Study on the Control Model of Rural Non-point Source Pollution——Taking Ninghe County in Tianjin as an Example

[Objective] The aim was to study the control model of rural non-point source pollution.[Method] Taking Ninghe County(a typical agricultural county in Tianjin) as an example,the current development of local economy and society and characteristics of rural non-point source pollution were studied firstly,then the control model of rural non-point source pollution suitable for Ninghe County was constructed,and its environmental and economic benefits were analyzed finally.[Result] According to the sources of non-point source pollution,the control model of rural non-point source pollution in Ninghe County was divided into three modules from the aspects of planting industry,livestock raising industry and rural living.The main content of non-point source pollution control module of planting industry was composed of rational utilization of chemicals,water-saving irrigation,diversified utilization of straw etc.Non-point source pollution control module of livestock raising industry focused on the site selection of farm or raising zones,choice of raising mode,comprehensive utilization of livestock waste etc.In the non-point source pollution control module of rural living,villages were divided into two types(small town and ecological village) based on various geographical positions.In a word,these three modules were interrelated and targeted for non-point source pollution control in villages under different development situations.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the rural non-point source pollution control in Hai River basin and other regions of Northern China.

The impacts of agricultural and rural economic policy system on agricultural non-point source pollution in China

Agricultural and rural economic policy system is one main driving force for the evolvement of agricultural Non-Point Source （NPS） pollution. In this paper, the main policies that influence agricultural NPS pollution are chosen, and a method to evaluate the impacts of agricultural and rural economic policy system on agricultural NPS pollution is brought forward. According to this, the questions about how and to what degree the policy system influence on agricultural NPS pollution are discussed.

Construction of the Control Mechanism of Rural Non-point Source Pollution in Nantong City

In view of the problems found in the in-depth interviews of the current situation of rural non-point source pollution control mechanism in Nantong City and their reasons,the following six countermeasures and suggestions are put forward,including giving full play to the role of fighting bastion of the Party branch and building a mechanism for Party building to lead the control of non-point source pollution in rural areas,giving prominence to the dominant role of farmers and establishing farmers’endogenous motivation excitation mechanism for rural non-point source pollution control,improving the interest coordination mechanism among multiple governance subjects and building a modern control system for rural non-point source pollution,combining regulations,administrative,economic,technical and other means of rural non-point source pollution control and strengthening the synergistic integration mechanism of multiple means of control,reconstructing the information disclosure mechanism of rural non-point source pollution control and building a comprehensive trust mechanism of multiple control subjects,and improving the mechanism for coordinating the supply of policy tools and ensure that basic mechanisms play their due role.

Investigation on Farmers'Willingness to Participate in Rural Non-point Source Pollution Control in Nantong and Analysis of Its Influencing Factors

Based on the questionnaire survey of 337 farmers in 8 villages in Rugao City,Jiangsu Province,the gender,age and educational level of the main able-bodied people of farm households,the characteristics of farmers’production and living behaviors,farmers’cognition of rural non-point source pollution,and farmers’willingness to pay for rural non-point source pollution control and its influencing factors were studied.The results show that to protect the rural ecological environment,most farmers are willing to participate in rural non-point source pollution control,but the annual cost of rural non-point source pollution control is low,and the number of volunteer days is small.Rural grass-roots party organizations should stimulate farmers’willingness to participate in rural non-point source pollution control,give full play to the role of the branch as a fighting fortress,and build a mechanism for Party building to lead rural non-point source pollution control.

Source analysis of dissolved heavy metals in the Shaying River Basin,China

Over the years,the Shaying River Basin has experienced frequent instances of river pollution.The presence of numerous critical pollutant discharge enterprises and sewage-treatment plants in the vicinity of the Shaying River has transformed it a major tributary with relatively serious pollution challenge within the upper reaches of Huaihe River Basin.To study the sources of manganese(Mn),chromium(Cr),nickel(Ni),arsenic(As),cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)in Shaying River water,123 sets of surface water samples were collected from 41 sampling points across the entire basin during three distinct phases from 2019 to 2020,encompassing normal water period,dry season and wet season.The primary origins of heavy metals in river water were determined by analyzing the heavy metal contents in urban sewage wastewater,industrial sewage wastewater,groundwater,mine water,and the heavy metal contributions from agricultural non-point source pollution.The analytical findings reveal that Mn primarily originates from shallow groundwater used for agricultural irrigation,While Cr mainly is primarily sourced from urban sewage treatment plant effluents,coal washing wastewater,tannery wastewater,and industrial discharge related to metal processing and manufacturing.Ni is mainly contributed by urban sewage treatment plant effluents and industrial wastewater streams associated with machinery manufacturing and metal processing.Cd primarily linked to industrial wastewater,particularly from machinery manufacturing and metal processing facilities,while Pb is predominantly associated with urban sewage treatment plant effluents and wastewater generated in Pb processing and recycling wastewater.These research provides a crucial foundation for addressing the prevention and control of dissolved heavy metals at their sources in the Shaying River.

Water Pollution Situation and Impacts in Rural China

With the development of national economics, water pollution is becoming a critical problem in rural China. This research presented a brief view of water pollution situation in rural areas of China in terms of water shortage, water-pollutant sources, eutrophication of water bodies and pollution development in temporal scale. Analysis was conducted on the negative effects of water pollution on human health, agricultural plantation and animal husbandry. Subsequently, some suggestions were proposed for wastewater treatment in rural areas.

Role of rural solid waste management in non-point source pollution control of Dianchi Lake catchments, China

In recent years,with control of the main muni-cipal and industrial point pollution sources and imple-mentation of cleaning for some inner pollution sources in the water body,the discharge of point source pollution decreased gradually,while non-point source pollution has become increasingly distressing in Dianchi Lake catch-ments.As one of the major targets in non-point source pollution control,an integrated solid waste controlling strategy combined with a technological solution and man-agement system was proposed and implemented based on the waste disposal situation and characteristics of rural solid waste in the demonstration area.As the key techno-logy in rural solid waste treatment,both centralized plant-scale composting and a dispersed farmer-operated waste treating system showed promise in rendering timely ben-efits in efficiency,large handling capacity,high quality of the end product,as well as good economic return.Problems encountered during multi-substrates co-com-posting such as pathogens,high moisture content,asyn-chronism in the decomposition of different substrates,and low quality of the end product can all be tackled.92.5% of solid waste was collected in the demonstration area,while the treating and recycling ratio reached 87.9%,which pre-vented 32.2 t nitrogen and 3.9 t phosphorus per year from entering the water body of Dianchi Lake after imple-mentation of the project.

补充碳源强化潮汐流人工湿地脱氮效果的研究

针对人工湿地处理农村生活污水现存问题,构建了以加气混凝土、火山岩和砾石作为组合基质的潮汐流人工湿地(TFCW),探究进水碳氮比(C/N)对其去除污染物的影响;以河南省两种常见的农业废弃物(玉米芯和小麦秸秆)浸出液作为碳源,探究补充碳源对TFCW去除污水中污染物的强化效果。结果表明:提高进水C/N可以不同程度地增强TFCW对化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的去除率,但对氨氮的去除率影响不显著。玉米芯和小麦秸秆系列固体碳源浸出液前期释碳速率较快,结合浸出液的可生化性与反硝化性能,确定热处理玉米芯浸出液适合作为补充碳源。热处理玉米芯浸出液作为补充碳源能够使TFCW对各污染物处理达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。TFCW在农村地区的运用具备一定可行性,制备的固体碳源浸出液作为TFCW的补充碳源,能为农村地区人工湿地高效脱氮提供一种经济化方案。

生态敏感地区农村生活污水治理规划研究——以长春市乐山镇为例

农村生活污水治理对改善农村人居环境、建设美丽乡村具有重要作用,水源地周边农村生活污水治理对城市饮用水安全保障具有重大意义。以水源地生态敏感地区典型乡镇(长春市乐山镇)为例,通过对水源地敏感因素以及区域现状进行调查分析,根据规划村庄类型、实际发展情况,合理预测污水量,布局污水收集及处理设施。研究表明:农村区域应建立差异化的生活污水治理模式,划分“镇区、村屯、重大项目”三类区域,采用集中收集与分散处理相结合的方式处理农村生活污水;同时应突出“全域治理”的总体目标,统筹上下游乡镇,优化调整污水处理设施服务范围,实现污水设施共建共享。

山东省某地农村污水收集治理方案设计

污水散排严重影响农村民生环境,导致土壤和水资源污染、滋生蚊蝇、损害居民健康。为解决这一问题,山东省某地展开农村污水收集治理工程。本文从当地农村污水类型出发,介绍了治理方案的基本情况,阐述了污水定额选取、污水源头收集方案,并根据村庄特点和环境敏感性选择适宜污水输送方式和污水处理方案。文末对本方案设计的特点进行总结,为类似工程提供参考价值。

不同深度人工复合生态床处理农村生活污水的比较

采用了 2种填充深度 (6 0cm和 4 0cm)的人工复合生态床对滇池地区低浓度农村生活污水进行了处理试验研究 .结果表明 ,在 30cm/d高水力负荷的条件下 ,对COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷的去除率 ,深度为 6 0cm的床体分别为 6 6 4 %、5 7 7%、78 7%和 6 3 2 % ,4 0cm深的床体分别为 6 3 8%、5 9 1 %、82 1 %和 6 1 3% .深度为 6 0cm床体对COD和总磷的去除率高于深度为 4 0cm的床体 ,但后者对氮的去除效果略优于前者 .对氮、磷去除途径的分析表明 :微生物的硝化 /反硝化作用以及填料对磷的吸附沉淀作用是人工复合生态床去除氮、磷的主要途径 ;水生植物对氮、磷的吸收量分别占投加总量的 1 0 %和 9%以上 ,也是一个重要途径 .

表面流与潜流式生态床处理农村污水

采用表面流和潜流式两种人工复合生态床对滇池地区低浓度农村污水进行的处理试验结果表明,在高水力负荷(30cm/d)条件下,潜流式床体对COD、TN、NH+4-N和TP的去除率分别为70.6%、60.6%、80.9%和66.0%,表面流床体则分别为63.1%、61.2%、90.2%和60.2%;表面流床体中芦苇、茭白等植物对氮、磷的吸收量要大于潜流式床体;潜流式床体依靠植物吸收去除的氮、磷量为1625kgN/(hm2·a)和148kgP/(hm2·a),表面流床体则为1999kgN/(hm2·a)和223kgP/(hm2·a)。

农村分散式污水处理的适宜技术

在比较国内外现有的分散式处理技术的优缺点的基础上,结合现阶段我国农村水污染现状和水污染特征,分析了如何因地制宜地选择适宜技术,重点分析了农村分散式污水处理源头分离技术的优点及必要性,同时介绍了蚯蚓生态滤池、人工湿地、地下渗滤系统和滴滤池及一体化处理设备等分散污水处理技术的适用特点,为今后在我国农村推广稳定高效的分散式污水处理设施提供必要的技术参考。

新型农村户用污水预处理厌氧反应器的设计与试验

【目的】解决农村生活污水处理效果低下和集中式污水站出水水质波动超标问题。【方法】基于农村户厕粪便尿液及厨房废水协同处理的源分离方案,联合可附着活性生物膜的悬浮填料,提出一种新型的适宜于农村户用的无外部动力式厌氧污水处理装置。通过对该反应器的结构形式和工艺特点的对比分析,结合工程应用对出水水质和运行效果进行测试。【结果】该新型农村户用污水预处理厌氧反应器化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)的去除率可达65%~72%,5日生化需氧量(biochemical oxygen demand after five days, BOD_(5))的去除率最高可达85%,悬浮物(suspended solids, SS)的去除率最高可达89%,出水水质保证了后续经管网到达污水处理站的稳定性。【结论】该新型农村户用污水预处理厌氧反应器作为农村污水站前端的处理装置可在预处理阶段满足一定的资源化利用,具有较强实用性。

MBR处理滇池流域农业面源的运行参数调控

为提高滇池环湖截污体系中混合水质净化厂MBR工艺对农村农业面源污水的处理效能,削减流入滇池的污染负荷,该研究利用厂内已建的MBR中试系统,优化硝化液回流比、污泥回流比、污泥浓度及溶解氧等4个运行参数,并将其应用于混合水质净化厂MBR工艺优化调控。结果表明:硝化回流比200%、污泥回流比150%、MLSS 4 000~5 000 mg/L、DO 1~2 mg/L为中试最优运行参数,依据该成果指导规模2.5万m^3/d的混合水质净化厂进行参数优化,调试后出水水质稳定,在硝化回流比200%~300%、污泥回流比200%~300%、MLSS 6 000~7 000 mg/L、DO 2 mg/L条件下,COD、NH3-N、TN及TP的平均去除率分别为86.9%、94.2%、26.7%、39.8%,COD、NH3-N及TN均可稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准,TP需后续强化处理达标。研究成果可推广至滇池环湖截污体系中类似水质净化厂,指导同类水质的MBR工艺运行参数调控。

我国农村污水现状及处理方法探析

随着农村经济社会的快速发展,农村和农业污染物排放量增大,农村环境形势严峻。为加强农村生活污水的收集和处理,通过介绍农村生活污水的现状、污染源以及对比北京、福州、苏州、宣城4个地区农村污水的特点以及处理方法,提出符合农村实际情况的污水处理方法。

农村分散生活污水治理技术探讨

通过对农村污水排放规律和污染特征的分析,针对大部分农户居住地分散、污水不易集中收集的特点,提出组团处理模式,将相邻家庭的污水收集到一起共同处理,该方法既可以均化水量和水质,还可以降低污水处理设施的运营和维护成本。另外,主张农村厕所采用源分离排水系统,从源头对黄水、褐水进行分类收集,再通过技术手段回收其中的营养物质用于肥田。同时,阐述了目前常见的农村污水处理技术,并指出低耗是农村污水处理发展的主要方向,处理工艺应力求简单,便于维护管理。

我国农村生活污水处理现状及展望

介绍了农村生活污水的来源和污染物,以及农村生活污水的水质特征、水量特征、排放特征,阐述了农村生活污水的收集方法和处理工艺,着重比较了人工湿地处理系统、稳定塘处理系统、土地渗滤处理系统、好氧生物处理系统的处理效果、建设费用、主要优点及适用范围。最后从健全环境保护法律体系,提高认识和加强领导,加大资金投入比重3个方面提出了农村生活污水的处理建议。

农村生活污水进水沉降性颗粒有机物碳源利用潜势研究

由于农村生活污水具有水质水量波动大的特点,导致农村生活污水处理工程在实际运行中存在进水碳源不足的问题。以农村生活污水中沉降性颗粒有机物为目标对象,研究其在内碳源开发过程中水质和微生物群落变化特征。试验结果表明在SCOD随反应时间的增加浓度是先增加后降低,并且第4天浓度达到最高值859 mg/L,此时C/N较江苏省平均值提高了35.7%,说明颗粒有机物水解发酵产物可以作为一种有效的碳源用于农村生活污水的碳源补给。由微生物群落结构分析发现主要降解蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂类的功能菌属是Lactivibrio,主要产酸的菌属有Romboutsia、Christensenellaceae_R-7_group、和Corynebacterium。经过古菌分析发现Methanosaeta作为最主要的古菌菌属,其大量的繁殖是导致系统内碳源流失的主要原因。

人工湿地处理技术研究概况及其在农村面源污染治理中的应用

人工湿地处理技术适合我国国情,尤其适合广大农村、中小城市的污水处理,同时该技术作为传统污水处理技术的替代和补充工艺越来越受到重视。文章较详细的介绍了人工湿地的由来、发展状况、工艺类型、去污机理以及在国内外的应用和研究进展,分析了人工湿地在农村面源污染治理中的应用前景,以及在大规模推广中面临的挑战。