Using fracture-based continuum modeling of coupled geomechanical-hydrological processes for numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing

This paper describes numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing using fracture-based continuum modeling(FBCM)of coupled geomechanical-hydrological processes to evaluate a technique for high-density fracturing and fracture caging.The simulations are innovative because of modeling discrete fractures explicitly in continuum analysis.A key advantage of FBCM is that fracture initiation and propagation are modeled explicitly without changing the domain grid(i.e.no re-meshing).Further,multiple realizations of a preexisting fracture distribution can be analyzed using the same domain grid.The simulated hydraulic fracturing technique consists of pressurizing multiple wells simultaneously:initially without permeating fluids into the rock,to seed fractures uniformly and at high density in the wall rock of the wells;followed by fluid injection to propagate the seeded fracture density hydraulically.FBCM combines the ease of continuum modeling with the potential accuracy of modeling discrete fractures and fracturing explicitly.Fractures are modeled as piecewise planar based on intersections with domain elements;fracture geometry stored as continuum properties is used to calculate parameters needed to model individual fractures;and rock behavior is modeled through tensorial aggregation of the behavior of discrete fractures and unfractured rock.Simulations are presented for previously unfractured rock and for rock with preexisting fractures of horizontal,shallow-dipping,steeply dipping,or vertical orientation.Simulations of a single-well model are used to determine the pattern and spacing for a multiple-well design.The results illustrate high-density fracturing and fracture caging through simultaneous fluid injection in multiple wells:for previously unfractured rock or rock with preexisting shallow-dipping or horizontal fractures,and in situ vertical compressive stress greater than horizontal.If preexisting fractures are steeply dipping or vertical,and considering the same in situ stress condition,well pressurization without fluid permeation appears to be the only practical way to induce new fractures and contain fracturing within the target domain.

Enhancing the Goos-Hänchen shift based on quasi-bound states in the continuum through material asymmetric dielectric compound gratings

Quasi-bound state in the continuum(QBIC)resonance is gradually attracting attention and being applied in Goos-Hänchen(GH)shift enhancement due to its high quality(Q)factor and superior optical confinement.Currently,symmetry-protected QBIC resonance is often achieved by breaking the geometric symmetry,but few cases are achieved by breaking the material symmetry.This paper proposes a dielectric compound grating to achieve a high Q factor and high-reflection symmetry-protectede QBIC resonance based on material asymmetry.Theoretical calculations show that the symmetry-protected QBIC resonance achieved by material asymmetry can significantly increase the GH shift up to-980 times the resonance wavelength,and the maximum GH shift is located at the reflection peak with unity reflectance.This paper provides a theoretical basis for designing and fabricating high-performance GH shift tunable metasurfaces/dielectric gratings in the future.

Static-to-kinematic modeling and experimental validation of tendon-driven quasi continuum manipulators with nonconstant subsegment stiffness

Continuum robots with high flexibility and compliance have the capability to operate in confined and cluttered environments. To enhance the load capacity while maintaining robot dexterity, we propose a novel non-constant subsegment stiffness structure for tendon-driven quasi continuum robots(TDQCRs) comprising rigid-flexible coupling subsegments.Aiming at real-time control applications, we present a novel static-to-kinematic modeling approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of the TDQCR model. The analytical subsegment-based kinematics for the multisection manipulator is derived based on screw theory and product of exponentials formula, and the static model considering gravity loading,actuation loading, and robot constitutive laws is established. Additionally, the effect of tension attenuation caused by routing channel friction is considered in the robot statics, resulting in improved model accuracy. The root-mean-square error between the outputs of the static model and the experimental system is less than 1.63% of the arm length(0.5 m). By employing the proposed static model, a mapping of bending angles between the configuration space and the subsegment space is established. Furthermore, motion control experiments are conducted on our TDQCR system, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the static-to-kinematic model.

Nonlinear wave dispersion in monoatomic chains with lumped and distributed masses:discrete and continuum models

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of inertia of nonlinear springs on the dispersion behavior of discrete monoatomic chains with lumped and distributed masses.The developed model can represent the wave propagation problem in a non-homogeneous material consisting of heavy inclusions embedded in a matrix.The inclusions are idealized by lumped masses,and the matrix between adjacent inclusions is modeled by a nonlinear spring with distributed masses.Additionally,the model is capable of depicting the wave propagation in bi-material bars,wherein the first material is represented by a rigid particle and the second one is represented by a nonlinear spring with distributed masses.The discrete model of the nonlinear monoatomic chain with lumped and distributed masses is first considered,and a closed-form expression of the dispersion relation is obtained by the second-order Lindstedt-Poincare method(LPM).Next,a continuum model for the nonlinear monoatomic chain is derived directly from its discrete lattice model by a suitable continualization technique.The subsequent use of the second-order method of multiple scales(MMS)facilitates the derivation of the corresponding nonlinear dispersion relation in a closed form.The novelties of the present study consist of(i)considering the inertia of nonlinear springs on the dispersion behavior of the discrete mass-spring chains;(ii)developing the second-order LPM for the wave propagation in the discrete chains;and(iii)deriving a continuum model for the nonlinear monoatomic chains with lumped and distributed masses.Finally,a parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of the design parameters and the distributed spring mass on the nonlinear dispersion relations and phase velocities obtained from both the discrete and continuum models.These parameters include the ratio of the spring mass to the lumped mass,the nonlinear stiffness coefficient of the spring,and the wave amplitude.

General Kinetostatic Modeling and Deformation Analysis of a Two-Module Rod-Driven Continuum Robot with Friction Considered

Continuum robots actuated by flexible rods have large potential applications,such as detection and operation tasks in confined environments,since the push and pull actuation of flexible rods withstand tension and compressive force,and increase the structure's rigidity.In this paper,a generalized kinetostatics model for multi-module and multi-segment continuum robots considering the effect of friction based on the Cosserat rod theory is established.Then,the model is applied to a two-module rod-driven continuum robot with winding ropes to analyze its deformation and load characteristics.Four different in-plane configurations under the external load term as S1,S2,C1,and C2 are defined.Taking a bending plane as an example,the tip deformation along thex-axis of these shapes is simulated and compared,which shows that the load capacity of C1 and C2 is generally larger than that of S1 and S2.Furthermore,the deformation experiments and simulations show that the maximum error ratio without external loads relative to the total length is no more than 3%,and it is no more than 4.7%under the external load.The established kinetostatics model is proven sufficient to accurately analyze the rod-driven continuum robot with the consideration of internal friction.

Variation of soil-plant-atmosphere continuum stable isotope and water source in Qinghai spruce forest of the eastern Qilian Mountains

Understanding the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope composition and characteristics of different water bodies in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is of significance for revealing regional hydrological processes and water cycle mechanisms.In this study,we analyzed the stable isotopic composition,relationship and indicative significance of precipitation,soil water(0~100 cm depth)and xylem water of Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)forest in the eastern Qilian Mountains,and explored the circulation process among different water bodies.The results show that the stable isotopes of precipitation vary greatly during the entire observation period.The values ofδ2H andδ^(18)O in the precipitation in the warm season are richer than those in the cold season,and the slope and intercept of local meteoric water line(LMWL,δ2H=6.79δ18O+7.13)are both smaller than global meteoric water line(GMWL,δ2H=8.17δ18O+10.56).The stable isotopes of soil water at different depths underwent different degrees of evaporative fractionation,and theδ18O andδ2H of shallow soil water varied greatly,while the deep soil water tended to be similar.The topsoil(0~10 cm)can respond quickly to precipitation,and the response of the deep soil has a time lag.In the whole growing season,0~30 cm and 60~100 cm soil water are the main water sources of Qinghai spruce.The water source of Qinghai spruce was from all soil layers in May and September,mainly from the shallow soil layer(0~30 cm)in August and October,and mainly from the deep soil layer(60~100 cm)in June and July.

Hybrid bound states in the continuum in terahertz metasurfaces

Bound states in the continuum(BICs)have exhibited extraordinary properties in photonics for enhanced light-matter interactions that enable appealing applications in nonlinear optics,biosensors,and ultrafast optical switches.The most common strategy to apply BICs in a metasurface is by breaking symmetry of resonators in the uniform array that leaks the otherwise uncoupled mode to free space and exhibits an inverse quadratic relationship between quality factor(Q)and asymmetry.Here,we propose a scheme to further reduce scattering losses and improve the robustness of symmetry-protected BICs by decreasing the radiation density with a hybrid BIC lattice.We observe a significant increase of radiative Q in the hybrid lattice compared to the uniform lattice with a factor larger than 14.6.In the hybrid BIC lattice,modes are transferred toГpoint inherited from high symmetric X,Y,and M points in the Brillouin zone that reveal as multiple Fano resonances in the far field and would find applications in hyperspectral sensing.This work initiates a novel and generalized path toward reducing scattering losses and improving the robustness of BICs in terms of lattice engineering that would release the rigid requirements of fabrication accuracy and benefit applications of photonics and optoelectronic devices.

Variable Curvature Modeling Method of Soft Continuum Robots with Constraints

The inherent compliance of continuum robots holds great promise in the fields of soft manipulation and safe human–robot interaction.This compliance reduces the risk of damage to the manipulated object and its surroundings.However,continuum robots possess theoretically infinite degrees of freedom,and this high flexibility usually leads to complex deformations when subjected to external forces and positional constraints.Describing these complex deformations is the main challenge in modeling continuum robots.In this study,we investigated a novel variable curvature modeling method for continuum robots,considering external forces and positional constraints.The robot configuration curve is described using the developed mechanical model,and then the robot is fitted to the curve.A ten-section continuum robot prototype with a length of 1 m was developed in order to validate the model.The feasibility and accuracy of the model were verified by the ability of the robot to reach target points and track complex trajectories with a load.This work was able to serve as a new perspective for the design analysis and motion control of continuum robots.

Alfvén continuum in the presence of a magnetic island in a cylinder configuration

In this work,the effect of a magnetic island on Alfvén waves is studied.A physical model is established wherein Alfvén waves propagate in the presence of a magnetic island in a cylindrical geometry.The structure of the Alfvén wave continuum is calculated by considering only the coupling caused by the periodicity in the helical angle of the magnetic island.The results show that the magnetic island can induce an upshift in the Alfvén continuum.Moreover,the coupling between different branches of the continuous spectrum becomes more significant with increasing continuum mode numbers near the boundary of the magnetic island.

Fundamentals and applications of photonic waveguides with bound states in the continuum

Photonic waveguides are the most fundamental element for photonic integrated circuits(PICs).Waveguide properties,such as propagation loss,modal areas,nonlinear coefficients,etc.,directly determine the functionalities and performance of PICs.Recently,the emerging waveguides with bound states in the continuum(BICs)have opened new opportunities for PICs because of their special properties in resonance and radiation.Here,we review the recent progress of PICs composed of waveguides with BICs.First,fundamentals including background physics and design rules of a BIC-based waveguide will be introduced.Next,two types of BIC-based waveguide structures,including shallowly etched dielectric and hybrid waveguides,will be presented.Lastly,the challenges and opportunities of PICs with BICs will be discussed.

The Primes and Their Subsets as Continuum like the Integers

The present paper gives the proof of the set of primes as a continuum. It starts with the density of the primes, and shortly recapitulates the prime-number-formula and the complete-prime-number-formula. Reflecting the series of the primes over any prime gives the double density of occupation of integer positions by the union of the series of multiples of the primes. The remaining free positions render it possible to prove Goldbach’s conjecture and the set of primes as a continuum. The theoretical evaluation is followed in annexes by numerical evaluation, demonstrating the theoretical results. The numerical evaluation results in different constants and relations, which represent inherent properties of the set of primes.

The Historical Logic on the Basic Theory of Physics—A Summary on the Cosmic Continuum Theory

Any scientific system has a unified basic theory. But physics has no unified basic theory in the modern sense. Classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics have their own basic concepts, categories and principles, so none of them can be regarded as true basic theories of physics. Cosmic Continuum Theory holds that the continuity and discreteness of the universe are fundamental issues related to the unification of physics. Because the contradiction between quantum non-locality and local reality is the fundamental obstacle to the unification of physics, while locality and non-locality correspond to the continuity and discreteness of physical reality respectively. The cosmic continuum theory introduces mathematical continuum and axiomatic ideas to reconstruct the basic theory of physics, and by the correspondence of existence and its dimensions to achieve the unification of the essence of physical reality, by introducing the cosmic continuum hypothesis to achieve the unification of the continuity and discreteness of physical reality, by introducing axiomatic methods to achieve formal unification of the foundations on physics. From the perspective of Cosmic Continuum, classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics are no longer the basic theories of physics, but three branch theories of physics that are respectively applicable to macroscopic, cosmoscopic and microcosmic systems.

Strain localization of Mohr-Coulomb soils with non-associated plasticity based on micropolar continuum theory

To address the problems of strain localization, the exact Mohr-Coulomb (MC) model is used based on second-order cone programming (mpcFEM-SOCP) in the framework of micropolar continuum finite element method. Using the uniaxial compression test, we focused on the earth pressure problem of rigid wall segment involving non-associated plasticity. The numerical results reveal that when mpcFEM-SOCP is applied, the problems of mesh dependency can be effectively addressed. For geotechnical strain localization analysis involving non-associated MC plasticity, mpcFEM-SOCP in conjunction with the pseudo-time discrete scheme can improve the numerical stability and avoid the unreasonable softening issue in the pressure-displacement curves, which may be encountered in the conventional FEM. It also shows that the pressure-displacement responses calculated by mpcFEM-SOCP with the pseudo-time discrete scheme are higher than those calculated by mpcFEM-SOCP with the Davis scheme. The inclination angle of shear band predicted by mpcFEM-SOCP with the pseudo-time discrete scheme agrees well with the theoretical solution of non-associated MC plasticity.

基于准连续域束缚态的全介质超构表面双参数传感器

本文设计了由不对称半圆柱对阵列组成的全介质超构表面,获得了两个高品质因子的准连续域束缚态模式(quasi-bound states in the continuum,QBIC).通过选择不同形式的对称破缺,在近红外频段均可产生两个稳健的QBIC,并且二者的谐振波长、品质因子、偏振依赖等表现出不同的特性.模拟计算表明,通过测量两个QBIC的谐振波长,能够实现折射率和温度的双参数传感;通过调节不对称参数,利用QBIC的品质因子依赖于不对称参数的二次方反比关系,理论上能够提高品质因子到任意的数值,从而实现传感性能的提升和调节.该超构表面的折射率传感灵敏度、品质因子和优值分别达到194.7 nm/RIU,45829和8197,其温度传感灵敏度达到24 pm/℃.

基于连续介质损伤力学的钛合金耐压球壳极限强度分析

本文在连续介质损伤力学理论框架下,以深海载人装备耐压球壳结构为研究对象,开展Bonora损伤模型适用性研究。首先,设计TA31钛合金加载卸载试验,依据试验结果,分析Bonora模型参数对材料应力应变响应的影响规律;随后,提出一种模型参数校准方法,依据试验数据确定TA31钛合金的模型参数;最后,将Bonora模型通过VUMAT子程序的形式嵌入到有限元软件中,开展钛合金球壳结构的极限强度分析,并与传统方法进行对比。研究结果表明,在耐压球壳极限强度分析中,引入Bonora模型可以准确模拟耐压球壳结构的失效模式和破坏压力。该模型在材料本构关系中考虑了屈服强度、抗拉强度以及最大塑性应变的影响,结构失效的物理意义更加明确,对材料性能的优化与提升具有指导意义。

基于强化学习的多段连续体机器人轨迹规划

针对多段连续体机器人的轨迹规划问题,提出了一种基于深度确定性策略梯度强化学习的轨迹规划算法。首先,基于分段常曲率假设方法,建立连续体机器人的关节角速度和末端位姿的正向运动学模型。然后,采用强化学习算法,将机械臂的当前位姿和目标位姿等信息作为状态输入,将机械臂的关节角速度作为智能体的输出动作,设置合理的奖励函数,引导机器人从初始位姿向目标位姿移动。最后,在MATLAB中搭建仿真系统,仿真结果表明,强化学习算法成功对多段连续体机器人进行轨迹规划,控制连续体机器人的末端平稳运动到目标位姿。

基于微观连续介质模型的反应溶质运移数值模拟方法

地下环境中流固间的反应溶质运移过程控制着地质介质演化规律,并受岩石固有非均质性的影响,衍生出非线性行为与多尺度效应。为了面向更为复杂化的应用需求,解析微观特征与表观行为间的响应-反馈机制成为了重要的科学与工程命题。本研究系统地介绍了微观连续介质概念与模型框架,以及该模型方法的实现方式,并归纳了其在不同研究体系中的应用实例,最后重点分析了该方法在实验-数值联合研究中的发展前景与预期挑战。数值模拟方法已被广泛应用于反应溶质运移过程的定量研究之中,但单一孔隙或达西尺度数值模型难以应对机理研究与实例应用间的时空尺度跨度。近年来多尺度数值模拟方法体系不断发展,其中将Darcy-Brinkman-Stokes方程作为多流态数学统一表达,以微观连续介质模型作为多尺度信息关联方式的数值模拟框架,在流固界面追踪、高效数值求解等方面展现出一定的方法优势与应用潜力。

节理化炭质页岩地层隧道围岩大变形及控制技术研究

某高速铁路XHS隧道穿越节理化炭质页岩地层,在施工过程中围岩大变形、失稳坍塌现象显著,现场采用强支护和仰拱加深等措施后围岩变形控制效果不佳。针对XHS隧道节理化炭质页岩地层地质条件,结合现场监测手段、离散-连续耦合数值模拟分析围岩大变形及破坏特征,基于数值模拟提出以采取地层预加固为主的围岩变形控制措施,并通过现场试验探讨该控制措施的应用效果。研究结果表明:隧道开挖后,围岩变形具有变形量大、变形速率快的特点,围岩拱部沉降量大于水平收敛量且变形具有非对称的分布特征;受三台阶法多次开挖扰动影响,围岩卸荷范围动态发育并不断向全环扩展,松动区逐渐由浅部围岩向深部转移,并呈现出非对称的破坏特征,最终引发围岩大变形;采取地层预加固后,模型中围岩变形和松动区范围明显减小,围岩非对称变形破坏也得到了有效控制;在采用地层预加固、管棚超前支护、三台阶临时仰拱法开挖的控制措施后,围岩变形得到控制,施工效果良好,隧道恢复正常施工,保证了隧道的顺利贯通;以地层预加固为主的控制措施是此类节理化炭质页岩地层围岩变形控制的有效手段。

双谐振环金属超表面中的连续域束缚态

超表面由于具备独特的电磁响应特性,在微波、太赫兹以及光学领域的应用十分广泛.在电磁超表面中构建连续域束缚态(bound states in the continuum,BIC)模式谐振可以产生尖锐的谐振透射峰,因此BIC被广泛用于设计具有高品质因子谐振的超表面.本文实验研究了一种支持准BIC(quasi-BIC,q-BIC)谐振的新型金属太赫兹超表面,通过设计两组金属开口谐振环(split ring resonators,SRRs)的结构参数来调节各自主导的谐振的工作频率,使不同模式谐振之间产生耦合,形成q-BIC模式谐振.并利用电磁场分布及其散射功率的多极分解的计算结果证明了不同模式的共振机制.在入射电磁波分别沿x,y偏振时,通过Jaynes-Cummings模型计算了两模式之间的归一化耦合强度比,分别为0.54%(x偏振)与4.42%(y偏振),解释了不同谐振模式的工作频率随SRRs器件结构参数改变而变化的规律.

盘锦地区不同品种水稻品质及其冠层高光谱反射率特征分析

对2022年盘锦地区8种水稻进行品质特征分析,并探讨不同品种水稻籽粒加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮品质、营养品质与水稻成熟期冠层原始光谱、一阶导数光谱及连续统去除光谱的相关关系。结果表明:盐粳939的加工品质较好,锦稻106(9系)的外观品质较好,锦稻香103的蒸煮品质较好,盘粳968(3系)的营养品质较好。原始光谱反射率与糙米率指标的相关关系较好,在731~1131 nm和1150~1360 nm两个波段内,相关系数高达0.767;糙米率与一阶导数光谱的相关关系最好,在1459 nm处达到极显著相关,相关系数为0.867;垩白度和垩白粒率均在1804 nm处与连续统去除光谱的相关关系较好,并达到极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.979和-0.983;长宽比与原始光谱的相关关系较好,相关系数在659 nm处达到最大值,为0.849;蒸煮品质所包含的食味值、直链淀粉含量和营养品质所包含的蛋白质含量均与连续统去除光谱有较好的相关关系。