Saline–alkaline(SA) stress is characterized by high salinity and high alkalinity(high p H), which severely inhibit plant growth and cause huge losses in crop yields worldwide. Here we show that a moderate elevation o...Saline–alkaline(SA) stress is characterized by high salinity and high alkalinity(high p H), which severely inhibit plant growth and cause huge losses in crop yields worldwide. Here we show that a moderate elevation of endogenous abscisic acid(ABA) levels by RNAi-mediated suppression of Os ABA8 ox1(Os ABA8 ox1-kd), a key ABA catabolic gene, significantly increased tolerance to SA stress in rice plants. We produced Os ABA8 ox1-kd lines in two different japonica cultivars, Dongdao 4 and Nipponbare. Compared with nontransgenic control plants(WT), the Os ABA8 ox1-kd seedlings accumulated 25.9%–55.7% higher levels of endogenous ABA and exhibited reduced plasmalemma injury, ROS accumulation and Na;/K;ratio, and higher survival rates, under hydroponic alkaline conditions simulated by 10, 15, and 20 mmol L-1 of Na;CO;. In pot trials using SA field soils of different alkali levels(p H 7.59, 8.86, and 9.29), Os ABA8 ox1–kd plants showed markedly higher seedling survival rates and more vigorous plant growth, resulting in significantly higher yield components including panicle number(85.7%–128.6%), spikelets per panicle(36.9%–61.9%), branches(153.9%–236.7%), 1000–kernel weight(20.0%–28.6%), and percentage of filled spikelets(96.6%–1340.8%) at harvest time. Under severe SA soil conditions(p H = 9.29, EC = 834.4 μS cm-1),Os ABA8 ox1-kd lines showed an 194.5%–1090.8% increase in grain yield per plant relative to WT plants.These results suggest that suppression of Os ABA8 ox1 to increase endogenous ABA levels provides a new molecular approach for improving rice yield in SA paddies.展开更多
Abiotic stress confers serious damage to the photosynthetic machinery,often resulting in plant growth inhibition.Hypothetical chloroplast open reading frame 3(Ycf3)-interacting protein 1(Y3IP1)is a nucleus-encoded thy...Abiotic stress confers serious damage to the photosynthetic machinery,often resulting in plant growth inhibition.Hypothetical chloroplast open reading frame 3(Ycf3)-interacting protein 1(Y3IP1)is a nucleus-encoded thylakoid protein and plays an essential role in the assembly of photosystem I.The full-length cDNA over-expresser(FOX)gene-hunting system is an approach using systemically generated gain-of-function mutants.Among the FOX-rice lines,a line CE175 overexpressing rice Y3IP1gene(Os Y3IP1)displayed less inhibition of root growth under saline(NaCl)stress.The expression of Os Y3IP1 was up-regulated under saline and alkaline(Na2CO3)stresses in the rice variety Kitaake.After saline and alkaline treatments,transgenic Kitaake overexpressing OsY3IP1-GFP(OsY3IP1-GFPox/Kit)displayed higher levels of chlorophyll content compared to Kitaake.Under the stress conditions,the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry levels was higher in OsY3IP1-GFPox/Kit than in Kitaake.The increased tolerance conferred by OsY3IP1 overexpression correlated with reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation.Our data provide new insights into the possible role of OsY3IP1 in the pathway suppressing photooxidative damage under stress conditions.These features can be further exploited to improve saline and alkaline tolerances of rice plants in future.展开更多
Drought-induced protein 19(Di19) is a Cys2/His2 zinc-finger protein that functions in plant growth and development and in tolerance to abiotic stresses.Gm PUB21,an E3 ubiquitin ligase,negatively regulates drought and ...Drought-induced protein 19(Di19) is a Cys2/His2 zinc-finger protein that functions in plant growth and development and in tolerance to abiotic stresses.Gm PUB21,an E3 ubiquitin ligase,negatively regulates drought and salinity response in soybean.We identified potential interaction target proteins of Gm PUB21by yeast two-hybrid c DNA library screening,Gm Di19-5 as a candidate.Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and glutathionine-S-transferase pull-down assays confirmed the interaction between Gm Di19-5 and Gm PUB21.Gm Di19-5 was induced by Na Cl,drought,and abscisic acid(ABA) treatments.Gm Di19-5 was expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus.Gm Di19-5 overexpression conferred hypersensitivity to drought and high salinity,whereas Gm Di19-5 silencing increased drought and salinity tolerance.Transcripts of ABA-and stress response-associated genes including Gm RAB18 and Gm DREB2A were downregulated in Gm Di19-5-overexpressing plants under drought and salinity stresses.ABA decreased the protein level of Gm Di19-5 in vivo,whereas Gm PUB21 increased the decrease of Gm Di19-5 after exogenous ABA application.The accumulation of Gm PUB21 was also inhibited by Gm Di19-5.We conclude that Gm PUB21 and Gm Di19-5 collaborate to regulate drought and salinity tolerance via an ABA-dependent pathway.展开更多
Sorghum is an important source of food, feed and raw material for brewing, and is expected to be a promising bioenergy crop. Sorghum is well known for its strong resistance to abiotic stress and wide adaptability, and...Sorghum is an important source of food, feed and raw material for brewing, and is expected to be a promising bioenergy crop. Sorghum is well known for its strong resistance to abiotic stress and wide adaptability, and salt tolerance is one of its main characteristics. Increasing sorghum planting acreage on saline-alkalien land is one way to effectively use this kind of marginal soil. In this paper, domestic and overseas research on plant tolerance to soil salinity and alkalinity in sorghum, including salt-tolerant genetics and breeding, physiology, cultivation, and identification of tolerant germplasms, are reviewed. Suggestions for further studies on salinity and alkalinity tolerance in sorghum are given, and the prospects for sorghum production in saline-alkalien land are discussed.展开更多
Soil salinization and alkalization frequently co-occur in nature, but little is known about the mixed effects of salt-alkaline stresses on plants. An experiment with mixed salts (NaCI, Na2SO4, NaHCO3 and Na2CO3) and...Soil salinization and alkalization frequently co-occur in nature, but little is known about the mixed effects of salt-alkaline stresses on plants. An experiment with mixed salts (NaCI, Na2SO4, NaHCO3 and Na2CO3) and 30 salt-alkaline combinations (salinity 24-120 mmollL and pH 7.03-10.32) treating Medicago sativa seedlings was conducted. The results demonstrated that salinity and alkalinity significantly affected total biomass and biomass components of seedlings. There were interactive effects of salt composition and concentration on biomass (P 〈 0.001). The interactions between salinity and alkalinity stresses led to changes in the root activity along the salinity gradient (P 〈 0.001). The effects of alkalinity on seedling survival rate were more significant than those of salinity, and the seedlings demonstrated some physiological responses (leaf electrolyte leakage rate and proline content) in order to adapt to mixed salt-alkaline stresses. It was concluded that the mixed salt-alkaline stresses, which differ from either salt or alkali stress, emphasize the significant interaction between salt concentration (salinity) and salt component (alkalinity). Further, the effects of the interaction between high alkalinity and salinity are more severe than those of either salt or alkali stress, and such a cooperative interaction results in more sensitive responses of ecological and physiological characteristics in plants.展开更多
Glycinebetaine (Glybet) accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency and growth performance in indica rice cultivated under salt stress and extreme pH stress were investigated. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) act...Glycinebetaine (Glybet) accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency and growth performance in indica rice cultivated under salt stress and extreme pH stress were investigated. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) activity and Glybet accumulation in the seedlings of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice varieties grown under saline and acidic conditions peaked after treatment for 72 h and 96 h, respectively, and were higher than those grown under neutral pH and alkaline salt stress. A positive correlation was found between BADH activity and Glybet content in both salt-tolerant (P=0.71) and salt-sensitive (P=0.86) genotypes. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids contents in the stressed seedlings significantly decreased under both acidic and alkaline stresses, especially in the salt-sensitive genotype. Similarly, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), photon yield of PSII (ФPSII), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the stressed seedlings were inhibited, leading to overall growth reduction. The positive correlations between chlorophyll a content and Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll content and ФPSII, and Pn as well as Pn and leaf area in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes were found. Saline acidic and saline alkaline soils may play a key role affecting vegetative growth prior to the reproductive stage in rice plants.展开更多
为探讨低盐度急性胁迫对可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)的影响规律,研究可口革囊星虫对急性低盐度胁迫的响应机制,本试验先通过急性毒性试验确定可口革囊星虫96 h 内对低盐度的耐受范围,再选取96 h 最小死亡率盐度,研究该盐度急...为探讨低盐度急性胁迫对可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)的影响规律,研究可口革囊星虫对急性低盐度胁迫的响应机制,本试验先通过急性毒性试验确定可口革囊星虫96 h 内对低盐度的耐受范围,再选取96 h 最小死亡率盐度,研究该盐度急性胁迫下可口革囊星虫(平均体质量0.85±0.07 g)体质量、体壁含水量、Na^+/K^+-ATP 酶活力以及酸碱磷酸酶活力在96 h 内的动态变化。结果表明:在本试验盐度3.0~7.0 范围内,可口革囊星虫24 h 的最大死亡率盐度是3.0,可口革囊星虫96 h 的最小死亡率盐度为7.0;可口革囊星虫死亡率随盐度降低逐渐升高,但相同盐度下随着时间延长,可口革囊星虫死亡率基本不变,可口革囊星虫96h 内能耐受的最低盐度是7.0;在低盐度7.0 胁迫下,可口革囊星虫体质量和体壁含水量在12 h 内显著增大(P<0.05), 12 h 后趋于平稳(P>0.05);Na^+/K^+-ATP 酶活力也在6 h 内显著升高至最大值(P<0.05), 6 h 至12h 又显著降低(P<0.05),此后稳定在高于对照组水平;酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力变化趋势与Na^+/K^+-ATP 酶活力类似,均是先显著升高(P<0.05)后显著降低(P<0.05),最后稳定在高于对照组水平。以上研究表明,可口革囊星虫能够通过Na^+/K^+-ATP 酶、酸碱磷酸酶等渗透和免疫相关的生理调节机制,迅速响应低盐度环境,其对低盐度有很强的适应力和耐受力。展开更多
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(SQ2018YFD020224)Chinese Academy of Sciences STS Network Foundation(KFJ-SW-STS-141-01)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA080X0X0X)the Foundation of Innovation team International Partner Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZZD-EW-TZ-07-08)。
文摘Saline–alkaline(SA) stress is characterized by high salinity and high alkalinity(high p H), which severely inhibit plant growth and cause huge losses in crop yields worldwide. Here we show that a moderate elevation of endogenous abscisic acid(ABA) levels by RNAi-mediated suppression of Os ABA8 ox1(Os ABA8 ox1-kd), a key ABA catabolic gene, significantly increased tolerance to SA stress in rice plants. We produced Os ABA8 ox1-kd lines in two different japonica cultivars, Dongdao 4 and Nipponbare. Compared with nontransgenic control plants(WT), the Os ABA8 ox1-kd seedlings accumulated 25.9%–55.7% higher levels of endogenous ABA and exhibited reduced plasmalemma injury, ROS accumulation and Na;/K;ratio, and higher survival rates, under hydroponic alkaline conditions simulated by 10, 15, and 20 mmol L-1 of Na;CO;. In pot trials using SA field soils of different alkali levels(p H 7.59, 8.86, and 9.29), Os ABA8 ox1–kd plants showed markedly higher seedling survival rates and more vigorous plant growth, resulting in significantly higher yield components including panicle number(85.7%–128.6%), spikelets per panicle(36.9%–61.9%), branches(153.9%–236.7%), 1000–kernel weight(20.0%–28.6%), and percentage of filled spikelets(96.6%–1340.8%) at harvest time. Under severe SA soil conditions(p H = 9.29, EC = 834.4 μS cm-1),Os ABA8 ox1-kd lines showed an 194.5%–1090.8% increase in grain yield per plant relative to WT plants.These results suggest that suppression of Os ABA8 ox1 to increase endogenous ABA levels provides a new molecular approach for improving rice yield in SA paddies.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of South Korea(Grant Nos.NRF-2020R1A2C1007778 and 2015K2A2A4000129)。
文摘Abiotic stress confers serious damage to the photosynthetic machinery,often resulting in plant growth inhibition.Hypothetical chloroplast open reading frame 3(Ycf3)-interacting protein 1(Y3IP1)is a nucleus-encoded thylakoid protein and plays an essential role in the assembly of photosystem I.The full-length cDNA over-expresser(FOX)gene-hunting system is an approach using systemically generated gain-of-function mutants.Among the FOX-rice lines,a line CE175 overexpressing rice Y3IP1gene(Os Y3IP1)displayed less inhibition of root growth under saline(NaCl)stress.The expression of Os Y3IP1 was up-regulated under saline and alkaline(Na2CO3)stresses in the rice variety Kitaake.After saline and alkaline treatments,transgenic Kitaake overexpressing OsY3IP1-GFP(OsY3IP1-GFPox/Kit)displayed higher levels of chlorophyll content compared to Kitaake.Under the stress conditions,the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry levels was higher in OsY3IP1-GFPox/Kit than in Kitaake.The increased tolerance conferred by OsY3IP1 overexpression correlated with reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation.Our data provide new insights into the possible role of OsY3IP1 in the pathway suppressing photooxidative damage under stress conditions.These features can be further exploited to improve saline and alkaline tolerances of rice plants in future.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF1001500)the Open Competition Project of Seed Industry Revitalization of Jiangsu Province (JBGS[2021]060)+3 种基金the Core Technology Development for Breeding Program of Jiangsu Province (JBGS-2021-014)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-04)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production (JCIC-MCP)Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-sponsored by Province and Ministry (CIC-MCP)。
文摘Drought-induced protein 19(Di19) is a Cys2/His2 zinc-finger protein that functions in plant growth and development and in tolerance to abiotic stresses.Gm PUB21,an E3 ubiquitin ligase,negatively regulates drought and salinity response in soybean.We identified potential interaction target proteins of Gm PUB21by yeast two-hybrid c DNA library screening,Gm Di19-5 as a candidate.Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and glutathionine-S-transferase pull-down assays confirmed the interaction between Gm Di19-5 and Gm PUB21.Gm Di19-5 was induced by Na Cl,drought,and abscisic acid(ABA) treatments.Gm Di19-5 was expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus.Gm Di19-5 overexpression conferred hypersensitivity to drought and high salinity,whereas Gm Di19-5 silencing increased drought and salinity tolerance.Transcripts of ABA-and stress response-associated genes including Gm RAB18 and Gm DREB2A were downregulated in Gm Di19-5-overexpressing plants under drought and salinity stresses.ABA decreased the protein level of Gm Di19-5 in vivo,whereas Gm PUB21 increased the decrease of Gm Di19-5 after exogenous ABA application.The accumulation of Gm PUB21 was also inhibited by Gm Di19-5.We conclude that Gm PUB21 and Gm Di19-5 collaborate to regulate drought and salinity tolerance via an ABA-dependent pathway.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-06)
文摘Sorghum is an important source of food, feed and raw material for brewing, and is expected to be a promising bioenergy crop. Sorghum is well known for its strong resistance to abiotic stress and wide adaptability, and salt tolerance is one of its main characteristics. Increasing sorghum planting acreage on saline-alkalien land is one way to effectively use this kind of marginal soil. In this paper, domestic and overseas research on plant tolerance to soil salinity and alkalinity in sorghum, including salt-tolerant genetics and breeding, physiology, cultivation, and identification of tolerant germplasms, are reviewed. Suggestions for further studies on salinity and alkalinity tolerance in sorghum are given, and the prospects for sorghum production in saline-alkalien land are discussed.
基金Supported by the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan(2007CB106801)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in Universities (IRT0519)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30571318, 30600427)
文摘Soil salinization and alkalization frequently co-occur in nature, but little is known about the mixed effects of salt-alkaline stresses on plants. An experiment with mixed salts (NaCI, Na2SO4, NaHCO3 and Na2CO3) and 30 salt-alkaline combinations (salinity 24-120 mmollL and pH 7.03-10.32) treating Medicago sativa seedlings was conducted. The results demonstrated that salinity and alkalinity significantly affected total biomass and biomass components of seedlings. There were interactive effects of salt composition and concentration on biomass (P 〈 0.001). The interactions between salinity and alkalinity stresses led to changes in the root activity along the salinity gradient (P 〈 0.001). The effects of alkalinity on seedling survival rate were more significant than those of salinity, and the seedlings demonstrated some physiological responses (leaf electrolyte leakage rate and proline content) in order to adapt to mixed salt-alkaline stresses. It was concluded that the mixed salt-alkaline stresses, which differ from either salt or alkali stress, emphasize the significant interaction between salt concentration (salinity) and salt component (alkalinity). Further, the effects of the interaction between high alkalinity and salinity are more severe than those of either salt or alkali stress, and such a cooperative interaction results in more sensitive responses of ecological and physiological characteristics in plants.
基金supported by the National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) (Grant No. BT-B-06-RG-14-4502)partly funded by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (Contract No. 12998/R0)
文摘Glycinebetaine (Glybet) accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency and growth performance in indica rice cultivated under salt stress and extreme pH stress were investigated. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) activity and Glybet accumulation in the seedlings of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice varieties grown under saline and acidic conditions peaked after treatment for 72 h and 96 h, respectively, and were higher than those grown under neutral pH and alkaline salt stress. A positive correlation was found between BADH activity and Glybet content in both salt-tolerant (P=0.71) and salt-sensitive (P=0.86) genotypes. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids contents in the stressed seedlings significantly decreased under both acidic and alkaline stresses, especially in the salt-sensitive genotype. Similarly, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), photon yield of PSII (ФPSII), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the stressed seedlings were inhibited, leading to overall growth reduction. The positive correlations between chlorophyll a content and Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll content and ФPSII, and Pn as well as Pn and leaf area in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes were found. Saline acidic and saline alkaline soils may play a key role affecting vegetative growth prior to the reproductive stage in rice plants.
文摘为探讨低盐度急性胁迫对可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)的影响规律,研究可口革囊星虫对急性低盐度胁迫的响应机制,本试验先通过急性毒性试验确定可口革囊星虫96 h 内对低盐度的耐受范围,再选取96 h 最小死亡率盐度,研究该盐度急性胁迫下可口革囊星虫(平均体质量0.85±0.07 g)体质量、体壁含水量、Na^+/K^+-ATP 酶活力以及酸碱磷酸酶活力在96 h 内的动态变化。结果表明:在本试验盐度3.0~7.0 范围内,可口革囊星虫24 h 的最大死亡率盐度是3.0,可口革囊星虫96 h 的最小死亡率盐度为7.0;可口革囊星虫死亡率随盐度降低逐渐升高,但相同盐度下随着时间延长,可口革囊星虫死亡率基本不变,可口革囊星虫96h 内能耐受的最低盐度是7.0;在低盐度7.0 胁迫下,可口革囊星虫体质量和体壁含水量在12 h 内显著增大(P<0.05), 12 h 后趋于平稳(P>0.05);Na^+/K^+-ATP 酶活力也在6 h 内显著升高至最大值(P<0.05), 6 h 至12h 又显著降低(P<0.05),此后稳定在高于对照组水平;酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力变化趋势与Na^+/K^+-ATP 酶活力类似,均是先显著升高(P<0.05)后显著降低(P<0.05),最后稳定在高于对照组水平。以上研究表明,可口革囊星虫能够通过Na^+/K^+-ATP 酶、酸碱磷酸酶等渗透和免疫相关的生理调节机制,迅速响应低盐度环境,其对低盐度有很强的适应力和耐受力。