Simultaneous formation of sorbitol and gluconic acid from cellobiose using carbon-supported ruthenium catalysts

A carbon-supported Ru catalyst, Ru/BP2000, is able to simultaneously convert cellobiose into sorbitol and gluconic acid. This reaction occurs as the result of hydrolytic disproportionation in water at 393 K under an Ar atmosphere, without bases or sacrificial reagents. In-situ XANES measurements suggest that the active Ru species involved is composed of partially oxidized Ru metal.

Role of surface defects of carbon nanotubes on catalytic performance of barium promoted ruthenium catalyst for ammonia synthesis

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) with abundant surface defects are prepared by a liquid oxidation and thermal annealing method. The defective CNTs-D supported Ba–Ru/CNTs-D catalysts exhibit superior catalytic performance in ammonia synthesis with a TOF be increased up to 0.30 s-1, which is 2.5 times of oxidized CNTs-O supported Ba–Ru/CNTs-O catalysts and 5 times of the Ba–Ru/CNTs. The characterizations by CO chemisorption, transmission electron microscope, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the uniformly well dispersed Ru NPs can be stabilized on the defective sites of CNTs-D. The great improvement of the catalytic performance and stability of the Ba–Ru/CNTs-D is contributed to the strong interaction between Ru NPs and surface defect of the CNTs.

Effect of Activated Carbon as a Support on Metal Dispersion and Activity ofRuthenium Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesis

Ten kinds of activated carbon from different raw materials were used as supports to prepare ruthenium catalysts. N_2 physisorption and CO chemisorption were carried out to investigate the pore size distribution and the ruthenium dispersion of the catalysts. It was found that the Ru dispersion of the catalyst was closely related to not only the texture of carbon support but also the purity of activated carbon. The activities of a series of the carbon-supported barium-promoted Ru catalysts for ammonia synthesis were measured at 425 ℃, 10 0 MPa and 10 000 h -1. The result shows that the same raw material activated carbon, with a high purity, high surface area, large pore volume and reasonable pore size distribution might disperse ruthenium and promoter sufficiently, which activated carbon as support, could be used to manufacture ruthenium catalyst with a high activity for ammonia synthesis. The different raw material activated carbon as the support would greatly influence the catalytic properties of the ruthenium catalyst for ammonia synthesis. For example, with coconut shell carbon(AC1) as the support, the ammonia concentration in the effluent was 13 17% over 4%Ru-BaO/AC1 catalyst, while with the desulfurized coal carbon(AC10) as the support, that in the effluent was only 1 37% over 4%Ru-BaO/AC10 catalyst.

Promotional Effect of CoO(OH) on Selective Hydrogenation of Maleic Anhydride to γ-Butyrolactone over Supported Ruthenium Catalyst

A decorated ruthenium catalyst was prepared by the coprecipitation method and used for the selective hydrogenation of maleic anhydride(MA) to γ-butyrolactone(GBL). The as-prepared catalyst was characterized by XRD, TGDTG and N2 adsorption techniques. The characterization tests revealed that the catalyst carrier was composed of monoclinic zirconia(m-ZrO2) and hydroxyl cobalt oxide(CoO(OH)). The hydrogenation results showed that the content of CoO(OH), the reaction temperature, the hydrogen pressure and the reaction time significantly affected the catalytic selectivity to GBL. The promotional effect of CoO(OH) was remarkable, which led to an obvious increase in GBL selectivity. An 100% MA conversion and 92.0% selectivity to GBL were achieved over the Ru/ZrO2-CoO(OH)(35%) catalyst in water solvent under the conditions involving a reaction temperature of 180 ℃, a hydrogen pressure of 3.0 MPa, and a reaction time of 6 h.

Boosting Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis via Tuning of N Dopants in TiO_(2)@CN-Supported Ru Catalysts

Nitrogen(N)-doped carbon materials as metal catalyst supports have attracted signifi cant attention,but the eff ect of N dopants on catalytic performance remains unclear,especially for complex reaction processes such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS).Herein,we engineered ruthenium(Ru)FTS catalysts supported on N-doped carbon overlayers on TiO_(2)nanoparticles.By regulating the carbonization temperatures,we successfully controlled the types and contents of N dopants to identify their impacts on metal-support interactions(MSI).Our fi ndings revealed that N dopants establish a favorable surface environment for electron transfer from the support to the Ru species.Moreover,pyridinic N demonstrates the highest electron-donating ability,followed by pyrrolic N and graphitic N.In addition to realizing excellent catalytic stability,strengthening the interaction between Ru sites and N dopants increases the Ru^(0)/Ru^(δ+)ratios to enlarge the active site numbers and surface electron density of Ru species to enhance the strength of adsorbed CO.Consequently,it improves the catalyst’s overall performance,encompassing intrinsic and apparent activities,as well as its ability for carbon chain growth.Accordingly,the as-synthesized Ru/TiO_(2)@CN-700 catalyst with abundant pyridine N dopants exhibits a superhigh C_(5+)time yield of 219.4 mol CO/(mol Ru·h)and C_(5+)selectivity of 85.5%.

Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of a Two-core Ruthenium Carbene Complex: a Unique Catalyst for Ring Closing Metathesis Reaction

The reaction of a ruthenium carbide complex RuCl2（C：）（PCy3）2 with [H（Et2O）x]＋[BF4]- at a molar ratio of 1：2 produced a two-core ruthenium carbene complex, {[RuCl（=CHPCy3）（PCy3）]2（μ-Cl）3}＋·[BF4]-, in the form of a yellow-green crystalline solid in a yield of 94%. This two-core ruthenium complex is a selective catalyst for ring closing metathesis of unsubstituted terminal dienes. More importantly, no isomerized byproduct was observed for N-substrates when the two-core ruthenium complex was used as the catalyst at an elevated temperature（137 °C）, indicating that the complex is a chemo-selective catalyst for ring closing metathesis reactions.

Kinetics and product distribution studies on ruthenium-promoted cobalt/alumina Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst

Hydrocarbon production rates and distributions on ruthenium promoted alumina supported cobalt Fischer-Tropsch synthesis （FTS） catalyst were studied by the concept of two superimposed Anderson-Schulz-Flory （ASF） distributions.The results indicated that the characterizing growth probabilities α1 and α2 were strongly dependent on reaction conditions.By increasing the H2 /CO partial pressure ratios and reaction temperatures,deviation from normal ASF distribution decreases and the double-α-ASF distribution changes into a straight line.Based on the concept of double-α-ASF distribution,a useful rate equation for the production of hydrocarbons under industrial reaction conditions is obtained.

Ruthenium promotion of Co/SBA-15 catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in slurry-phase reactors

The aim of this work was to evaluate the catalytic properties of a Ru promoted Co/SBA-15 catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis （FTS）. The Ru promoted Co/SBA-15 catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method and was characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray energy dispersion spectrophotometer, N2 adsorption-desorption, temperature-programmed reduction and transmission electron microscopy. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using the catalyst was carried out to evaluate the catalyst activity and its effect on FTS product distribution. The synthesis was carried out in a slurry reactor operating at 513 K, 20 atm, CO ： H2 molar ratio of 1 ： 1. X-ray diffraction showed that the calcined cobalt catalyst did not modify the structure of SBA-15, proving that Co was present in the form of Co3O4 in the catalyst. The addition of cobalt in SBA-15 decreased the specific superficial area of the molecular sieve. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis activity and C5＋ hydrocarbon selectivity increased with the addition of Ru. The increases in activity and selectivity were attributed to the increased number of active sites resulting from higher reducibility and the synergetic effect of Ru and Co. Ru/Co/SBA-15 catalysts showed moderate conversion （40%） and high selectivity towards the production of C5＋ （80 wt%）.

Ruthenium Nanoparticles Loaded on Carbon as Effective Catalyst for Highly Selective Hydrogenation of 4,4′-Methylenedianiline

Supported Ru-based catalysts, prepared by a surfactant-stabilized colloidal method, exhibited a good selectivity to bis（4-aminocyclohexyl）methane via the hydrogenation of 4,4′-methylenedianiline. Transmission electron microscopy（TEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD） characterization showed Ru nanoparticles were well-dispersed on activated carbon, leading to the high activity and selectivity to the product.

Development and Electrochemical Studies of Ruthenium Based Mixed Oxide Catalyst Electrodes for Chlorine Evolution

Experimental results are presented which allow comparison of the electrochemical performance of RuO 2/Ti, Ru 0 3 Sn 0 7 O 2/Ti and Ru 0 3 V 0 7 O 2/Ti catalysts prepared on a titanium substrate by thermal decomposition from respective precursors. The highest activity for chlorine evolution is observed on the Ru 0 3 V 0 7 O 2/Ti electrode, lower on Ru 0 3 Sn 0 7 O 2/Ti and least on RuO 2/Ti. Voltammograms obtained in the polarisable region are used to characterize the different electrodes. Further more an analysis of the catalytic activity and reaction kinetics of the developed electrodes in NaCl are presented.

Ruthenium(Ⅲ) chloride as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of perimidine derivatives under mild conditions

Various biologically important perimidine derivatives have been synthesized efficiently from various ketones and naphthalene- 1,8-diamine by using a catalytic amount of RuCl_3(1 mol%).This method is a very simple and high yielding reaction for the synthesis of perimidine derivatives.

CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF MIXED-BIMETALLIC RUTHENIUM CARBONYL CLUSTERDERIVED CATALYSTS IN CO HYDROGENATION

The bimetallic catalysts prepared from SiO_2-supported Ru-Co,Ru- Fe and Ru-Mo carbonyl clusters exhibited high yields and selectivities towards oxygenates such as C_1-C_5 from CO+H_2,in contrast to the catalysts prepared from homometallic and bimetallic Ru,Ru-Ni,Ru-Rh,Ru-Mn,and Ru- Cr carbonyl clusters.The FTIR investigation revealed that the 1584 cm^(-1) species plays an important role in the formation of oxygenates in CO hydrogenation,which is possibly assigned to surface formyl species.

氨分解催化剂研究进展

氢能作为清洁环保的可再生能源受到全世界的关注。但氢极低的体积能量密度及易燃易爆的特点,给氢气的大规模储运带来困难和危险。氨是一种无碳的氢载体,不仅具有较高的体积和质量能量密度,还有较成熟的储存和运输技术。氨的现场制氢可以解决氢气储存和运输问题,所以氨气储氢正受到人们的广泛关注。氨分解最高效的催化剂是Ru基催化剂,但由于其高昂的价格无法实现大规模应用。在非贵金属基催化剂中,Ni基催化剂的活性最高,且其成本相对较低,被认为十分具有应用潜力。然而,Ru基和Ni基催化体系在活性和稳定性等方面仍存在一些挑战。本文综述了氨分解催化剂的最新研究进展,包括Ru基催化剂、非贵金属Fe基和Ni基催化剂及双金属催化剂等,并对目前文献中的反应机理进行了梳理。

层状多孔炭片负载钌催化剂的制备及其催化氨硼烷水解制氢性能研究

本研究以煤沥青为炭材料,氯化钠为模板剂,碳酸钾为活化剂,在氩气气氛下高温煅烧得到载体层状多孔炭片(LPCS),通过浸渍法向其中加入RuCl3金属溶液,将活性组分Ru负载到LPCS载体上合成Ru/LPCS催化剂,并对其催化氨硼烷水解制氢的性能进行了研究。结果表明,Ru/LPCS催化剂中,当煅烧温度为1123 K时,Ru的负载量为2%时,催化剂的反应转化频率(TOF)值最大,此时有光下催化剂的TOF为334.8 min^(-1),是无光照时TOF的1.38倍。在光照下,催化剂的活化能(Ea)从90.60 kJ/mol下降到70.33 kJ/mol。氨硼烷水解制氢速率相对于其浓度的级数为0.75,而相对于催化剂的用量满足于一级动力学关系。

从含钉废料中回收钉的研究进展

从铂族金属废料中回收再利用钌对于实现行业可持续发展、节约资源和环境保护都有着重大影响。钌废料一般包括含钌废催化剂、含钌合金材料、含钌核废料和其他含钌废料等。综述了不同钌废料的综合回收处理方法,分别介绍了氧化蒸馏法转化可溶性盐、熔融—还原—氧化法、熔融—氧化—蒸馏法、微波浸出—浊点萃取法、蒸馏—熔融—还原法、熔融—还原—氧化法、离子交换法、氧化挥发法、电解法、生物吸附法和物理吸附法等工艺,总结了现有钌废料回收技术的优缺点,并对未来钌废料回收工艺的发展方向进行了展望。

油酸甲酯与乙烯复分解反应的研究进展

油酸甲酯与乙烯复分解反应是一类特殊的烯烃复分解反应,经过交叉复分解反应获得1-癸烯和9-癸烯酸甲酯两种端烯中间体,同时存在竞争性反应生成9-十八烯和9-十八烯-1,18-二甲酯。催化剂的选择对该反应的速率和选择性起着决定作用,随着高效、稳定的商业化钌基催化剂问世,逐渐拓展了该反应的工业化应用范围,但对该反应的研究目前仍然存在工艺条件不够完善、产物分布宽、均相催化剂昂贵且回收困难、非均相催化剂负载活性差等问题。本文详细阐述了油酸甲酯与乙烯复分解反应的机理,以催化剂的发展为轴线,从工艺条件、催化剂种类、产物工业应用等方面介绍了该反应的研究历程;以油酸甲酯转化率、产物产率和选择性、催化剂周转数(TON)值为基准,系统评估了该反应的研究进展。同时建议在今后探索中,除了对催化剂进行开发以外,还应结合实际条件对整个反应体系进行优化,实现反应、检测和分离一体化。

合成氨用钌催化剂研究进展

传统的Haber-Bosch法合成氨工艺存在能耗大、污染严重等问题,低能耗、清洁绿色合成氨技术是当前研究热点。在清洁低碳背景下电化学还原合成氨是一种有效的固氮转化方法,其技术核心在于如何通过电化学催化剂的研究调控合成氨产率及电流效率。本文综述了不同氮源的合成氨机理及用于电化学合成氨钌基催化剂制备与改性的最新研究进展,对不同钌基催化剂的性能进行比较。综合分析催化剂形貌及尺寸的影响,钌金属、载体及助催化剂间协同作用,为理解电化学还原合成氨中钌的催化作用提供参考。

Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol over RuO_2/γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst

A kind of CWAO catalyst, RuO_2/γ-Al_2O_3, was prepared by dipping Al_2O_3into the aqueous solution of RuCl_3·3H_2O. XRD, SEM and TEM were used to determine the catalyticstructure. Influences of the calcination temperature, the initial pH of the feed solution anddegradation temperature on the activity of the RuO_2/γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst were investigated and thereaction mechanism was preliminarily studied. Results showed that uniform dispersion of RuO_2crystallites was observed on the surface of the catalyst. The activity of the catalyst was higher atcalcination temperature of 300℃ for 3 h and the particle reunion occurred and some large RuO_2crystallites were abundant at high calcination temperature of 500℃ The activity of the catalyst wasbetter in the acid solution than in the alkaline solution. Increasing degradation temperature andusing the catalyst could shorten the induction periods so that the phenol and COD removal wereincreased. For RuO_2/γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst, the phenol and COD removal were respectively 98% and 80%in a temperature of 150℃, pH of 5.6 and pressure of 3 MPa after a 2 h reaction. This indicated thatRu/γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst had good activity.

Ru基负载型催化剂对2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二酮加氢效果的影响

以γ-Al_(2)O_(3)为载体、贵金属Ru为活性组分,制备了Ru基单金属催化剂Ru/Al_(2)O_(3),并以2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二酮(TMCB)为原料,在高压反应釜加氢反应评价装置上进行催化加氢合成2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二醇(CBDO)的工艺研究,并考察了相关工艺条件对加氢反应TMCB转化率和CBDO选择性的影响。实验结果表明,适宜反应条件为反应温度120℃、反应时间2 h、H_(2)压力4 MPa,在此条件下,TMCB的转化率为100%,CBDO的选择性为70.4%,顺反异构比为1.03。

钌催化剂在动态动力学拆分中的应用研究进展

手性化合物在有机合成中具有重要的作用,广泛应用于医药、农业、食品和材料等领域。获得单一手性化合物的方法一直是重要的研究课题,但是,一般的合成或提取方法得到的多是外消旋体。动态动力学拆分为外消旋体完全转化成单一对映体提供了一种强大的方法,该方法可以将一种构型的对映异构体选择性拆分,同时另一种构型的对映异构体外消旋化,从而获得单一构型的产物,且对映体过量值可达到>99%,理论产率可达到100%。研究者已经开发了一些钌-酶催化体系、钌-非酶催化体系和钌-手性配体络合物用于烯丙醇、二醇、含官能团的仲醇的动态动力学拆分,以及酮和酯的不对称转移氢化动态动力学拆分的有效方法。本文将对这些方法进行综述,并提供相关的示例,以期为这些方法的更进一步应用提供参考。