Role of self-help groups on socioeconomic development and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)among rural women in Cooch Behar District,India

This study examines the transformative role of self-help groups(SHGs)in the socioeconomic development of rural women in Cooch Behar District,India,and their contribution toward achieving Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)of the United Nations.In this study,we explored the effect of SHGs on rural women by specifically addressing SDGs,such as no poverty(SDG 1),zero hunger(SDG 2),good health and well-being(SDG 3),quality education(SDG 4),and gender equality(SDG 5).Given this issue,a cross-sectional survey and comparison analyses are needed to assess the socioeconomic development of rural women and their awareness level before and after the participation of rural women in SHGs.The survey conducted as part of this study was divided into three sections,namely,demographic characteristics,socioeconomic development,and awareness level,with each focusing on different aspects.A group of 400 individuals who were part of SHGs completed the questionnaire survey form.The results showed that the participation of rural women in SHGs significantly improved their socioeconomic development and awareness level,as supported by both mean values and t test results.Memberships in SHGs and microcredit programs were the major elements that boosted the socioeconomic development of rural women,which also achieves SDGs 1,2,3,4,and 5.This study revealed that participation in SHGs and related financial services significantly aided rural women in economically disadvantaged communities in accumulating savings and initiating entrepreneurial ventures.Moreover,participation in SHGs was instrumental in enhancing the self-confidence,self-efficacy,and overall self-esteem of rural women.Finally,doing so enabled them to move more freely for work and other activities and to make family and common decisions.

A Historical Review of the Development of Women’s Higher Education in China (1908-2020): Stages, Explanations, and Trends

The development of women’s higher education in China can be divided into four stages:emergence(1908-1948);foundation(1949-1976);accelerating development(1977-2008);and the qualitative leap(2009-2020).This work considers the principal institutional mechanisms that contributed to this development.First,flexibly planned parenthood gradually promoted gender equality and openness in society facilitated by systematic“awards,grants,and loans”initiatives to support women’s higher education economically.Second,compulsory education ensured that left-out and migrant children had access to higher education.Third,effective connectivity across different education types bridged education gaps between those with different levels of education.Fourth,China made great efforts to invite and integrate international experiences that promoted the development of women’s higher education.Looking beyond these achievements,we also discuss the future trends of women’s higher education in China.

New and Renewable Energy Development in China's Rural and Remote Area

This paper analyses the present situation of new and renewable energy development in China’s rural and remote areas and gives the development objectives and tasks which could be fulfilled in the future. At last, it is summed up that exploiting new and renewable energy is the national key strategy for rural economic development.

The Evaluation and Analysis of the Government’s Entity Responsibilities of Promoting Gender Equality and Women’s Development

During the past 40 years of reform and opening-up,the chinese government,on the basis of adhering to the constitutional principle of equality between men and women,has proposed and resolutely implemented the basic state policy of equality between men and women,and constantly explored and implemented ways and measures to promote gender equality and the women’s all-round development.in enacting laws,formulating policies,drawing up plans and deploying work,the chinese government has taken into account the practical differences between the genders and the special interests of women,promoted women’s equal exercising of their democratic rights,equal participation in economic and social development and equal enjoyment of the fruits of reform and development,and provided stronger systematic and institutional guarantees for women’s development.

Protection of Rights Ensures Women's Development--An interview with Liu Qunying,chair of Fujian Women's Federation

Editor's note: Following is the interview with Liu Qunying, chair of the Women's Federation of Fuijian Province, about how women's rights and interests are protected in this southeastern province.

Gender and rural transformation:A systematic literature review

Rural transformation can improve poverty reduction,living standards,and health outcomes in developing countries.However,impacts associated with rural transformation vary by region,household,and individual trait(including gender).While research on rural transformation has been increasing over the last decade,there has been no comprehensive review conducted on the relationships between gender and rural transformation.Here,we conduct a systematic literature review to investigate the impacts of rural transformation on gender and the influence of gender inclusiveness on rural transformation.We reviewed 82 studies from 1960-2021 that explore the relationships between rural transformation and gender.We then developed a framework that captures incidences and flow directions between indicators.Results show that most studies examined the impacts of rural transformation on women and between gender indicators.Few investigated the role of women and the influence of gender inclusiveness on rural transformation.Overall,studies showed that rural transformation typically leads to positive outcomes for women regarding employment,income,and empowerment.However,negative impacts on women’s control over income,stability of new income sources,and access to healthy food are also common.Tailoring future development policies and programs to explicitly account for gender inclusiveness can lead to more successful rural transformation.

Rural Women's Aspirations through Art Work

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基层妇联组织在乡村治理中的主体性功能及实现路径

农村基层妇联组织不仅是党和政府联系妇女人群的桥梁和纽带,也是农村基层政权的社会支撑之一。在党建引领乡村治理的时代背景下,要站在治理的角度去审视基层妇联在乡村治理中的功能及其作用机制。从治理来看,基层妇联是政治组织和群众组织,也是治理组织和服务组织。基层妇联具有融入乡村治理全过程的政治需要和现实需要,在乡村治理中具有主体性功能。基层妇联在乡村治理中的主体性功能不仅是由妇联的政治性、先进性和群众性决定的,也是由党的帮手和助手功能决定的。基层妇联凭借其独特的政治、组织、动员、宣传和凝聚群众的优势,在乡村治理中可以发挥组织动员、服务群众、民情枢纽、协商议事等作用,提高乡村治理的组织化、社会化、服务化和共治化。通过组织体系“纵向到底”和“横向到边”以及成体系的体制机制创新实现基层妇联在乡村治理中的主体性建构,是妇联发挥基层治理功能的可行路径。

学校变革新模式:从U-G-S到U-G-S-S

学校变革是教育改革的突破口与落脚点。大学与中小学在政府的支持保障或促成下进行合作的U-G-S模式具有重要意义,然而其局限也很明显:投入多、见效慢,理论研究者与实践者交流不畅。U-GS-S模式承继了U-G-S模式的优势,并进行了突破:强调参与学校变革行动的中小学的数量为两所及以上,且学校教育质量是异质的,既有城市优质学校,也有城郊薄弱学校或乡村学校; U-G-S-S四方主体平等互动、各司其职。个案研究表明,U-G-S-S模式可以通过制度建构、任务驱动和文化营造促进各参与学校的整体发展,促进城乡义务教育均衡发展。U-G-S-S模式成功的三个主要要素:文化异质交融、知识多维共享、理论实践有机结合。

她力量的回归:返乡直播创业女性的在地嵌入和身份协商

电商直播创业的返乡女性耦合“三缘关系”创造乡村经济,充当乡村经纪人身份,同时主动协商创业过程中“乡村女性”与“创业者”双重身份在自身、家庭、社会等多方面的冲突,实现经济与自身的在地嵌入。在国家乡村振兴政策的大背景下,返乡青年女性积极发挥自己的资源优势,再造农村就业新局面。以血缘关系为基础创立家庭产业;以业缘关系成为乡村品牌经纪人;依靠地缘关系,为乡村产品拓展外销之路。返乡女性在探寻融入中国社会乡村网络关系的同时,积极采取主动性策略,不断平衡场域规范与个人审美需求间的冲突、工作与家庭的时间冲突,以及由时间冲突而衍生的社会网络范围缩小与对同辈群体期盼间的冲突,以实现经济增收和自身发展的双赢局面。

U-G-S合作促进农村学校英语教育发展--基于XM市X区的个案调查

大学、政府和学校共同构建合作机制扶持农村学校英语教育,促进义务教育城乡均衡发展,体现教育公平,是建设教育强国的重要工作举措。应当发挥大学的理论引领作用、政府的统筹协调作用、学校的主导和实践基地作用,三者平等对话、共同参与、有效协商、合作共赢。实地调研和访谈发现,该机制促进农村学校英语教育发展,大学在其中发挥引领作用且得到高度认可,政府提供不可或缺的统筹指导和有效参与,最终缩小英语义务教育的城乡差距。

“U-G-S”三方协同的农村教师在线开放课程学习支持体系构建研究

农村教师的质量和整体素质一直是困扰我国基础教育高质量均衡发展的一个薄弱环节。在"互联网+教育"发展的大环境下,在线开放课程为农村教师的多元化专业发展提供了新的选择和支持路径。论文从"U—G—S"三方协同的视角,以河南省一流线上本科课程"应用学习科学改进教学策略"应用为个案,研究和分析了农村教师在线开放课程学习的现状和学习支持需求,构建了"U—G—S"三方协同的农村教师在线开放课程学习支持体系。

Maternal Mortality Correlates by Nation

Background: This study reports the results of a secondary analysis of data provided by the World Health Organization to determine the correlates of maternal mortality among all reporting nations worldwide. Historically, maternal mortality ratios have declined in nations that provided a system for access to skilled care for the majority of its women. Currently, maternal mortality ratios are associated with access to skilled care as well as economic indicators, literacy, education, access to contraceptives, transportation and HIV prevalence. Methods: Descriptive statistics, bi-variate correlations and multiple linear regression analyses are reported using maternal mortality ratios as the dependent variable. In addition, an examination of countries that are exceptions to the regression is also reported. Results: Strong positive Pearson two-tailed correlations were found between MMR and infant mortality rate (0.866), total fertility rate (0.854), poverty rate (0.756), and adolescent fertility rate (0.710). Strong negative correlations were found between MMR and percentage of births attended by a skilled attendant (-0.786), percentage of women using contraceptives (-0.786), and adult literacy rate (-0.710). Eighty-one percent of the variation in MMR can be explained by differences in IMR, percent of births attended by a skilled provider, percent of women using contraceptive, total fertility rate, adolescent fertility rate, adult literacy rate and poverty. Discussion: Examination of the correlates of maternal mortality gives direction to the effort to achieve the WHO’s Millennium Development Goal of reducing maternal mortality by two-thirds from 1995-2015.

共同富裕背景下农村妇女内生发展能力演进的机制及其影响——一项关于帮扶车间的探索性研究

帮扶车间作为“先富带动后富”的载体,是有效培育农村妇女内生发展能力,进而推进物质生活和精神生活双富裕的重要场域。农村妇女内生发展能力由职业适应能力、家庭议价能力、社会情感能力和主体性建构能力四个维度构成。在帮扶车间新乡贤式员工管理和制度承诺的交互式影响下,农村妇女随着工作心理成熟度的提升,其内生发展能力由低阶向高阶演进,在不同时序阶段,其需求、行为动机和能力呈现显著差异。不同的能力类别对实现共同富裕的作用不同,职业适应能力主要影响物质生活共同富裕,家庭议价能力、社会情感能力主要影响精神生活共同富裕,主体性建构能力对物质生活共同富裕和精神生活共同富裕都有深刻影响。

川西高原水资源水生态保护与乡村女性生计发展探究

水资源保护与乡村女性生计协同发展,既是绿水青山就是金山银山的价值实现,也是乡村生态屏障功能的内在需求。通过文献梳理发现,发展中国家和传统乡村社会,乡村女性生计活动与水资源的关联度强,家庭用水的取水职责大多由女性承担,取水距离及便捷性关乎女性生计发展与生计质量。川西高原乡村女性同样对水资源和水环境高度依存,依托水资源保护和水环境修复而提升女性生计水平,是一举两得的双赢选择。建议从水生态产品价值实现、水资源水环境保护、资源水转化为资本水及设立围绕水资源保护的生态公益岗位等方面来拓展女性生计空间,提升女性生计发展水平,实现水资源保护与女性生计的协同发展。