The impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on the“health poverty alleviation”of rural households in China

This study investigates the impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme(NRCMS)on rural households to escape poverty.We employ the instrumental variable method,the IVProbit model,to analyze the national data from the rural-resident field survey by the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2016.Based on the large-scale data,we found that,first,the hospitalization of family members is the key factor in increasing the risk of the family falling into poverty.The NRCMS has significantly reduced the likely risk of falling into poverty.Second,the impact of the NRCMS on poverty alleviation varies among groups with different levels of income.There is no impact on the upper-middle and high-income groups;in contrast,the NRCMS has substantially improved the capacity of low-income rural families to prevent poverty due to illness,especially for the lower-middle-income group.Third,there exist significant regional differences in the impact of NRCMS on the health poverty alleviation of rural households in China.The NRCMS has successfully reduced the risk of rural households in the western region falling into poverty,simultaneously,no significant impact on those in the eastern and central regions.In order to diminish and eliminate poverty eventually and boost rural residents'capacity for income acquisition,we propose the following:raise the actual compensation ratio of the NRCMS,control the rising expense of NRCMS by promoting the payment method reform,construct the comprehensive healthcare system in the western region,strengthen the medical security for the poor in remote area,and enhance the living environment for rural residents.

Gradient Effect on Farmers' Income in the Mountain Areas and its Implication for Poverty Alleviation Strategies:Empirical Analysis from the Upper Reach of Minjiang River,China

Using four types of settlements in the upper reach of Minjiang River as case,we establish structural models in farmers' income of different settlement patterns based on rural household panel data to reveal the gradient effect on farmers' income and determinants.The results indicate that:(1) except the resettlement area,the incomes for farmers living in river valley,semi-mountain,and high-mountain settlements present a decreasing trend with the elevation increasing;on the contrary,their nonfarm earnings show an increasing trend with the elevation decreasing;(2) from the effect on farmers' income,there is a common feature that the nonfarm earnings and farming incomes have significant positive effects,and family size and productive expenditure have significant negative effects.One exception to this is the productive expenditure,which becomes insignificant in the model of resettlement area;(3) from the way of increasing farmers' income and alleviating poverty,there are great differences for four types of settlements in mountain areas,however,the improvement of agricultural product sales,agricultural production subsidies,the expansion for nonfarm employment,and the control of the family's size are the most effective approaches for poverty alleviation.

Promoting Poverty Alleviation through the Project of Linkage of Urban Construction Land Increase with Rural Construction Land Decrease——A Case Study of Binchuan County in Yunnan Province

The policy of linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease is an important task for poverty alleviation. It not only promotes the intensive use of land and the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,but also plays an essential role in poverty alleviation development and the relocation of poverty alleviation. It provides a strong guarantee for winning the project of poverty alleviation. Taking the project of linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease in Binchuan County in Yunnan Province,combined with the current situation of poverty alleviation and relocation in Binchuan County,the implementation of related policies of linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease,and path of relocation poverty alleviation,this paper introduced problems in the implementation of policies of linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease in Binchuan County,and came up with recommendations for the project of poverty alleviation through linkage of urban construction land increase with rural construction land decrease.

Empirical Analysis of Relationship between Farmers'Income Structure and Consumption in Guizhou Province in the Context of Large-scale Poverty Alleviation

Large-scale poverty alleviation is one of the three major strategic actions of Guizhou Province to plan for leapfrog development.Through building an econometric model,this paper made an empirical analysis of relationship between farmers'income structure and consumption in Guizhou Province in the context of large-scale poverty alleviation.The results show that the wage income and transfer income of rural residents in Guizhou Province have a significant impact on the promotion of their consumption,and the impact of income from household business operation is also significant,but the impact is relatively weak,while the contribution of farmers'property income to their consumption is insufficient.Finally,in view of the problems in the relationship between the income structure and consumption of farmers in Guizhou Province,it came up with policy recommendations including broadening the income channels,increasing farmers'income,improving the income structure,and promoting farmers'consumption.

Poverty alleviation through e-commerce:Village involvement and demonstration policies in rural China

The diffusion of e-commerce has played a significant role in recent rural economic development in China.E-commerce is also considered as an efficient channel to alleviate poverty in rural China.Voluminous studies have investigated the contribution of e-commerce to agricultural development,yet it is lacking empirical evidence as to the effects of e-commerce on rural poverty alleviation.Since the year of 2014,in order to develop rural e-commerce,Chinese government launched the National Rural E-commerce Comprehensive Demonstration Project.This gradual involvement policy offered a natural experiment for evaluation of e-commerce.Based on village-level survey data from rural China and Heckit method,our study finds that rural e-commerce has a significantly positive effect on rural income.Moreover,the effect is inverted U-shaped for the relative-poverty villages.The estimation of the propensity scores matching model confirms that the results are robust.The following policy recommendations are proposed:(1)policy support to rural e-commerce should prioritize the povertystricken villages.By doing so,the marginal income effects of e-commerce will be maximized.(2)Investment in internet infrastructure and establishment of human resources for e-commerce in rural areas will have spillover effects,increasing rural income through the"digital dividend".

Poverty Alleviation in Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County by Promoting Labor Migration

The transfer of rural population to urban areas is the inevitable result of China s economic development,and going out to work is an important poverty alleviation model for poor areas to adapt to this historical trend.Studying its typical practices not only has practical guidance and reference for targeted poverty alleviation and poverty alleviation work,but also has important implications for how to rationally allocate regional population,resources,environment and economy.This paper investigates and explores the labor migration-promoting poverty alleviation model in Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County in the Wumeng mountainous area,a national concentrated and contiguous poverty-stricken area.On the basis of sorting out the leadership system,training methods,assistance ideas,working mechanism and poverty alleviation achievements,the income of 50 poverty-free households in 2018 was investigated and analyzed specifically.The results show that the poverty alleviation in Xundian County has achieved significant achievements both in macro and individual farmers,and it has played a decisive role in getting rid of poverty for households with migrant workers.In addition,the successful experience of Xundian County to increase income and get rid of poverty is sorted out,and the problems existing in this model are analyzed.It is believed that attention should be paid to the impact of labor migration on rural land use and citizenization of migrant workers.

Comfortable Housing Projects for Tibetan Farmers and Herdsmen from the Perspective of Poverty Alleviation

Through questionnaire survey and field interview of farmers and herdsmen,this paper studied the comfortable housing projects implemented since 2006 in Namling County of Shigatse City.Taking the comfortable housing projects in Namling County as an example,this paper elaborated the relationship between the poverty alleviation and the comfortable housing projects for farmers and herdsmen and discussed the necessities for implementing comfortable housing projects in the context of the poverty alleviation.There are some problems at the same time of social,economic and ecological benefits of implementing the comfortable housing projects for farmers and herdsmen.Finally,it came up with pertinent recommendations for strengthening and improving the construction of comfortable housing projects in Namling County.

Economic Growth and Anti-Poverty ii Rural China

Based on CHIP （Chinese household income project） survey data, this paper estimated the changes of absolute poverty and income disparity for the period of 1988-2002, as well as the impact of income growth and changes in income distribution on poverty reduction in rural China. The results show that absolute rural poverty fell sharply during this period, regardless of where the poverty line is set. Both the decomposition of poverty and the panel data analysis demonstrate that income growth causes a fall in poverty.

数字金融、家庭债务与金融整治——基于P2P网贷风险专项整治的实证研究

基于中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2013年、2015年、2017年和2019年四期数据,构建Probit模型和固定效应模型分析数字金融对家庭债务的影响,并基于近年来金融整治的一个典型样本——P2P网贷风险专项整治,构建强度DID模型探讨实行金融整治政策能否有效降低家庭债务。研究发现:(1)数字金融的使用显著提高了家庭负债概率和债务水平;(2)金融整治之后,使用数字金融家庭的债务水平出现显著降低;(3)异质性分析显示,金融整治政策对使用数字金融的家庭的债务缓解作用,在中西部地区、贫困家庭和农村家庭中更为显著,在我国打赢脱贫攻坚战和实施乡村振兴战略进程中发挥了有益作用。研究结论对我国规范发展数字金融、防范金融风险、巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接等方面有着重要的政策启示。

新时代缩小城乡收入差距与迈向共同富裕

城乡收入差距是一个自然历史过程。缩小城乡收入差距是治国理政的必然选择,根本路径是在遵循客观规律的基础上,通过治国理政过程来抬高差距的底部和削平差距的顶部。抬高差距底部是减少或者消除绝对贫困,主要是提高农民收入水平,消除农村绝对贫困;既抬高差距底部又削平差距顶部,就是减缓两极分化,扎实推进共同富裕。我国缩小城乡收入差距与脱贫攻坚、迈向共同富裕是正相关的。实证研究表明,与国家实施精准扶贫战略(2012—2020年)一致,城乡绝对收入差距的底部呈逐步抬升趋势,意味着我国逐步摆脱绝对贫困;预测研究表明,在新时代新征程,城乡相对收入差距将呈现底部与顶部逐步收窄的态势,缩小城乡相对收入差距是推进共同富裕的重要路径。

数字素养的农户收入增长效应研究

作为数字时代重要的新型人力资本,数字素养成为农户生计资本的重要组成部分。数字素养的提升使农户能够更好地应用先进技术、获取市场信息、拓展销售渠道、增加非农就业创业机会,从而产生显著的收入增长效应。采用“中国乡村振兴综合调查”(CRRS)2020年的数据,从数字设备操作、数字资源获取、数字技术应用、数字意识4个维度选取18项指标评价样本数字素养,实证检验数字素养对农户收入的影响,结果发现:农户数字素养提升能够显著增加其人均农业收入、人均非农收入和人均总收入,该收入增长效应对流动性约束较强的农户和非城郊村的农户更为显著;数字素养可以通过提高农业劳动生产率的路径增加农户农业收入,也可以通过促进家庭生计多样化的路径增加农户非农收入。因此,数字素养不仅具有显著的农户增收效应,而且有助于长尾群体共享数字红利,应在加强和普及数字素养教育的同时,重点帮扶数字弱势群体以缩小数字鸿沟,并切实提高农业劳动生产率和促进农户生计多样化,充分发挥数字素养的农户增收效应。

农村劳动力流动是否降低了家庭金融脆弱性?

本文基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)三期数据,实证研究农村劳动力流动对家庭金融脆弱性的影响。结果发现:农村劳动力流动能显著降低家庭金融脆弱性,在低消费家庭和未进行商业保险投保的家庭中,农村劳动力流动对缓解家庭金融脆弱性的作用更强。经过替换解释变量、替换被解释变量、倾向得分匹配法及工具变量法等检验,结果依然稳健。机制分析表明,农村劳动力流动通过提升收入、积累社会资本和缓解流动性约束等途径影响家庭金融脆弱性。进一步分析发现,农村劳动力流动能更显著地缓解存在金融脆弱性家庭的相对贫困。

土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响

【目的】探究土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响,为进一步推进土地承包经营权有偿退出政策提供决策参考。【方法】基于国家农村改革试验区的718个农户调研数据,采用内生转换回归模型(endogenous switching regression model,ESRM),在“反事实”框架下分析土地承包经营权退出对农户增收效应的影响。【结果】基于“反事实”假设,退出土地承包经营权的农户若没有选择退出,家庭年均总收入会下降41.9%,即土地承包经营权退出能够显著促进农户增收;此外,土地承包经营权退出对东部地区农户的增收效应最高,对新生代农户的增收效应相比于老一代更强。【结论】在充分保障农民土地权利的基础上,审慎推进土地承包经营权有偿退出,优化农村土地资源配置,并为具备离农条件农民提供土地权利价值的实现通道。

农村电商减贫增收效应的实证分析——以河北河南两省的淘宝村为例

农村电商是新兴的扶贫减贫方式,实施电商精准扶贫战略,有助于增加贫困家庭的收入。但其增收效果仍有待研究。本文基于2009—2019年河北、河南两省淘宝村的面板数据,采用双重差分法分析淘宝村扶贫增收作用。研究发现,河北河南两省的淘宝村可以使当地农民的人均收入增加约6.27%,此结论在进行一系列检验后仍然成立。因此,基层政府应持续推进淘宝村建设,完善农村电商人才培养体系,优化淘宝村助农增收的作用机制。

收入视角下西北脱贫农户返贫潜在风险评估--基于甘南州X县实地调查

后扶贫时代,防止脱贫人口规模性返贫成为底线要求,对于曾是深度贫困且摘帽较晚的西部地区更是如此。基于当前反贫困领域的代表性成果,通过文献研读、实地调研和半结构式访谈等研究方法,从收入水平、收入波动和收入“水平-波动”3个维度对甘肃省甘南州X县183户脱贫家庭展开返贫风险评估。围绕政策、产业、医疗、保险4个方面提出相应的对策建议,为巩固西北少数民族地区的脱贫攻坚成果、完成整个5年过渡期“三农”工作的目标任务提供启示。

巩固脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接案例分析——基于洛川县苹果产业发展的思考

党的二十大报告指出,全面建设社会主义现代化国家,最艰巨最繁重的任务仍然在农村。我国目前正处于巩固脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的关键期,坚持农业农村优先发展,加大特色产业转型升级力度,对巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,全面推进乡村振兴具有重要意义。选取洛川县苹果产业实地调研,通过问卷调查、走访农户搜集数据,利用定量研究方法对当地经济发展与脱贫成效满意度进行深入分析,有利于进一步阻断返贫风险,助推洛川县特色生态产业的健康发展,也为巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接提供了新的发展思路。

Who Lost Most Wages and Household Income during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poor Rural China?

China managed to eliminate all extreme poverty in rural areas in 2020.Poor households,however,may risk falling back into poverty due to the COVID-19.This paper examines the impacts of the pandemic on wages and household incomes among different groups in poor areas of rural China.Using a unique dataset from five poverty-stricken counties,we found that the pandemic has had large negative effects on wage income for migrant workers and workers in manufacturing,the private sector,and small enterprises.Compared with households relying on wage income,households relying on small businesses have suffered much more from the pandemic,whereas households depending on farming or transfer payments have been less affected.Although poor and ethnic minority households lost significant amounts of wage income due to the pandemic,they did not lose more household income than nonpoor and nonminority households.We conclude that support from the government has kept vulnerable households from suffering more than other households from the effects of COVID-19.Our findings suggest that the government can play a strong role in alleviating the negative impacts of the COVID-19.

The Key to Precise Poverty Alleviation Rests in the Precise Indentifi cation of Impoverished Populations——An Analysis of the Targeting Effectiveness of China’s Rural Dibao Program

The success of the poverty elimination program,as an important element in the strategy of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020,depends on the accurate identification of the population living in poverty.An analysis of 2013 data from the China Household Income Project(CHIP 2013)shows that in terms of the income-based poverty line,the targeting of the current rural minimum living standard guarantee or subsistence allowance program(dibao)program is very imprecise;it improves with the use of multidimensional poverty criteria,but coverage remains poor.In order to unify the criteria for the rural poverty alleviation(fupin)criteria and the dibao criteria,a uniform set of national criteria should be established.This should shift from income as the sole criterion to multidimensional criteria,so that a uniform scheme can be developed to identify those in need.At the same time,the coverage of the dibao program should be extended and the transfer amounts increased,so that the scheme genuinely covers all of the target population in rural China.

传统金融与数字普惠金融的减贫增收效应:差异性与互补性

金融科技对传统金融的深度赋能具有重要价值和广阔前景,为农村居民减贫增收注入了新动能。运用2011—2021年中国290个城市的面板数据,实证检验传统金融与数字普惠金融对农村居民收入的影响。结果表明:传统金融没有发挥出应有的服务效能,其对农村居民收入的影响比较微弱;数字普惠金融显著促进了农村居民收入增长,其增收效应远远大于传统金融,其使用深度和数字化程度具有显著的增收效应,但其覆盖广度的影响并不显著;传统金融与数字普惠金融在促进农村居民增收方面存在协同互补关系,传统金融发展对数字普惠金融的减贫增收产生了正向调节效应;传统金融与数字普惠金融的农村居民收入效应具有非线性和阶段性特征,且随着经济发展水平和城镇化水平的提高呈阶梯式上升趋势。数字普惠金融显著弱化了门槛效应约束,增收效应相比传统金融具有绝对优势。因而应大力推动传统金融数字化转型,促进两种金融模式协调互动,以助力农村居民收入增长和共同富裕的顺利实现。

易地搬迁对陕南农户生计弹性的影响研究

探究易地搬迁对陕南农户生计弹性的影响,可为易地搬迁政策评估及农户生计弹性研究提供参考。该文基于陕南安康459户搬迁农户的实地调研数据,采用弹性理论框架和可持续生计方法,从人力、自然、物质、金融、社会五大资本构建农户生计弹性评价指标体系,运用熵值法确定权重进而计算农户生计弹性指数,并选择多元线性回归模型分析易地搬迁对陕南农户生计弹性的影响。结果表明:安置方式、搬迁类型对农户生计弹性均产生显著负向影响,影响程度略有差别;不同生计弹性水平搬迁农户之间的特征存在明显差异,人均受教育年限、劳动力占比、信贷资本、公职人员数量、集体事务参与程度、住房结构、居住便利性、社会影响力和是否为低保户等指标均是影响农户生计弹性的重要因素。针对影响搬迁农户生计弹性的因素进行精准施策并开展帮扶,以满足搬迁农户的不同需求,不断提升其生计弹性,促进农户生计可持续。