Nurses'attitude toward patients'safety climate during COVID-19 pandemic:a cross-sectional study

Objective:Patient safety is a fundamental factor in improving the quality of care provided in hospitals.Therefore,it is considered a significant parameter by all healthcare organizations around the world.The present study was conducted to investigate the attitude of nurses toward the patient safety climate during the Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic in the southeast of Iran.Methods:This is a cross-sectional descriptive study.Among all the nurses working in one of the hospitals in the southeast of Iran,171 nurses participated in the study through convenience sampling methods.The survey was conducted between June 1 and July 30,2020.A 2-part questionnaire including demographic information and an assessment of nurses'attitudes toward patients'safety climate was used for data collection in 2021.The content validity of the scale is(0.77)and reliability was re-calculated and confirmed by the present study with Cronbach's alpha(α=0.9).Data were analyzed by SPSS 20(IBM Corporation,Armonk,New York,United States)using descriptive and analytical statistical tests.Results:The mean score of safety climates was 3.2±5.20(out of 5 scores).The results showed that among all dimensions of the safety climate,only the education dimension was statistically significant between males and females(P<0.001).Also,there was a significant relationship between the overall average of the safety climate and its dimensions according to the people's position only in the dimension of supervisors'attitude(P<0.01)and burnout(P<0.01).Additionally,a significant correlation between the education level and the overall score of safety climate(P<0.01),as well as the supervisor's attitude dimension(P<0.01),was observed.Conclusions:The results showed that the safety climate was at a relatively favorable level.Considering the impact of nurses'attitudes on the safety climate of patients,its improvement seems necessary.It is recommended to design training courses and educate nurses in order to promote a patients safety climate in hospitals.

Medication Safety Climate Questionnaire： Development and Psychometric Analysis

Medication safety improvement strategies require a better understanding of the safety culture specifically related to medicines. In healthcare, safety climate questionnaires are often used as a proxy measure of the underlying safety culture. However, there are currently not known instruments to assess medication safety climate. The study therefore aimed to develop and evaluate a medication safety climate questionnaire for healthcare staff in UK hospitals. Two validated patient safety climate instruments were adapted to develop a Medication Safety Climate （MSC） questionnaire. Data was collected from 510 healthcare professionals （response rate 9.4%）; routinely involved with prescribing, dispensing, administering and monitoring medication; in two acute NHS hospitals in London. Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analyses were conducted to determine the psychometric properties of the MSC questionnaire. Results showed that the 50-item MSC questionnaire contained nine factors--teamwork climate, safety climate, job satisfaction, stress recognition, perceptions of management, working conditions, organisational learning, feedback and communication about error and management support for medication safety. Internal consistency reliability scores for eight of the nine factors were 〉 0.7 and ranged from 0.64 to 0.9. Correlations between eight factors showed a moderate relationship between the factors; ranging from 0.232 to 0.669. One factor, Stress recognition, had a weak and negative correlation with all other factors. Confirmatory factor analysis achieved an almost adequate model fit （x2/df ratio 2.572; root mean square error of approximation （RMSEA） 0.069; comparative fit index （CFI） 0.791）. The MSC questionnaire demonstrated reasonable psychometric properties. Further refinement using exploratory factor analysis is, however, required to improve the questionnaire＇s validity. This is the first known instrument to measure mediation safety climate in the UK and could be used to inform medication safety improvement strategies and monitor change in healthcare staff perceptions, related to medication safety, over time.

The Relationship Between Psychosocial Working Conditions and Perceived Safety Climate for Engine Room Officers in the Swedish Merchant Fleet

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between psychosocial working conditions and perceived safety climate onboard the Swedish merchant fleet. Data was collected by a cross-sectional survey. The sample consisted of 640 Swedish employed engine room officers. A strong relationship was found between the psychosocial working conditions and perceived safety climate onboard （RZ = .204; P 〈 .001）. While role conflict and role ambiguity showed a negative association, social support associated positively with safety climate onboard, lob demands and control showed no relation to safety climate. The conclusion is that the safety climate onboard is strongly associated with social and relational factors.

Safety climate: Current status of the research and future prospects

In order to study the current situation and prospects of an improved safety climate,this paper provides an ex-tensive literature review and analysis of the concept of safety climate.Following that,a summary of research results and a theoretical framework is presented.First,several definitions of safety climate are reviewed and discussed,and the significance of safety climate to the workshop is considered.Future potential focus areas in safety climate research are noted through the study of measurement tools and the relationship of safety climate to safety performance and safety behavior.Second,the structural model of the safety climate principle and its connotation explanation are also proposed.The five principles consist of 22 levels of safety principles,which can be combined into an overall safety climate structure.The literature on safety climate is drawn from accidents that clearly demonstrate the impact of safety climate on enterprise,government,and society.Finally,six new trends in safety climate research are highlighted.These include the relationship between a feeling of safety and the reality theory,the elimination of cognitive biases in risk perception,safety climate research from a psycho-logical perspective,the quantitative development of safety climate research,the multidimensional structure of a safety climate and the influence mechanisms of safety climate on safety behavior.The results indicate that the safety climate is composed of four dimensions:(1)the attitude of senior executives,(2)safety supervision,(3)safety production environment and(4)the implementation of safety training and education.The aim of this in-depth analysis is to contribute to future research paths across several domains,suggesting the need for a multi-disciplinary approach.

Exploring traffic safety climate with driving condition and driving behaviour:a random parameter structural equation model approach

This study aimed to explore traffic safety climate by quantifying driving conditions and driving behaviour.To achieve the objective,the random parameter structural equation model was proposed so that driver action and driving condition can address the safety climate by integrating crash features,vehicle profiles,roadway conditions and environment conditions.The geo-localized crash open data of Las Vegas metropolitan area were collected from 2014 to 2016,including 27 arterials with 16827 injury samples.By quantifying the driving conditions and driving actions,the random parameter structural equation model was built up with measurement variables and latent variables.Results revealed that the random parameter structural equation model can address traffic safety climate quantitatively,while driving conditions and driving actions were quantified and reflected by vehicles,road environment and crash features correspondingly.The findings provide potential insights for practitioners and policy makers to improve the driving environment and traffic safety culture.