Analysis on Soil Contamination Status in Rural Areas in China

China is a Iarge agricuItural country and the coordinated deveIopment of rural economy, society and eco-environment pIays an important roIe in China ’s prosperity. Because of economy deveIopment, human factors and natural degrada-tion, however, the issue of rural environment poI ution is deteriorating as urban envi-ronment improves, becoming a key factor preventing rural sustalnabIe deveIopment. The research detalIed rural soiI contamination in China, analyzed major causes, and proposed suggestions on IegisIation on controIs of rural soiI poI ution.

Ranking and Clustering of the Economic Status of Rural Residents in 31 Provinces and Regions in China

In order to rank and cluster the economic status of rural residents in 31 provinces, cities and autonomous regions, the MATLAB software is used and the component analysis and the cluster analysis are conducted on the data reflecting the economic status of each area. The results show that the provinces or cities with high comprehensive , scores are Shanghai Municipality, Beijing Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province, Tianjin Municipality, Guangdong Province, Fujian Province, Shandong Province and Liaoning Province according to priority; the provinces or autonomous regions with low comprehensive scores are Gansu Province, Guizhou Province , Tibet, Uygur autonomous region and Yunnan Province. The economic status of rural residents in the 31 provinces and autonomous regions are partly parallel with the comprehensive economic development. The improvement of the economic status of rural residents is helpful for the overall economic elevation. Therefore, the government should coordinate the economic development of urban and rural areas, industry and agricultural, developed region and undeveloped region, and coastal areas and central and western areas to maximize the social welfare of the whole nation.

Research Status of Land Transfer under the Background of Rural Revitalization

Land has always been an indispensable element in farmers’ production activities,and it is the root of farmers’ survival. Under the background of rural revitalization,land transfer has become an important means of boosting rural revitalization. In the process of implementing the rural revitalization strategy,how to effectively solve the problems in rural land transfer,such as fragmentation,decentralization,low utilization rate,breach of contracts and difficult financing,is an important aspect of promoting rural modernization. In this paper,the literature on land transfer at home and abroad is sorted out,the current research status and the problems of land transfer under the background of rural revitalization are summarized and consolidated,and corresponding solutions and prospects are put forward. This is of practical significance to further study the land transfer under the background of rural revitalization in China.

ComGIS-Based Early Warning System of Rural Drinking Water Safety in Ya’an City of Sichuan, China

According to characteristic index of spatial-temporal variability of rural drinking water safety in Ya’an City of Sichuan, China, such as water quantity, water quality, convenience degree and guaranteed rate, etc., this study elaborated the basic framework, model’s methodology structure in early warning system of rural drinking water safety on the basis of ComGIS and initially designed information collection, search and re-trieval, evaluation and analysis of factors, dynamic prediction and dynamic early-warning and functions of guidance and management in this system. The design of this system provided scientific basis to grasp the state of rural drinking water safety timely, release early warning information and properly take necessary control measures, etc. The evaluation results showed that the overall trend was getting better. It proved that the rising pressure value and response value were main reasons which caused the rising evaluation value of rural drinking water safety.

Current Situation and Countermeasures of Water Body Pollution in Rural Areas of China

At present, people＇s environmental awareness gradually enhances, and the environmental requirements on production and living continuously improve. Urban sewage discharge management and sewage treatment intensity are increasing in whole country, and urban water environment has certain improvement. But in rural areas, due to relatively weak environmental awareness of residents, not high economic development degree and not perfect infrastructure construction, the issue has not been handled properly. It seriously restricts further development of rural economy, and contradiction between water pollution worsening and farmers eager to raise the level of living environment increasingly aggravating has become key problem restricting China＇s new rural construction. According to status quo of rural water pollution in China, causes and hazards of rural water pollu- tion are analyzed in detail, and several treatment suggestions are put forward.

Research on the Development of Rural Collective Economy in Shandong Province

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed a strategy for rural revitalization and made a scientific deployment.In this context,how to pursue the development of rural collective economy is of great significance.Analysis on the status of the development of rural collective economy in Shandong Province showed that decentralized small farmers had a wide range of wealth,poor income-generating capacity,and weak income growth.The development models of rural collective economy in Shandong mainly included the follows:property leasing to explore the way to make money on the spot;relying on resources to build advantageous industries;creating a livable living environment led by capable persons;cooperative management to sound agricultural production and management system;and reform of property rights system to develop the collective economy.In addition,it also found that the rural collective economy in Shandong Province had weak economic foundations,uneven development,financing difficulties,debt resolution difficulties,lack of scientific support policies,and limited innovation and development of leadership team.In response to these problems,countermeasures and suggestions were put forward in this article.

Exposure to Emissions from Kerosene Cooking Stoves and the Pulmonary Health Status of Women in Olorunda Community, Ibadan, Nigeria

Exposure to high PM10 by women and children for hours on a daily basis in poor ventilated kitchen may lead to respiratory morbidity among this vulnerable group. In Nigeria, data on the levels of air pollutants associated with kerosene stove combustion are very scarce. Like-wise little had been documented on the pulmonary health of women exposed to kerosene stove emission. This study was carried out to measure the levels of kerosene combustion emissions within kitchen environments and also assess the pulmonary function status of the exposed women at baseline. Particulate matter (PM10) and gaseous emissions (GE) were measured in six purposively selected clusters of regular kerosene stove users (KSU) using gravimetric sampler and gas monitors, respectively and their values compared with WHO guideline limits. 167 randomly selected KSU were surveyed to elicit their socio demographic features. A spirometer was used to assess the lung function status (FEV1) of 72 KSU in six neighbourhood kitchen clusters. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and Pearson’s correlation tests. Respondents’ mean age was 38 + 12.9 years. Mean duration of exposure to GE was 18.9 + 9.8 years. Mean PM10 was 248.1 + 14.1 μg/m3 and ten folds higher than WHO guideline limit of 25 μg/m3. Mean GE in ppm were: CO (0.00), CO2 (200.1 + 12.4), SO2 (0.01 + 0.00) and NO2 (0.00). Mean FEV1 among KSU was 2.0 + 0.5 litres which was significantly lower than the mean predicted value of 2.7 ± 0.5 litres. There was a negative correlation between PM10 and FEV1 (r = -0.7539, p > 0.05). Safer cooking methods and practices to obviate health hazards are advocated.

Development Countermeasures of County-level Edible Fungi Industry in Hebei Province from the Perspective of Rural Revitalization

In recent years,the edible fungi industry in Hebei Province has developed rapidly,with gradually increased cultivation scale and production output,and has become the pillar industry of the province,playing a certain role in promoting the development of rural economy and rural revitalization.Based on the in-depth analysis of the development status,future development direction and current constraints of the edible fungi industry in each typical county of Hebei Province in recent years,the paper puts forward corresponding development countermeasures,which has certain reference value for the county-level edible fungi industry of Hebei Province to promote rural revitalization.

Development Situation and Countermeasures of Leisure Agriculture and Rural Tourism in Huizhou

In this paper,the development status,advantages (such as superior natural conditions,rich subtropical agricultural resources,and excellent location conditions) and existing problems (such as insufficient safeguard,homogeneous competition and lack of features) of leisure agriculture and rural tourism in Huizhou City were analyzed,and then some suggestions and countermeasures for the development of leisure agriculture and rural tourism in Huizhou were put forward.

Severity and Magnitude of Caries among Rural Populations in Ferlo in Senegal

Oral diseases belong to non-communicable diseases. They are characterized by their importance especially in disadvantaged areas. The objective of this study was to measure the extent and severity of caries among rural populations of Widou, an area located in central Ferlo. It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study which involved 300 individuals selected using simple random sampling. The socio-demographic characteristics collected were sex, age, educational level and occupation. The dental status was rated by the prevalence of dental caries and DMF and its components. The data were analyzed with the software Epi info 3.4.5 with 5% of threshold statistical significance. The prevalence of dental caries was 89%. The mean DMF was 5.4 ± 5.6 with a maximum of 26. The mean of component “D” was 3.8 with a maximum of 24. Variables significantly associated with dental caries were sex (p = 0.012) and occupation (p = 0.03). The extent and severity of caries in rural areas of the Ferlo evoke a relatively low support or management and require efforts in prevention, directed on oral hygiene and dietary habits.

Study on Sustainable Development Mechanism of rural electricity under the new urbanization

The construction of a new socialist countryside is a strategic focus of future economic and social development of our country, including the construction of rural power grids under the new urbanization and development, it has played a crucial role in supporting and promoting. Due to historical reasons, China has not yet formed a sound and sustainable development of rural power system and management system. In order to meet the requirements under the new urbanization of rural construction, we provide a solid foundation for the development of new rural construction, and long-term development of rural electricity has become an urgent need to study the issue. At present, the reform in the field of rural electrification, rural power enterprise management, rural power system and other existing research we have conducted a preliminary study, but overall, the research in this area is still in the exploratory stage, we need a more systematic and in-depth research and discussion.

Chinese Rural Women's Decision-Making Status in Family

THE decision-making status of rural women in families is an important aspect which reflects the degree of their participation in development. Implementation of the Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women represent over the past 10 years has witnessed the gradual maturation of the production-related contract responsibility system in Chinese rural areas. Family functions have been further strengthened in both productive and social development in basic units such as production, consumption and trade. The period has been an important time for the rapid development of Chinese

Development status of rural informatization in Beijing, China

The development status of rural informatization in Beijing was analyzed from three aspects,which include infrastructure building,resource platform and service system construction,and the information technology application in rural areas.The infrastructure building in Beijing had certain scale,and the network coverage in rural counties and the rate of network into villages almost reached 100%.The construction of resource platform and service systems was diversified and it provided various types of services for farmers’lives.However,the information platforms and sites were dispersive and needed to be integrated and shared.The typical'211 information platform is one system platform which integrated source and market the two things,which means the first‘2’.It used fund which means the‘1’,and technology which means the other‘1’as support,and government departments and all kinds of producers could do some information activities through this platform.It had strong inquiry,analysis and synthesis functions for decision-making services through integrated and shared municipal organizations and counties'agricultural resources.On the aspect of information technology application,informatization has enhanced the technology level of Beijing urban modern agriculture and sustainable development capacity.The application of public service,e-government and e-commerce facilitated farmers’lives,improved the development of government management and rural economy.In the future,the rural informatization still needs to strengthen the integration and sharing of agriculture-related resources,reduce the public service informatization gap between rural and urban areas,and improve farmers'informatization awareness.

Self-Reported Social Status among Rural Residents:A Case in the Outskirts of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region

China has in recent decades undergone profound changes and continues to do so—changes that are transforming the social fabric,motivating studies on how self-reported social status is changing in different parts of China.Applying a realist approach,the study emanates from theories on self-reported social status underlining the role of reference-groups,adding insights from the work of Pierre Bourdieu by introducing the terminology of habitus and types of capital.Furthermore,the study adds a spatial scale,thereby contributing to theoretical development.Hence the empirical study asked villagers to provide self-reported social status at village,county and national levels.The statistical analyses include objective and subjective conditions,representing economic,cultural,social,and symbolic capital,as well as other factors.The results confirm the relevance of the reference-group theory,with self-reported social status decreasing from village to national level.Based on multivariate analyses,the study identifies two segments of habitus at the village level,one at the county level and one at the national level,facilitating high scores on self-reported social status.These habitus segments underline the importance of incorporating spatial scale as a theoretical dimension.In doing so,the study reveals that a habitus segment including cultural capital of farming competence is important at village and county levels but is replaced at the national level by a segment including the social capital of instruction sources related to farming and not wanting to move.Furthermore,a habitus segment revolving around the economic capital of jobs outside farming,younger generations,and wanting to move is active at the village level.In addition to revealing reference-group differences this habitus segment also indicates that large-scale,national transitional forces are at work,facilitating new drivers for self-reported social status locally.

Factors Influencing Radon (²²²Ra) Levels of Water: An International Comparison

Radon levels were measured in 59 water samples of rural and urban places of Bangalore city following procedures of standardized techniques. Though water level of radon above 100 Bqll-1 of WHO is ascribed to causes of lung cancer and leukaemia, very low levels were found in different urban and rural places, but urban-rural gradient observed significantly higher urban levels than rural levels. Correlation between depth of water sampled and radon levels estimated indicates that in urban places, lower water depth is related to higher radon levels, while it is vice versa in rural. It is due to more water use for rural agriculture and more urban water pollution and granite quarries. In comparison to other countries, it is observed that water radon levels are at wide ranges from the lowest to the highest estimated with different techniques and differ due to types of water, soil, rocks and sampling season.

Floristic composition,growth temperament and conservation status of woody plant species in the Cameroonian tropical rainforests

Introduction:Cameroon’s tropical rainforests are nowadays strewn with rural forests maintained by local popula‑tions;however,these forests are not officially recognized in the non‑permanent forest domain.Rural forests are non‑delimited riparian areas within the dense moist forest,reserved for rural housing,agricultural activities and agroforestry practices,freely exploited by the local communities for their livelihood without them having any rights to artisanal and commercial logging.This study aimed at contributing to the flora knowledge and the conservation state of woody plant species in rainforests.The study was carried out in two rural forests located in the Eastern and Southern agroforestry zones of Cameroon.Methods:The method adopted for floristic inventories combined a fixed area sampling unit and a variable area sampling unit.Woody individuals with diameter at breast height(dbh)<3.2 cm were counted and shrubs of 3.2≤dbh<10 cm were measured to analyse the understorey,while trees with dbh≥10 cm were measured and identified to characterize the canopy.Results:In the Essiengbot‑Mbankoho rural forest in Eastern Cameroon,468 species belonging to 61 families were recorded in the understory while 227 species belonging to 53 families were identified at the canopy level.A total of 40(7.68%)threatened species,18(3.45%)Near Threatened species and 408(78.31%)Least Concern species were recorded.In the Nbgwassa‑Opkweng rural forest in Southern Cameroon,534 species belonging to 64 families were identified in the understory while 225 species belonging to 43 families were recorded in the canopy.A total of 54(9.69%)threatened species,25(4.49%)Near Threatened species and 421(75.58%)Least Concern species were identified in this forest.Shannon’s diversity indices were above five in the understories and canopies of both forests.Shade‑bearer species were the most represented in the understories while the non‑pioneer light‑demanding and shade‑bearer species were the most abundant in the canopies.Conclusions:Despite the influence of slash‑and‑burn agriculture and subsistence farming practices,rural forests managed by local populations provide opportunities for preserving plant biodiversity.However,the presence of threatened species,pioneer species and non‑pioneer light‑demanding species in these forests is an indicator of mod‑erate and man‑induced disturbances that,in the absence of a forest management plan or sustainable management,may threaten this biodiversity.Legal management of rural forests could help in limiting the anthropogenic activities and pressures on community forests.

Health service needs of women with reproductive tract infections in selected areas of China

OBJECTIVE: To provide insight into the psychosocial factors underlying the utilisation of health services by women with reproductive tract infection (RTI) symptoms. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, adopting Aday and Andersen' s Social Behaviour Model, was conducted between 1998 and 1999 in Chinese Hebei province and Beijing. A total of 864 eligible married women (age 21 to 60 years) were face to face interviewed. RESULTS: The percentage of self-reported symptoms of RTIs in urban and rural women was 35.6 and 46.8, respectively; the proportion of women with RTIs who utilised health services was 27.5% and 26.7%, respectively. Compared to urban women, rural women had less knowledge on RTIs and more traditional beliefs, and were more satisfied with local health services. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the common factor influencing health service utilisation in women with RTIs was current experience of RTIs. Knowledge about self-medication, perceived social stigma attached to RTIs, prior experience of RTIs, family income and perceived severity of RTIs were also predictors of utilisation of health services in rural women with RTIs. Satisfaction with health providers, information received from health providers, prior experience of RTIs, occupation and medical care coverage were predictors of utilisation of health services in urban women with RTIs. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of RTIs is high, but the rate of seeking health services is low. There is a great need for emphasizing culturally acceptable reproductive health education in different places to improve women' s ability for self-care. Regular medical check-ups for women are also important. It is necessary to improve the quality of health service, complete the reform of health insurance and alleviate women' s social stigma related to RTIs, giving women social and moral support.