unknown quality. In order to determine the factors responsible for the deterioration in water color and taste, as well as the sectors of the network most affected, a diagnosis of the network’s equipment was carried out. Water samples taken from the network were analyzed for color and turbidity. The diagnosis revealed that most of the equipment (suction pads, valves, drains and fire hydrants) is outdated and irregularly maintained. Analyses show that the water is more colored in cast-iron and PVC pipes than in asbestos cement pipes. Coloration values in the network range from 0 to 27 UVC for asbestos cement pipes, from 15 to 56 UCV for ductile iron pipes, and from 11 to 102 UCV for PVC pipes. On the over hand, turbidity values vary from 8.02 to 3.32 NTU for ductile cast iron pipes, 8.51 to 16.98 NTU for asbestos cement pipes and 0.9 to 6.98 NTU for PVC pipes. Old cast-iron pipes release ferric ions on contact with water, degrading their color. Old cast-iron pipes release ferric ions into the water, degrading its color. The high color values observed in the vicinity of drains are thought to be due to irregular maintenance of the network. In fact, after network maintenance, a reduction rate ranging from 2% to 73% is observed for turbidity, while for color, the rate varies from 5% to 72%. In short, the network’s obsolescence and irregular maintenance contribute significantly to the deterioration of water quality.

Factors related to the functionality of community-based rural water supply and sanitation program in Indonesia

This study used multinomial logistic regression and Bayesian belief networks(BBN)to analyze factors influenc-ing the functionality of the community-based rural drinking water supply and sanitation program(PAMSIMAS)in Indonesia.28,936 PAMSIMAS projects in 33 provinces in Indonesia were analyzed.The data indicates that 85.4%of the water supply systems were fully functioning,9.1%were partially functioning,and 5.5%were not functioning.In the regression analysis,good management is positively associated with functionality and a high investment per capita is negatively associated with the functionality.The latter suggests the need for comprehen-sive economic analysis in the feasibility study in scattered housing sites and remote-undeveloped areas.We also found that high community participation at the beginning of the project was associated with the not functioning system,while women’s participation was positively associated with the functionality.Furthermore,the household connection is more likely to be functioning than communal connection.BBN analysis shows if the beneficiaries do not pay for water,the probability of not functioning systems is 20 times higher than systems with fee collec-tion.Moreover,the combination of strong management,strong financial status,and household connection rather than communal connection increases the probability of fully functioning to 98%.Improvement of data collection is also necessary to monitor the current conditions of all PAMSIMAS systems in Indonesia.This study offers a country-level perspective for better implementation of the community-based rural water supply and sanitation program in developing countries.

Rural Water Supply Management and Sustainability: The Case of Adama Area, Ethiopia

Wise utilization of water resources is becoming very important as world faces water crises. The main objective of this study was to investigate the rural water supply systems with case study in Adama area, in central Ethiopia. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Four sample water schemes were selected and totally 148 (63 were female) representative households were selected for answering the questionnaires. Key informant interviews and group discussions were also conducted. The study assessed issues such as community participation, water committee empowerment, management and governance of water supply schemes, women participation, functional status of water supply scheme, sanitation and hygiene issues, external support, and monitoring system of water supply schemes. The findings indicated that the community participation in planning and implementation was very good while monitoring mechanism of operation and management as well as community participation on choice of technology was poor. The water schemes were located at reasonable distances i.e. less than 2 km in most cases and the time taken for round trip to fetch water from source was less than or equal to 30 minutes in most cases, however the queuing time was more than an hour. The water supply was inadequate as only about 15% of beneficiaries could get 20 liters of water per day per capita. The water sources were exposed in many cases to human waste, wild life, livestock and uncontrolled flooding. Sanitary practices in the study area were poor as only about 3.4% had ventilated and improved pit latrine and open pit and/or open field defecation were widely practiced.

A Study on the Microbial Quality of Drinking Water in Rural Areas of Mazandaran Province in North of Iran (2011)

Backgrounds: One of the fundamental needs of a community is to have an access to healthy and safe drinking water. The lack of a concentrated accessibility to health facilities and services is among the serious problems facing villagers in the rural areas. The aims of this research was to investigate the drinking water quality of the villages in Babol township suburbs in north of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, a total of 140 water samples were taken from the water distribution network in16 villages for the low and high-rain seasons in sterile glass bottle. The microbial quality of gathered samples were determined based on standard methods in laboratory. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using a SPSS16 statistical software. Findings: Based on obtained results 13.6% of the samples were contaminated to coliform and 20% to fecal coliform bacteria. The residual chlorine in 12.5% of the samples were between 0.2 to 0.8 mg·L-1 and the PH in total samples were between 6.8 to 7.8. There were no signs of any contamination for 32.86% of the analysed samples which water resources is located to a distance of more than 30 m to the contamination sources. In addition, 43.1% of the samples taken from the water resources with no plumbing system, have had a fecal contamination. Conclusions: Considering the results achieved, the microbial quality of the drinking water of the studied villages classified as “moderate” status. For more water supply there is not sufficient residual chlorine in most cases. Poor sanitation of water supply is most causes of water contamination. It is therefore strongly recommended that sanitation measures are made to protect water resources from the contamination.

Evaluation of Drinking Water Pollution and Health Effects in Baghdad, Iraq

Contamination of water reserves by biological, chemical, and radiologic agents may affect the health of millions of residents in the Iraq as well as many others throughout the world. Fatal outbreaks of cholera struck several provinces of the country, including Baghdad. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) also says air pollution, resulting from burning oil and aggravated by war, is cause for concern. The study area Baghdad has been divided into two parts: Central Baghdad and Outskirts of Baghdad (included in Baghdad but near the boundaries of Baghdad). The outskirts of Baghdad comprises of 4 cities: Al-Hussaniya located in northern part of Baghdad, Abu-Gurabe located in the western side of Baghdad, Jissr Diyala located in the eastern side of Baghdad and finally Al-Mahmodiya located in the southern side of Baghdad. These cities are in very poor situation in terms of water supply. The quality of water supplied is bad as no attention is given to WTP's in these places, which is also because of the fact that given the insecure war conditions, these areas are inaccessible. The sewage is thrown directly into the river because these areas do not have sewage treatment plants. In case of central Baghdad the water supply and sewerage network are broken in some places. Due to this there is mixing of water between the two networks. For this study we taking water supply samples and collect all the samples from WTPs and water supply network (houses, shops and different places). We made the analysis to parts first bacteriologies, second chlorine and after analysis these samples in lab we will give in our study numbers of fail samples, type of diseases and how many case during year 2007 in Baghdad City. Also in this study we will give Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2010 to 2035.

An Integrated Optimal Approach for Solar Powered Rural Water Distribution Systems in the Gambia

In the Gambia and across sub-Saharan Africa, reliable access to clean water and electrical power is constrained. As most rural water supply systems are built, enhanced understanding of efficiencies and optimisation is required. Here, methods of integrating estimations of power outputs from solar photovoltaic arrays into gravity-fed water distribution network modelling are investigated. The effects of powering a rural water distribution system that is replenished with groundwater pumps that use solar power are investigated, along with the effect of this on other network design decisions. The water storage tank and pipework of a rural community with an estimated 2800 people and 28 standpipes from a borehole was selected. EPANET modelling software and genetic algorithms were used to run network optimisation simulations of: water tank location, elevation and volume;pipe diameter and configuration;and optimal system design in terms of cost. Different scenarios were produced, including supply, demand and required water storage curves, which could have practical application for rural water distribution system design. Indicative costs for theoretical water distribution networks will be useful for decision makers and planners.

Water Leakages in Public Water Supply System and How to Prevent Them

The article addresses the results of effective water losses prevention in public water supply systems, focusing on procedures for monitoring hidden leaks as the main part of losses and as the first step to control and prevent them. The described methodology has been applied based on a cross-border cooperation between twin capital cities Vienna and Bratislava in the Central Europe Region within the project deWaloP （Developing Water Loss Prevention） and adopted in Bratislava Water Company （BVS） in the Slovak Republic. The paper provides a complex of simple and easily available practices for analyses of water distribution measurements bringing essential information as to the necessity to use advanced procedures to actively reduce leakage. These practices involve minimum night flows analyses, hydrodynamic pressures analyses, pinpointing of water leakages by working with valves in the water network, the methodology of setting alarm limits for measured data, as well as use of advanced practices to obtain missing topologic data. As the water infrastructure in former socialistic countries are in bad technical condition and the lack of pertinent operational data is a significant obstacle to the application of a more sophisticated methodology based on GIS and other information systems, the procedures focus on using the most simple way to evaluate and control water losses. Finally, the introduction of described methodology in Bratislava Water Company after many years of unsuccessful effort even with expensive sophisticated leakage equipment brought positive outputs and the graph line of water losses level is finally going down. The use of expensive multi-correlating equipment together with human resources on the basis of implementing the above described leakage monitoring will subsequently become more effective, as it shall pinpoint major leakages, disclosure and removal of that shall significantly contribute to the effective reduction of water losses.

西北地区某市地下水供水管网黄水产生原因分析与控制技术中试研究

随着供水管道使用年限的增加,管网逐渐老化,管网化学稳定性问题日益突出。为解决西北地区某市高碱度地下水供水管网黄水问题,保障用水安全,开展了黄水产生原因分析与控制技术中试研究。一方面,监测黄水形成过程中水质特点和规律,对铸铁管腐蚀管垢成分进行分析,探明黄水形成原因。另一方面,搭建管网中试系统,研究了余氯、碱度、缓蚀剂对管网铁释放的影响。结果表明:黄水形成存在周期性规律,形成原因为水力冲刷增强导致管垢中的铁释放到水体中,水体存在一定的腐蚀性也会影响铁释放。管垢主要成分为Fe3O4和α-FeOOH,但不同管垢层形貌特征及化学组成存在差异。建议该地区管网余氯浓度控制在0.4 mg/L左右,余氯较高或较低均会促进铁释放。综合考虑效果和经济性,应对突发性黄水问题时,建议优先采用0.5 mg/L(以P计)的三聚磷酸钠作为缓蚀剂投加控制黄水现象。每吨水需增加药剂成本约为0.018元。

天山胜利隧道内置高位水池的消防供水系统设计研究

为解决10 km甚至20 km以上的高寒高海拔超长公路隧道消防供水系统设计中洞外设置供水系统被冻结、洞内管网严重超压等难题,通过对乌尉高速天山胜利隧道消防设计的难点,以及常规的隧道外常高压供水系统及稳高压供水系统在该隧道中难以实施等问题展开深入研究,提出天山胜利隧道内设置高位消防水池及将隧道内消防管网进行分区供水的设计方案并详细论述。对于10 km甚至20 km以上的高寒高海拔超长公路隧道消防供水系统的设计:1)隧道消防给水宜采用高位消防水池供水的常高压供水系统;2)常规的隧道外常高压供水系统及稳高压供水系统在高寒高海拔超长公路隧道中无法实施,可考虑隧道内置高位消防水池的设计;3)隧道内置高位消防水池的数量、设置间距、设置高度等应根据隧道的长度、纵坡等综合考虑并进行水力计算后确定;4)隧道内置高位消防水池的常高压供水系统能解决这类隧道消防供水系统设计中管网严重超压的难题,具有供水安全可靠、施工难度较小、经济、环保等优点。

2020—2022年我国农村集中式供水工程水质风险因素分析

目的 分析影响我国农村集中式供水工程水质的主要风险因素,为进一步提升农村饮用水水质提供参考依据。方法 于2020—2022年对我国494座农村集中式供水工程进行基础信息和卫生学调查,对工程的基本特征进行描述性分析,并采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响水质的因素,发现工程存在的卫生学风险。结果 共计494座被调查工程末梢水的达标率为85.4%。2020、2021和2022年末梢水达标率分别为75.8%、90.0%和91.0%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,水源类型、是否有定期巡查和事故反应机制、是否按指标和频率要求进行出厂水水质检验等是末梢水达标的影响因素。结论 我国农村集中式供水工程水质需进一步提升,水源和卫生管理是影响末梢水达标的主要因素,建议加强对水源的保护以及优化管理措施,从而保障农村饮用水安全。

叠压供水系统对市政管网的影响分析

叠压供水充分利用管网余压进行变频恒压供水,具有节能、供水水质稳定等优点。然而叠压供水系统直接与市政管网相连,启动时会引起接入点及管网上下游的流量和压力波动,对市政管网输送水量变化和压力变化带来影响。以江苏省JT城区的市政管网为研究对象,采用EPANET软件执行延时模拟、HAMMER软件执行瞬时模拟,分析叠压供水系统对市政管网的影响程度和规律,并确定了两个评价指标:最低市政供水压力要求和系统接入点运行压降要求。结果表明,叠压供水系统对市政管网的影响与小区入住率、用水时段、叠压数量等因素有关;小区附近叠压供水系统数量越少、分布越稀疏,多叠压供水系统运行时接入点压降就越小。当实际应用中影响超出安全范围时,建议通过优化控制方式和供水方式缓解影响,保障供水安全。

农村供水工程管网更新设计研究

农村供水管网已成为农村供水保障阶段提升农村供水安全性、稳定性的重要因素,目前却存在管网布局不合理、管径选择不当、管网材质劣质、设计理念滞后等问题。为研究农村供水工程管网更新设计工作,从规划、设计方案理念、评估指标等方面深入分析了农村供水管网的现状及其在设计中存在的问题,提出农村供水管网更新设计策略要落实“节水优先,空间均衡,系统治理,两手发力”的治水思路,管网更新设计方案同时要兼顾物理层面和功能层面的需要,引入量化供水、分区供水与漏损测度与管压、流量动态调整等技术,辅之以管网合理布局,管材因地制宜,进而形成整体设计框架。研究成果可为农村供水保障阶段的农村供水管网设计与实施提供理论和实践借鉴。

不同pH条件下市政供水管材球墨铸铁早期电化学腐蚀特性

为解决早期供水管道腐蚀造成的水质恶化问题,探究不同pH值(6、7、8)条件下球墨铸铁的腐蚀特性,利用极化曲线和阻抗谱监测电化学腐蚀过程,并探讨腐蚀对水质和腐蚀垢组成的影响.结果表明,pH值为6条件下水中TDS、电导率、拉森指数显著高于其他条件(P<0.05),而朗格利尔指数显著低于pH值为8的条件(P<0.05),即pH值为6时腐蚀倾向最高.金属表面腐蚀垢产物类型的研究表明不同pH值条件下腐蚀产物类型均为γ-FeOOH、β-FeOOH、Fe 2O 3、Fe 3O 4,但去离子水对照组腐蚀产物仅包括γ-FeOOH.对腐蚀过程研究发现,不同pH值条件下球墨铸铁腐蚀电流密度(2.54~0.13μA·cm-2)随着时间呈先快速增大后逐渐减小的特点,且第1天时pH值为6腐蚀电流密度最高(2.54μA·cm-2).由此可见,尽管市政管道早期都会发生腐蚀,但是当管网水的pH值偏酸性,即pH值为6条件下,腐蚀倾向最高、腐蚀速率最快.

基于供水管网水力模型的市政管网消防供水能力研究

为提高城市消防安全水平和火场救援的效率和质量,基于供水管网水力模型,对市政管网消防供水能力进行研究,利用算法分析计算应急状态下满足消防取水需求的市政管网最大消防给水量,得出市政给水设施在火灾条件下的实际给水能力。填补城市消防给水设施管理部门和消防实战应用单位之间的真空地带,解决各信息之间的“信息断层”和应用系统之间的“信息孤岛”问题,充分发挥城市消防给水设施效能,保障消防安全。

农村超滤膜净水工艺及无人值守应用探究

通过引入无人值守的理念,对某县农村水厂进行超滤膜工艺的设计,并进行关键技术总结及运行效果分析。最终发现,在进水水质稳定的情况下,千吨以下规模水厂采用浸没式超滤膜工艺,出厂水质保障率高,出水浊度常年≤0.2 NTU,制水运行成本约为0.3元/t。结合水质情况,推荐千吨规模以下农村水厂优先采用浸没式超滤膜工艺,并按“基础设备层-控制层-智慧管理层”的组织构成,整体统筹水厂建设,实现无人化管理。

国外某地区供水管网工程设计

城市给水管网是城市基础设施的重要组成部分,其质量直接影响城市的发展和居民的生活质量。传统给水管网平差计算往往以手工计算为主,效率低下耗时耗力且极易出错,本文以国外某城市给水管网建设工程为例,详细介绍了环状给水管网设计的过程,并利用CAD和“管立得”软件对建立的给水管网进行了管网平差和校核计算,极大提升了设计速度和计算效率,为其他给水工程设计提供参考。

市政给排水输水方式及管网分区研究

从输水方式和输水计算两方面具体阐述市政给排水输水方式的选择,通过分析市政管网系统阶层、设计管网边界及进水点、合理选择节能设施设备、加强分区方案造价分析4方面来阐述市政给排水管网分区要点。

市政给排水管网的优化配置与管理探讨

为保证市政给排水管网的合理配置,为城市管网发展提供理论依据,论文对市政给排水管网的优化配置与管理进行了探究,结合现有管网存在的管径不匹配、布局不合理等问题,提出科学的管径设计与合理布局方案,并就信息技术在管网监测与维护中的应用进行了论述。

市政给排水施工中管网缺陷管段非开挖原位固化修复技术研究

常规的管网缺陷管段非开挖原位固化修复技术主要使用点状紫外光修复法封闭排水管孔,易受管段扎头口径变化影响,导致部分缺陷修复异常,本文研究一种新的市政给排水施工中管网缺陷管段非开挖原位固化修复技术。实例分析结果表明,设计的市政给排水施工中管网缺陷管段非开挖原位固化修复技术的修复效果较好,具有可靠性,有一定的应用价值,能够为降低市政给排水管网运行风险作出一定贡献。