New Rural Community Construction or Retention Development:A Comparative Analysis of Rural Settlement Transition Mechanism in Plain Agriculture Area of China Based on Actor Network Theory

It is an important way to realize rural revitalization and sustainable development to guide rural settlement transition(RST)in an appropriate way.This paper uses actor network theory(ANT)to construct a theoretical framework for the study of RST.Taking two typical villages with different transition paths in rural areas of North China Plain as examples,this paper reveals the mechanism of RST and makes a comparative analysis.The results show that:1)after identifying problems and obligatory passage point,key actors recruit heterogeneous actors into the actor network by entrusting them with common interests,and realize RST under the system operation.2)Rural settlements under different transition paths have similarities in the problems to be solved,collective actions and policy factors,but there are differences in the transition process,mechanism and effect.The actor network and mechanism of RST through the path of new rural community construction are more complex and the transition effect is more thorough.In contrast,the degree of RST of retention development path is limited if there is no resource and location advantage.3)Based on the applicable conditions of different paths,this paper designs a logical framework of‘Situation-Structure-Behavior-Result’to scientifically guide the identification of RST paths under the background of rural revitalization.

Productive functional evolution of rural settlements:analysis of livelihood strategy and land use transition in eastern China

In China, rural settlements are usually multifunctional complex of natural societies and they also play important productive function. This study explored the spatiotemporal evolution of the productive function of three rural settlements, i.e.,Hetaoyuan, Dawengshan, and Gaoqiao, in the Yimeng Mountain in Shandong province of eastern China.Residents lived in this three types of rural settlements were all involved in agricultural production(i.e., grain threshing, drying and storage), which had remained dominant in Hetaoyuan. Dawengshan became an industrial-oriented settlement, while Gaoqiao became a commercial-oriented settlement. This evolution was reflected in the livelihood strategy changes of rural households and the transition of rural settlements changes. The choice of livelihood strategy was affected by the livelihood assets and policies, which resulted in the spatiotemporal evolution of the productive function of rural settlements. This study can provide references for the implementation and adjustment of rural residential land consolidation policies and the improvement of production and the quality of rural life in future.

NEW RURAL SPACES: THE IMPACT OF RURAL INDUSTRIALIZATION ON RURAL-URBAN TRANSITION IN CHINA

Since the 1980s, rural-urban transition has been becoming one of the most important aspects in China’s fast transformation from traditional to modern modes. From the perspective of change of rural space, this paper examines the impact of rural industrialization on the rural-urban transition. After an introduction to the issue of rural-urban transition in rural-urban continuum, a historical overview of the transformations of China’s rural space in economic, social and geographical structure is presented. This is followed by an analysis of regiotal uneven development among provinces in rural industrialization and rural-urban transition. It is concluded that the fast industrialization of rural area has brought on many radical transformations of rural space in China, especially on the formation of new rural economic, social and geographical spaces and the uneven development of rural-urban trgnsition among the eastern, central and westem areas.

Application of Variable Strategies in the Low-cost and Energy-saving Rural Residences in Transitional Areas

Changeful and complex rural family structure and climatic features of transitional areas in China make the application of variable strategy in energy-saving rural residence designs possible.Aiming at the low cost,several effective and reasonable variable strategies were proposed for the design of interior spaces,main bedroom,sunshine room,staircase,west wall,door and window design to satisfy changing structure of a family during different periods and their different thermo-technical requirements in winter and summer.In this way,thermal comfort of rural indoor spaces will be improved,more energy saved,useful experience and thoughts provided for the energy-saving residence design in cold regions and regions hot in summer and cold in winter.

Analysis on the Transition of Resource-based Rural Land Use in the Context of Rural Revitalization:A Case Study of Taolingou Village,Yangquan City,Shanxi Province

The key to the transformation of resource-based rural economy lies in the land use transition,which has important theoretical and practical significance for the reconstruction of rural values and the promotion of rural revitalization.Taking Taolingou Village in Yangquan City,Shanxi Province as an example,on the basis of expounding the concept and connotation of land use transition,this paper analyzes the evolution trend of resource-based rural land use transition,explores the driving force of resource-based rural land use transition and clearly puts forward the measures to strengthen the transformation of resource-based rural land use in the context of rural revitalization.The analysis shows that the land use of Taolingou Village is transforming towards the trend of sustainability,putting people first and multi-function,which is consistent with the strategic goal of rural revitalization.The driving force of land use transition in Taolingou Village includes four aspects,namely,industrial structure,economic factors,development policy and contradiction between human and land.Adjusting and optimizing the industrial structure,protecting the ecological environment,perfecting relevant policies and regulations,and controlling the overall population are the effective measures for Taolingou Village to realize the land use transition.This case study is expected to provide a useful reference for the land use transition in other resource-based rural areas.

China's Four-Decade Rural Poverty Reduction in Urbanization:Efforts and Outcomes

Over the past four decades of reform and opening-up, China has basically eradicated hunger and lifted over 700 million rural people out of poverty. China's poverty incidence has dropped to about 3%. These achievements can be attributed to the following factors: First, farmers have regained their economic freedom that was lost in the planned economy era. Second, China's top decision-makers have followed people's will by transitioning into the market economy and thus achieved rapid economic growth. Third,the government has continuously enhanced infrastructure and human capital investments,and implemented a social protection system in rural and urban areas nationwide. Fourth,integrated poverty reduction measures have been carried out to assist poor people in disadvantaged regions and those with poor capabilities. Given the diminishing poverty reduction effect of pro-poor fiscal funds, it is necessary to avoid direct administrative interventions in the operational decision-making of poor households and broaden institutional space for rural cooperative economy. Meanwhile, China should remove inequalities in the rights between the urban and rural households, facilitate the labor migration of the poor, and promote the urbanization of rural people.

Regional Developmental Problems of the Rural Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The paper considers developmental problems of the rural settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which are results of long-term disparity in the regional development in the period 1991-2012. In this paper it is considered the recent migration from rural to urban areas and the depopulation of the rural areas. The result of these trends reflects the development of the new infrastructure and tertiary activities. In these investigations, statistical data processed and geovisualised in GIS were used. The obtained data indicate extremely unequable regional arrangement of the population in the rural areas and socio-economic development.

Analysis on the Causes of the Plight of Chinese Rural Migrant Workers＇ Endowment Insurance

At present, Chinese society is from traditional society to modern society in transition to accelerate, in the social, political, and economic structure, great changes have taken place; due to strong liquidity, migrant workers＇ groups in social security, are still in the stage of development, and there are still a lot of problems, especially the problem of endowment insurance. Although local governments develop the old-age insurance of migrant workers with their own characteristics, and have their respective advantages, but the effect is not ideal, as follows： ＂one low and one high＂, namely the migrant workers＇ participation rate was low and the insurance of migrant workers was ＂high rate of surrender＂. The reason is both within the Chinese social transformation factors, and external economic globalization competition; both obiectively, government policy implementation is not in place, and subjectively, migrant workers lack insured willing.

数字化转型下的乡村国土空间数字治理技术体系构建

数字技术向乡村地域延伸与渗透,深刻影响着乡村社会、经济和政治的组织方式及结构。乡村国土空间治理的对象、主体、技术都在数字技术的介入下发生了转变。在梳理数字技术介入下乡村发展转型的物质空间特征及作用机制的基础上,剖析了数字化转型下的乡村国土空间治理主体关系,从乡村数字治理的空间底座框架及其关键技术体系两个方面构建了基于乡村多主体协同治理的国土空间数字治理技术体系。

新时代全面推进乡村振兴阶段易地搬迁政策的逻辑转换

在传统因贫移民的历史根基上,历经40余年的演变发展,党中央围绕易地搬迁统筹部署,形成了一套具有深厚历史底蕴和鲜明制度特色的工作逻辑,孕育了丰硕的实践成果。在新时代全面推进乡村振兴阶段,易地搬迁政策面临如何应对后续帮扶和“三农”工作战略转型的双重考验,需要实现搬迁目标由脱贫向振兴、搬迁对象由贫困群体向五类村庄、搬迁方式由扶贫集中搬迁向统筹搬迁撤并、搬迁机制由聚力攻坚向高质量发展的逻辑转变。由此,应以历史视域和开放视野分析新时代全面推进乡村振兴阶段易地搬迁政策的逻辑转换问题,接续推进从全面小康迈向共同富裕的新征程。

东北黑土区农村宅基地功能转型特征与机制研究——以海伦市长华村为例

研究目的:揭示东北黑土区村域尺度农村宅基地功能转型特征与驱动机制,探寻“三权分置”制度框架下宅基地的活化利用与有效管理对策。研究方法:实地调查法和案例研究法。研究结果:(1)东北黑土区内农村宅基地的居住功能弱化,农业生产功能增强,宅基地功能由居住功能主导向居住、生产二元复合功能或农业生产功能为主导转变;(2)村域尺度内,农村宅基地功能转型的阶段特征明显,空间上表现为与中心村的距离越远,宅基地功能转型程度越剧烈;(3)在城镇化等外缘要素的影响下,乡村地域系统内人口和产业的变化共同驱动农村宅基地功能转型;(4)农村宅基地“三权分置”的制度框架下,结合农村宅基地功能组合和利用状态,引导农户选择适宜的宅基地利用方式,有利于促进宅基地利用效率提升。研究结论:东北黑土区农村宅基地功能正在经历转型过程,应根据宅基地功能转型阶段特征,深化农村宅基地“三权分置”改革,筛选适宜的宅基地利用与管理方式。

全域土地综合整治与农业农村现代化转型的协同机制

全域土地综合整治作为新时期破解乡村发展难题的重要举措,关系着农业、农村和农民的现代化转型。推动全域土地综合整治与农业农村现代化转型的协同,对于优化土地利用、促进农业规模经营、改善农村生态、加快城乡融合及激发乡村发展动力具有重要意义。研究发现:(1)全域土地综合整治与农业农村现代化的演进历程具有耦合性,经历了从关注实现农业生产力提升与农业规模化、机械化到农村产业升级与土地开发及盘活,再到重视乡村生产、生活和生态全面现代化与人—地—协同的3个阶段。(2)构建全域土地综合整治与农业农村现代化转型的协同联动体系需从组织、空间和目标等方面展开,组织协同上需构建能辐射带动土地以外其他资源整合活化的多元主体内外联动模式;空间协同上需把握空间的横纵向联系,注重多维空间的系统整合;目标协同上则需坚持全域尺度的转型发展,促进土地整治功能性、实践性与现代化转型内生性、全面性的协同。(3)典型实践案例表明,全域土地综合整治与农业农村现代化在组织、空间和目标上的协同,需构建多元主体协同机制以推动多重目标的实现,创新土地整治模式实现空间的差异化发展,通过优化生产、生活和生态空间实现乡村全域整治与转型发展。

“雨露均沾”抑或“强强联合”:衔接过渡期驻村帮扶资源配置逻辑及其实践后果

驻村帮扶是衔接过渡期巩固好脱贫成果、接续推进乡村振兴的重要制度支撑。通过对西部地区两县驻村帮扶工作的调查研究发现,与脱贫攻坚时期更加注重全面帮扶的“雨露均沾”不同,衔接过渡期驻村帮扶资源配置更加注重“强强联合”,在乡村振兴示范点创建的工作机制与目标指引下,一些重点乡村建设项目和资源被少数优势村庄捕获,驻村帮扶强势主客体间存在着理性的“共同谋划”,而部分弱势村庄则深陷于自身基础薄弱和外来资源稀缺的两难境地。驻村帮扶主客体的“强强联合”在一定程度上导致了驻村帮扶主体的行为偏差、村际水平上新的不公平、制度效能低下与低水平管理困境等后果。因此,应加快构建驻村帮扶资源的精准匹配与县域资源统筹共享机制,拓展资源供给渠道并优化驻派结构,以提升帮扶资源配置的公平性和整体帮扶效能。

The coupling characteristics and mechanism of farmland and rural housing land transition in China

Land use transition refers to the changes in land use morphology （both dominant morphology and recessive morphology） of a certain region over a certain period of time driven by socio-economic change and innovation, and it usually corresponds to the transition of socio-economic development phase. In China, farmland and rural housing land are the two major sources of land use transition. This paper analyzes the spatio-temporal coupling characteristics of farmland and rural housing land transition in China, using high-resolution Landsat TM （Thematic Mapper） data in 2000 and 2008, and the data from the Ministry of Land and Resources of China. The outcomes indicated that： （1） during 2000-2008, the correlation coefficient of farmland vs. rural housing land change is -0.921, and it shows that the change pattern of farmland and rural housing land is uncoordinated; （2） the result of Spearman rank correlation analysis shows that rural housing land change has played a major role in the mutual transformation of farmland and rural housing land; and （3） it shows a high-degree spatial coupling between farmland and rural housing land change in southeast China during 2000-2008. In general, farmland and rural housing land transition in China is driven by socio-economic, bio-physical and managerial three-dimensional driving factors through the interactions among rural population, farmland and rural housing land. However, the spatio-temporal coupling phenomenon and mechanism of farmland and rural housing land transition in China are largely due to the ＂dual-track＂ structure of rural-urban development.

Land use transition and rural spatial governance: Mechanism, framework and perspectives

The pattern for utilization of rural space is closely related to rural transformationdevelopment (RTD). The problem of rural space utilization is an important manifestation of theuncoordinated relationship between land use patterns and rural development status during atransformation period. Considering the rural space utilization issue, this article seeks to analyzethe interaction mechanisms between land use transition (LUT) and rural spatial governanceand then build a rural spatial governance analysis framework based on LUT. Also, thepaper explores the internal relationship between rural spatial governance and rural vitalizationand discusses the research prospective of the interaction. The study found that: (1) Ruralspace utilization has systemic problems such as limited development space, ill-defined ownershipand poor organization, which have become important obstacles for rural development.(2) The uncoordinated relationship between LUT and RTD is an important reason for the dilemmasurrounding rural space utilization. (3) The LUT provides a basis for determining thetiming of rural spatial governance, specifying spatial governance objectives, and clarifyingrural spatial governance methods. (4) The construction of a comprehensive analysis frameworkof “matter-ownership-organization” of rural space based on the LUT has created conditionsfor the orderly promotion of rural spatial governance. (5) Rural spatial governance whichfacilitates the integration of urban-rural development is an important foundation for rural vitalization.(6) Interaction analysis of LUT, RTD and rural spatial governance is conducive tofacilitating research on the operational mechanism of rural regional systems and to expandingthe research field of rural geography.

Book review of Land Use Transitions and Rural Restructuring in China by Hualou Long

The restructuring of rural China is one of the most important elements of global social and economic change in the early twenty-first century.From a traditionally rural country,with deep cultural roots in the‘soil’,China has been transformed into a highly advanced and largely urbanized society within the course of a few decades.The scale and significance of the transformation is equivalent to the industrialization and urbanization of Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,and like the European experience a century earlier,its impacts reverberate around the globe.Yet,contemporary China is not Victorian-era Europe and whilst there are parallels,we cannot assume that the trajectories,consequences and responses are the same.

Analyzing space-time evolution of rural transition in a rapidly urbanizing region:A case study of Suzhou,China

Influenced by globalization,rural transition in developed Western countries has experienced processes of productivism,post-productivism,and multifunctional development.By contrast,rural transition in most developing countries has been accompanied by rapid urbanization,which has become a core topic in geography research.As the world’s largest developing country,China has undergone profound development since the reform and opening-up.Moreover,rural spaces in some eastern coastal areas have entered the stage of reconstruction after decades of industrialization and urbanization.This paper takes Suzhou as the case area and measures the process of rural transition from 1990 to 2015 by constructing an index system.It then analyzes the characteristics of space-time evolution using exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA)methods to reveal the influence of economic and social development on rural transition.The results show that rural transition,which generally entails the weakening of rurality and enhancing of urbanity on a macro scale,tends to be heterogeneous across different regions on a micro scale.This paper argues that multifunctionality will be the main future trend of rural transition in rapidly urbanizing areas.The experience in Suzhou could provide an example for establishing policies on sustainable development in rural spaces and achieving urban-rural co-governance.

双轨共治:过渡型社区的治理实践

过渡型社区是高速城镇化进程中出现的新社区类型,探讨与其社会基础相匹配的治理模式,对于推进我国基层治理体系与治理能力现代化有重要意义。江苏、浙江等发达地区,立足过渡型社区的社会基础、治理环境和制度体制,形成了技术规则之治应对“城”特征行政事件,传统关系治理应对“乡”特征自治事件的“双轨共治”格局。双轨共治是立足乡村本位的过程治理,主要通过社区干部职业化与治理体系行政化改革、公共服务与项目资源下乡等推动行政轨道运行;通过自治单元下沉与社会精英动员、正式制度规则引入与自治规则重塑等来完善自治轨道建设。由此,行政体系建设与村居自治制度实践共同构成整体性的基层治理结构,有效回应了过渡型社区兼具乡村内核与城镇化发展的复合治理诉求。不过,双轨共治是与治理资源和治理事务双密集型社会基础相匹配的复杂治理模式,不能脱离实际盲目照搬。

长江经济带耕地利用绿色转型与城乡融合耦合协调发展的时空格局研究

在深入实施国家粮食安全战略,协同推进经济高质量发展和生态环境高水平保护背景下,探究耕地利用绿色转型与城乡融合发展的耦合协调是解决耕地保护、生态保育与经济建设之间冲突的关键。从人地关系视角剖析了耕地利用绿色转型与城乡融合发展的耦合机理;通过解读耕地利用绿色转型与城乡融合发展的内涵构建了相关评价指标体系,并以长江经济带130个地级市为例,基于2000、2005、2010、2015和2020年数据,运用耦合协调度模型分析耕地利用绿色转型与城乡融合发展耦合协调的时空格局特征。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年长江经济带耕地利用绿色转型指数由0.208增至0.294,增幅为40.802%,呈现“东北部高西南部低”的分布特征。(2)2000—2020年长江经济带城乡融合发展指数由0.465增至0.492,增幅为5.858%,呈现“中东部高西南部低”的分布特征。(3)2000—2020年长江经济带耕地利用绿色转型与城乡融合发展的耦合协调度由0.556上升到0.612,增幅为11.065%,呈现“中东部高西部低”的分布特征;耦合协调类型从基本协调型转变为中度协调型。各子系统间的耦合协调程度差异较大,耕地利用绿色转型各子系统中,模式转型与城乡融合发展的耦合协调度较低;城乡融合发展各子系统中,人口融合、空间融合与耕地利用绿色转型的耦合协调度较低。(4)耕地利用绿色转型中的模式转型,城乡融合发展中的人口融合、空间融合是长江经济带发展需重点关注的问题。研究结果可为长江经济带耕地资源的优化利用、生态保护以及城乡融合发展提供借鉴。

绿色金融与生态低碳农业发展:理论逻辑与实践路径

发展生态低碳农业是赓续农耕文明的内在要求,是破解环境约束的重要抓手,是推进乡村振兴的关键举措,也是实现共同富裕的有效路径。绿色金融通过优化资金配置,为推进农业生态化、低碳化、绿色化提供资金支持。本文基于金融结构、金融功能、外部性和长尾效应的理论视角,建构绿色金融与生态低碳农业发展的支持逻辑、互动逻辑和实践逻辑,化解农业生态低碳转型的融资约束、特征约束和现实约束,厘清绿色金融对生态低碳农业发展的支持作用及二者的良性互动效应,并提出绿色金融助力中国特色生态低碳农业发展的实践路径,为推进人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化提供理论支持和政策启示。