Employment and development levels in rural areas of the Russian Federation

The development of agro-industrial complex is important for ensuring national food security and national health.The development of rural areas is subject to the development of agriculture and local infrastructure,as well as the availability of various services.This study selected 15 indicators in 2021 to analyze the employment and development levels in rural areas of 71 regions of the Russian Federation using the analytical grouping method.The results indicated that 20 regions(Group 1)had the highest percentage of rural population(33.10%).The percentage of population engaged in agriculture had the highest value(12.40%)in 31 regions(Group 2).Moreover,20 regions(Group 3)had the highest investments in fixed assets at the expense of municipal budget(11.80 USD/person).Increasing the investments in fixed assets carried out from the budget of the municipality can improve the employment level in rural areas.Then,we used cluster analysis to divide 14 regions of the Volga Federal District in the Russian Federation into 3 clusters.Cluster 1 covered Kirov Region and Republic of Mari El;Cluster 2 included Ulyanovsk Region,Saratov Region,Nizhny Novgorod Region,Perm Territory,Orenburg Region,Chuvash Region,and Republic of Mordovia;and Cluster 3 contained Republic of Tatarstan,Samara Region,Udmurtian Republic,Penza Region,and Republic of Bashkortostan.Results indicated that the 2 regions of Cluster 1 need to increase the availability of resources and natural gas and improve the investment attractiveness of rural areas.The 7 regions of Cluster 2 needed to develop infrastructure,public services,and agricultural production.We found the highest employment level in rural areas,the largest investments in fixed assets at the expense of municipal budget,the largest residential building area per 10,000 persons,and the largest individual residential building area in the 5 regions of Cluster 3.This study makes it possible to draw up a comprehensive regional development program and proves the need for the development of rural areas,which is especially important for the sustainable development of the Russian Federation.

Affordability, Accessibility, and Quality of Maternal Health Care Services and Level of Satisfaction of Mothers in Rural Areas in China

Objective:This study aimed to understand the affordability,accessibility,and quality of maternal and child health services for postpartum mothers,and their impact on satisfaction.Methods:The study utilized the Anderson model and revised the Maternal Pregnancy and Perinatal Health Service Questionnaire.A survey was conducted among 289 mothers aged 20–49 in Feicheng City.Results:Regarding accessibility,most respondents(133)reported that travel time to healthcare services exceeded 60 minutes,while 99 respondents indicated a travel time of 16–30 minutes.The issue of affordability was highlighted,with 86.85%of participants perceiving maternal healthcare services as costly,indicating a significant financial burden.More than 50%of respondents were satisfied with two specific dimensions(P<0.05)regarding the quality of maternal healthcare services.Conclusion:The study found that accessibility,affordability,and quality significantly affect mothers’satisfaction with maternal health services.Future research should focus on developing more suitable service pathways for rural mothers.

Geography and Rural Household Income:A Village Level Study in Henan Province,China

This study uses the data from a sample survey conducted in April 2007 on 1 251 rural households in 11 villages of Henan Province, the largest less developed agricultural province in China, to examine how geography affects rural household income （RHI）. The quantitative analysis indicates following results. I） The significance of the traditional geographical factors reduces as RHI rank increases. 2） The landform does not affect the RHI significantly. The per capita income of rural household in a plain area is lower than that in a mountainous area. And 3） the capital endowment and status of non-farm economic activities contribute to the increase of RHI. But the probability and intensity of non-farm economic activities of rural households in urban outskirts villages are higher than that in non-urban outskirts villages. Based on the results, the paper further concludes that geography still plays a significant role in rural development, but it is changing over time. The agricultural resources （such as per capita arable land） significantly affect RHI with the relatively lower income level, while the geographical location shows a more significant impact on RHI with the relatively high income level. Along with economic development, the proximity replaces the traditional geographical factors such as landform and physical resources as the major determining factor in RHI.

Comparative Research on the Rural Development Levels of 31 Provinces and Regions in China

According to the 2010 China Statistical Yearbook,a total of 12 indicators in the aspects of residents' production,consumption expenditure,and living conditions are selected in order to construct the indicator system of rural development level.Both factor analysis and cluster analysis methods are adopted to compare the current situations of rural development levels in 31 provinces and regions of China.Result of factor analysis shows that the 12 indicators can be classified into 4 factors,such as the income and expenditure factor,the agricultural scale and science and technology factor,the life quality factor,and the agricultural output factor.Moreover,factors affecting the rural development level of China are analyzed.Then,the 31 provinces and regions are divided into 4 categories according to the development levels in rural areas:the first category is Shanghai,Beijing and Zhejiang,which have the highest development level in rural areas;the second category includes Jiangsu,Shandong and Tianjin,which take the 4th to 6th places;the third category is Guangdong,Jilin,Liaoning,Hebei,Fujian,Heilongjiang,Henan,Inner Mongolia,Anhui,Hubei,Hunan and Jiangxi,which rank the 7th-18th;and the fourth category includes Sichuan,Hainan,Ningxia,Shanxi,Guangxi,Shanxi,Xinjiang,Chongqing,Tibet,Yunnan,Gansu,Qinghai and Guizhou,taking the 19th-31st places.

Overview of Research on Relationship between Income Level and Happiness of Chinese Rural Residents

By conducting meta-analysis on the researches of relationship between income level and happiness at home and abroad,this paper researches the relationship between income level and happiness.The results show that the relationship between income level and happiness takes on U-shape curve,and it can be explained from adaptation,social comparison and psychological expectation.Finally,in order to promote rural residents' income level and strengthen rural residents' happiness in China,corresponding policy suggestions are put forward as follows:bridge gap of urban-rural residents' income distribution;dilute the competitions for money and status among people;perfect rural social security system;endeavor to create a situation in which all rural residents do their best.

Constructing Index System for Evaluating Work Level in Rural Endowment Insurance

This paper used fuzzy math principles, analyzed different aspects of the work of the current rural endowment insurance and formed the indices to assess the work level of the rural endowment insurance. After selecting the indices of the work level scientificly, constructed the index system to evaluate the work level of the rural endowment insurance and the index system was expressed in the form of math equation. In this way, an objective standard used to evaluate the work level of rural endowment insurance was establised.

Nail Selenium Level and Diabetes in Older People in Rural China

This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between selenium levels and diabetes in an older population with life-long natural exposure to selenium in rural China. A total of 1856 subjects aged 65 years or older from four Chinese rural counties with different environmental selenium levels were evaluated. Analysis of covariance models and logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between nail selenium levels and serum glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance [using the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance （HOMA-IR）], and the risk of diabetes. The mean nail selenium level was 0.461μg/g and the prevalence rate of diabetes was 8.3% in this population. The mean nail selenium level was significantly higher in the group with diabetes than in the group without diabetes （P〈0.0001）. The adjusted odds ratios for diabetes were 2.65 （95% Cl： 1.48 to 4.73）, 2.47 （95% CI： 1.37 to 4.45）, and 3.30 （95% Cl： 1.85 to 5.88） from the second selenium quartile to the fourth quartile, respectively, compared with the first quartile group. The mean serum glucose and HOMA-IR in the higher selenium quartile groups were significantly higher than those of the lowest quartile group. However, no significant differences in insulin were observed among the four quartile groups. A long-term, higher level of exposure to selenium may be associated with a higher risk of diabetes. Future studies are needed to elucidate the association between selenium and insulin resistance.

The Problems and Solutions of Rural Labor Flowing in low Marketization Level

Rural labor flowing in low marketization level restricts rural production elements of effective allocation, and restricts the development of rural economy, causes the gap between urban and rural areas to continue expanding. This article has analyzed the reasons of phenomenon, and raised some solutions from abolishing the barrier of the household register, improved rural labor＇ s cultural and skills quality, and built a social security system in rural areas improve the marketization level of rural labor flow.

Path of Rural Vitalization Based on Coupling Perspective of Township Construction and Resource Environment in Jiangsu Province,China

Recently,the field of rural vitalization has received extensive research attention.However,only few studies have proposed an approach to rural vitalization from the coupling perspective of township construction and the resource environment.Taking Jiangsu Province of China as the study area,we constructed index systems of township construction function types and resource environments.Based on 875 township study units in Jiangsu,we characterized the township construction function type and resource environment and analyzed the dynamic process of their coupling from 2005 to 2017.The results are as follows:1)the townships of planting and breeding types in Jiangsu were mainly distributed in northern and central Jiangsu;the townships of business travel,industry,and integrated types were mainly distributed in southern Jiangsu;and the townships of ecological type were irregularly distributed throughout Jiangsu.2)Resource environment factors and township construction function types in Jiangsu clustered based on their location with some overlap.3)Spatial variability in the degree of coupling level between township construction and the resource environment in Jiangsu was not apparent,and low coupling levels accounted for most of the study units.The sum of the number of medium and high coupling townships in southern,central,and northern Jiangsu was roughly equal,and the coupling level between township construction and the resource environment in southern Jiangsu evolved remained unchanged,whereas that in the central and northern Jiangsu became imbalanced.4)In Jiangsu,township construction was mainly constrained by water resources,and the constraint parameters gradually increase.Large variability in resource environment constraint was observed in northern,central,and southern Jiangsu for different township construction function types.Based on these findings,we proposed the implementation of targeted rural vitalization strategies.

Economic and Financial Structural Adjustment at Village Level: A Case Study of Rural Areas in Guizhou Province

Village-level economy is not only the important foundation for promoting grass-roots agricultural and rural modernization, but also an essential guarantee for sustainable development of small scale economy of rural farmer households. Research on this field will play a significant role in rural economic development of Guizhou Province. Taking the observation data from 1999 to 2009 in 10 fixed observation villages in Guizhou Province, we carried out empirical survey and analysis on land scale and use structure, scale and composition of fixed assets for production, level and composition of operational income, and level and composition of financial revenue and expenditure at village level. Finally, we put forward conclusions and recommendations.

Current Situation, Reasons and Suggestions of Income and Consumption of Rural Residents

Based on the empirical analysis of rural residents’ income and consumption, we are going to discuss the reasons for the weak income growth and lagging consumption of rural residents in China. Finally, we propose relevant suggestions and measures to increase rural residents’ income, promote rural residents’ consumption and develop rural markets.

县域医共体助力乡村振兴的实践路径研究

乡村振兴背景下,基层医疗卫生机构受体制机制的束缚,存在服务能力弱、反应性差、服务分隔与碎片化、服务低效与资源错配、理念落后和模式单一等问题。县域医共体以医疗组织形式的创新,通过体制机制改革,弥合城乡医疗服务能力差距,改善服务碎片化,激发服务积极性,为乡村振兴提供健康保障。

乡村振兴中村级协商民主的提升路径探析——基于浙江省小古城村“众人的事由众人商量”的经验分析

村级协商民主是基层协商民主的重要组成部分,发展村级协商民主能够保障农民的合法权益,调动其参与村庄公共事务的热情。在乡村振兴时期为发挥农民的主体作用,提升乡村治理效能,需要构建起村级协商民主的新路径。通过对浙江省小古城村协商民主实践进行经验总结发现,该村通过实行党建引领促进村级协商民主开展、多元主体参与实现决策的科学化、协商程序规范确保协商活动有序、监督落实到位展现村级协商民主成效等制度,真正实现了“众人的事由众人商量”。因此,在乡村振兴的新时期以小古城村的经验作为参考,发展村级协商民主需要坚持党的领导,为村级协商民主提供根本保障;培育村民权利主体意识,营造民主开放的协商氛围;完善相关制度设计,促进村级协商民主高质量发展;利用数字技术赋能,构建数字化协商平台;发挥村级协商议事组织功能,提升协商主体能力。

农村基层党组织组织力的系统化运作及其提升策略

从政治系统来审视农村基层党组织,其具备系统的整体属性和运作体系,组织力表现为系统内外各要素有机结合的整体力量。在政治系统论的分析框架下,一方面,农村基层党组织系统的复杂多样易引发组织力的滞后困顿,出现组织力困境;另一方面,农村基层党组织以独特的政治优势规范了“输入—转换—输出”的系统运作流程,通过与内外部环境的多维互动和功能互补形成反馈闭环,构成一体化的循环链,由此决定了持续提升农村基层党组织组织力是一项动态的系统工程。解析农村基层党组织的领导与运行工作,其在现实生活中仍然面临内外部因素共同刺激而导致的领导力弱化、凝聚力式微、执行力失范和服务力缺位之困境,组织力水平尚未达到全面推进乡村振兴战略的系统性目标要求,这进一步倒逼农村基层党组织从各个环节入手构建提升组织力的有效策略:政治系统“输入”环节调动“党性—结构—民意”的整合性,政治系统“转换”“输出”环节激活“集成—巩固—共生”的驱动性,政治系统“反馈”环节释放“价值—功能—制度”的交互性。上述策略统筹保障组织的系统化运作及其组织力整合后的正向提升,进而为中国共产党基层治理的持续性发展提供实践遵循。

电子商务进农村综合示范政策对县域农业增长的影响研究

本文利用2000—2019年我国县域数据,采用多期DID等方法探讨了电子商务进农村综合示范政策对县域农业发展水平的影响。研究结果显示,电子商务进农村综合示范政策对县域农业经济发展水平提高具有显著的促进作用,且这种促进作用具有长期效应。这一结果在考虑实验组非随机分配、更换因变量和调整样本后仍然稳健。电子商务进农村综合示范政策主要通过农业产业集聚、农业金融服务改善两个途径对县域农业发展水平产生影响。异质性分析表明,电子商务进农村综合示范政策对粮食主产区、经济欠发达地区、地形平缓地区的农业发展水平的促进作用更强。因此,应重视农村电子商务发展对推进乡村全面振兴、促进共同富裕的重要作用,政府要在农村电子商务带头人培训、电子商务基础设施建设、农业产业集聚的产业空间布局规划等方面发挥作用,注重数字普惠金融与县域农业发展的融合,强化数字普惠金融的支持力度。

乡村振兴人才培养“四级递进”产教融合模式创新与实践——以黄冈职业技术学院为例

针对乡村振兴人才培养中需求不匹配、机制不协同、创新引领不够等问题,以黄冈职业技术学院为例,对涉农职业教育产教融合的途径与方式进行了全面系统的研究与实践,逐步形成了“面向产业需求、融入产业实际、服务产业发展、引领产业革新”的四级递进式产教融合人才培养模式,创新了政府、产业、高校三者之间的“三螺旋”理论,为区域乡村全面振兴提供了有力的人才科技支撑。

职业教育赋能县域城乡融合发展:逻辑理路、现实梗阻与实践路向

职业教育与县域城乡融合发展以人的全面发展为共同逻辑基点,职业教育依托技能人才培养、科教融汇发展、公共服务供给、教化育人实践和开放合作办学等赋能县域城乡要素流动、产业融合、社会公平、文化交融与治理协同。在加快构建新发展格局的时代背景下,发挥职业教育在县域城乡融合发展中的赋能作用,需要聚焦当前职业教育在人才培养、科技创新、资源配置、文化传播、开放合作领域的现实梗阻,以育人体系完善、科教融汇深化、资源配置优化、文化场域构建、开放格局打造为路向,推动县域城乡人才、产业、服务、文化和治理的多维融合。

数字经济促进城乡融合发展了吗?

文章基于熵权TOPSIS法分别测度了2011—2020年省际数字经济发展、乡村振兴与新型城镇化水平,采用耦合协调函数测算了城乡融合发展水平,实证考察了数字经济对城乡融合发展的影响。结果表明:数字经济对城乡融合发展具有显著的促进作用,在选取工具变量与更换估计方法的稳健性检验后该结论仍然成立。进一步分析发现,数字经济通过加快城乡产业融合升级和促进要素双向自由流动两方面来推动城乡融合发展。基于以上结论,提出深度利用城乡产业协同发展数字平台来激发城乡产业资源潜力并加强农村信息网络基础设施建设的建议。

财政分权对城乡融合发展的影响研究

合理的财政制度安排和财政引导对激发地方活力、推动城乡融合发展进程进而实现乡村振兴战略具有重要意义。研究基于2011—2021年我国省级面板数据,利用全局主成分分析法、建立计量模型,研究财政分权对我国城乡融合发展的影响,及其通过基础设施水平和市场化水平对我国城乡融合发展的中介效应。结果表明:近年来,我国城乡融合发展水平呈上升趋势,但增速缓慢且区域间差异较大;财政分权对城乡融合发展总体来看具有显著的负向影响,并且具有通过抑制基础设施水平提升、引致市场化程度降低从而对城乡融合发展产生不利影响的中介效应,这一结果通过稳健性检验;通过异质性检验发现,财政分权对城乡融合发展的负向效应主要集中在中部地区,对西部区域城乡融合发展表现为显著正向促进作用。深化财政体制改革、完善地方政府绩效考核体系、重视城乡基础设施空间布局、破解阻碍城乡融合发展的制度障碍是推动城乡融合发展的关键举措。

乡村教育振兴背景下提升农村幼儿教师专业发展水平的策略

教育在乡村振兴中发挥着基础性、先导性作用,发展乡村教育,教师是关键,农村幼儿教师的专业素养水平是影响幼儿教育质量的关键性要素。在问卷调查和访谈结果的基础上,对山东省农村幼儿教师专业发展现状进行详细分析,提出建立健全农村幼儿教师专业发展保障制度,构建“全面+分层”的教师专业发展培训体系,开发数字化、新形态幼儿教师职后培训课程,开展多途径、多样化的农村幼儿教师专业发展指导活动,强化农村幼儿教师师资队伍建设,助力农村幼儿教师专业发展等提升农村幼儿教师专业发展水平的策略。