Dermatological disorders have a huge psychosocial impact, causing significant impairment of patient’s life. Topical therapy plays a pivotal role in management of such disorders.Conventional topical delivery systems r...Dermatological disorders have a huge psychosocial impact, causing significant impairment of patient’s life. Topical therapy plays a pivotal role in management of such disorders.Conventional topical delivery systems result in overmedication/undermedication, leading to adverse effects and reduction in therapeutic efficacy. Consequently, researchers have been striving towards the development of alternative delivery systems for dermatological applications. In the last decade, microsponges emerged as an attractive option for topical delivery. Their characteristic particle size offers enhanced benefits, making them superior to the contemporary microcarriers. The present review furnishes a comprehensive account of state of the art, important factors affecting the performance and mechanism of drug release from topically applied microsponges, along with characterization techniques. Further, a list of marketed products and their applications for common dermatological disorders has been presented. All in all, this paper is an attempt to lay a bibliographic foundation for researchers working in this field and foster further investigations in this arena.展开更多
The Gesellschaft für Anlagen-und Reaktorsicherheit(GRS)gGmbH as the main technical support organization for the German Federal Government in nuclear safety has been dealing with small modular reactors(SMRs)for ab...The Gesellschaft für Anlagen-und Reaktorsicherheit(GRS)gGmbH as the main technical support organization for the German Federal Government in nuclear safety has been dealing with small modular reactors(SMRs)for about one decade since SMRs are one interesting option for new builds in most countries worldwide which continue to use nuclear energy for commercial electricity production.Currently four different SMR designs are in operation,four in construction,one is licensed,and further 12 are in a licensing process.In this paper,definitions,history,and current developments of SMRs are presented.Subsequently,selected trends of SMR development such as factory fabrication and transport,compactness and modularity,core design,improved core cooling,exclusion of accidents,features for preventing and limiting the impact of severe accidents,economic viability,competitiveness and licensing are discussed.Modeling gaps of the GRS simulation chain programs with a view to applications in nuclear licensing procedures are identified and a strategy for closing these gaps is presented.Finally,selected work on the extension and improvement of the simulation chain and first generic test analyses are presented.展开更多
文摘Dermatological disorders have a huge psychosocial impact, causing significant impairment of patient’s life. Topical therapy plays a pivotal role in management of such disorders.Conventional topical delivery systems result in overmedication/undermedication, leading to adverse effects and reduction in therapeutic efficacy. Consequently, researchers have been striving towards the development of alternative delivery systems for dermatological applications. In the last decade, microsponges emerged as an attractive option for topical delivery. Their characteristic particle size offers enhanced benefits, making them superior to the contemporary microcarriers. The present review furnishes a comprehensive account of state of the art, important factors affecting the performance and mechanism of drug release from topically applied microsponges, along with characterization techniques. Further, a list of marketed products and their applications for common dermatological disorders has been presented. All in all, this paper is an attempt to lay a bibliographic foundation for researchers working in this field and foster further investigations in this arena.
基金the works and results of the following research projects RS1521,RS1561,RS1574,RS1576,RS1577,RS1578,RS1579 and RS1589 which are funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy(BMWi)on the basis of decisions of the German Bundestag。
文摘The Gesellschaft für Anlagen-und Reaktorsicherheit(GRS)gGmbH as the main technical support organization for the German Federal Government in nuclear safety has been dealing with small modular reactors(SMRs)for about one decade since SMRs are one interesting option for new builds in most countries worldwide which continue to use nuclear energy for commercial electricity production.Currently four different SMR designs are in operation,four in construction,one is licensed,and further 12 are in a licensing process.In this paper,definitions,history,and current developments of SMRs are presented.Subsequently,selected trends of SMR development such as factory fabrication and transport,compactness and modularity,core design,improved core cooling,exclusion of accidents,features for preventing and limiting the impact of severe accidents,economic viability,competitiveness and licensing are discussed.Modeling gaps of the GRS simulation chain programs with a view to applications in nuclear licensing procedures are identified and a strategy for closing these gaps is presented.Finally,selected work on the extension and improvement of the simulation chain and first generic test analyses are presented.
