A new polymer system, referred to simply as the AP-P4 polymer system, aims at solving the problems of high temperature, high salinity and the poor shearing resistance, all of which are encountered by conventional ...A new polymer system, referred to simply as the AP-P4 polymer system, aims at solving the problems of high temperature, high salinity and the poor shearing resistance, all of which are encountered by conventional polymers (such as polyacrylamide) used in profile control, profile performance improvement and EOR operations in the Zhongyuan Oilfield, Sinopec. This system has been developed on the basis of the specific molecular structure and the better properties of high temperature resistance, high salinity resistance and strong shearing resistance of the new type of AP-P4 association polymer. Acidity modifying agents and cross-linking agents (MZ-YL, MZ-BE, MZ-XS), compatible with the new polymer system, are selected. Results of performance tests have shown that the new polymer system has excellent thickening, high temperature, high salinity and shearing resistance and anti-dehydrating properties. In 2003, it underwent its first pilot test in 26 wells in China, with remarkable effects in increasing oil production and decreasing water production. The newly developed polymer system and its application technology described in this paper may play a guiding role in polymer profile control operations in the oil reservoirs of high temperature and high salinity.展开更多
Lake Urmia,Northwest Iran,has confronted a drying procedure in recent years with losing 90%of its water body.The authorities concerned about desertification processes and possible dust events throughout the region.In ...Lake Urmia,Northwest Iran,has confronted a drying procedure in recent years with losing 90%of its water body.The authorities concerned about desertification processes and possible dust events throughout the region.In this regard,the Iranian Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization has taken ecological measures to plant vegetation using salt cedar(Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.)shrubs to combat desertification.This study aimed to investigate the vegetation and soil characteristics of natural and plantation stands of salt cedar on the western shores of Lake Urmia.To this end,7 transects were randomly selected with 15 shrubs in natural stands,and 7 transects were randomly selected with 15 shrubs in the plantation parts along the planting rows.Then,vegetative characteristics were examined.Also,soil samples were taken from the vicinity of the shrubs.The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the mean diameter at breast height(DBH)of salt cedar in natural sites.There was a significant difference between the mean number of sprouts per sprout-clumps,mean crown diameter,collar diameter,total height,and also between mean crown diameter and freshness of shrubs among different sites(P<0.05).It was also found that soil variables,such as clay content,organic matter,electrical conductivity(EC),Na^(+),specific absorption rate(SAR),Cl^(-),SO_(4)^(2-),Na^(+),K^(+),and PO_(4)^(2-) are the most significant variable parameters between studied sites.As the results shown,the values of EC,SAR,Na^(+),and Cl^(-)are 6 times higher in the planted stands than in the natural stands of T.ramosissima.Also,the colonization of T.ramosissima in the planted stands is unsuccessful by dramatic drop in the total height and average diameter.Considering the role of soil characteristics in explaining the variance of data and site separation,it seems that these indicators can be applied in executive plans as important indicators to identify suitable planting sites for combating desertification.展开更多
Salinity resistance and differential gene expression associated with salinity in cotton germplasm were studied,because of the large scale area of salinity in China,and its significant negative effects
文摘A new polymer system, referred to simply as the AP-P4 polymer system, aims at solving the problems of high temperature, high salinity and the poor shearing resistance, all of which are encountered by conventional polymers (such as polyacrylamide) used in profile control, profile performance improvement and EOR operations in the Zhongyuan Oilfield, Sinopec. This system has been developed on the basis of the specific molecular structure and the better properties of high temperature resistance, high salinity resistance and strong shearing resistance of the new type of AP-P4 association polymer. Acidity modifying agents and cross-linking agents (MZ-YL, MZ-BE, MZ-XS), compatible with the new polymer system, are selected. Results of performance tests have shown that the new polymer system has excellent thickening, high temperature, high salinity and shearing resistance and anti-dehydrating properties. In 2003, it underwent its first pilot test in 26 wells in China, with remarkable effects in increasing oil production and decreasing water production. The newly developed polymer system and its application technology described in this paper may play a guiding role in polymer profile control operations in the oil reservoirs of high temperature and high salinity.
基金financially supported by the Urmia University,Iran.
文摘Lake Urmia,Northwest Iran,has confronted a drying procedure in recent years with losing 90%of its water body.The authorities concerned about desertification processes and possible dust events throughout the region.In this regard,the Iranian Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization has taken ecological measures to plant vegetation using salt cedar(Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.)shrubs to combat desertification.This study aimed to investigate the vegetation and soil characteristics of natural and plantation stands of salt cedar on the western shores of Lake Urmia.To this end,7 transects were randomly selected with 15 shrubs in natural stands,and 7 transects were randomly selected with 15 shrubs in the plantation parts along the planting rows.Then,vegetative characteristics were examined.Also,soil samples were taken from the vicinity of the shrubs.The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the mean diameter at breast height(DBH)of salt cedar in natural sites.There was a significant difference between the mean number of sprouts per sprout-clumps,mean crown diameter,collar diameter,total height,and also between mean crown diameter and freshness of shrubs among different sites(P<0.05).It was also found that soil variables,such as clay content,organic matter,electrical conductivity(EC),Na^(+),specific absorption rate(SAR),Cl^(-),SO_(4)^(2-),Na^(+),K^(+),and PO_(4)^(2-) are the most significant variable parameters between studied sites.As the results shown,the values of EC,SAR,Na^(+),and Cl^(-)are 6 times higher in the planted stands than in the natural stands of T.ramosissima.Also,the colonization of T.ramosissima in the planted stands is unsuccessful by dramatic drop in the total height and average diameter.Considering the role of soil characteristics in explaining the variance of data and site separation,it seems that these indicators can be applied in executive plans as important indicators to identify suitable planting sites for combating desertification.
文摘Salinity resistance and differential gene expression associated with salinity in cotton germplasm were studied,because of the large scale area of salinity in China,and its significant negative effects
