Flotation and adsorption of quaternary ammonium salts collectors on kaolinite of different particle size

The flotation behaviors of decyltrimethylammonium (103C), dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride (TTAC) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) on kaolinite of different particle size fraction were studied. The adsorbed amount and adsorption isotherms of collectors on kaolinite were determined for painstaking investigation into the adsorption of quaternary amines at kaolinite-water interface by ultraviolet spectrophotometer methods. The flotation results show that the flotation recovery of kaolinite of different particle fraction increases with an increase in pH when 103C, DTAC, TTAC and CTAC are used as collectors. As the concentration of collectors increases, the flotation recovery increases. Particle size of kaolinite has a strong effect on flotation. The flotation recovery of fine kaolinite decreases with the carbon chain of quaternary ammonium salts collectors increasing, while coarse kaolinite is on the contrary. The adsorbed amount tests and adsorption isotherms show that adsorbed amount increases when the particle size of kaolinite increases or when the carbon chain length of quaternary ammonium salts increases. Within the range of flotation collector concentration, the longer the hydrocarbon chain, the more probable to be absolutely adsorbed by fine kaolinite particles and then the lower the collector concentration in the bulk, which leds to lower flotation recovery.

A high salt tolerance and low adsorption drag reducer based on non-covalent enhancement

To formulate fluids with flowback water,produced water directly to improve the utilization rate of recycling and reduce the adsorption damage of slick water to reservoirs,a high salt tolerance and low adsorption drag reducer was designed and prepared by introducing polar cation fragments to enhance the non-covalent interactions between the chains.The drag reducer was characterized by IR and NMR.Friction resistance and viscosity tests were conducted to evaluate its salt resistance property.Static adsorption and dynamic adsorption retention tests were carried out to evaluate the damage of this reducer to shale reservoirs.The introduction of cation units into the molecular structure can weak the shielding effect of metal cations to some extent,so the drag reducer can keep a stable molecular structure and good resistant reducing performance under high salinity.The enhancement of non-covalent interaction between chains decreased the free polarity sites,further reduced the possibility of hydrogen bonding between drag reducer molecules and shale.In high salinity condition,both the adsorption capacity of the drag reducer on the shale surface and the average damage rate to the core permeability are low.Compared with the conventional salt-tolerant system,the overall liquid cost was reduced by 17%and the production per well increased by 44%.The application of this slick water system has achieved remarkable results.

Effects of conductive agent type on lithium extraction from salt lake brine with LiFePO_(4) electrodes

Electrochemical lithium extraction from salt lakes is an effective strategy for obtaining lithium at a low cost.Nevertheless,the elevated Mg:Li ratio and the presence of numerous coexisting ions in salt lake brines give rise to challenges,such as prolonged lithium extraction periods,diminished lithium extraction efficiency,and considerable environmental pollution.In this work,Li FePO4(LFP)served as the electrode material for electrochemical lithium extraction.The conductive network in the LFP electrode was optimized by adjusting the type of conductive agent.This approach resulted in high lithium extraction efficiency and extended cycle life.When the single conductive agent of acetylene black(AB)or multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)was replaced with the mixed conductive agent of AB/MWCNTs,the average diffusion coefficient of Li+in the electrode increased from 2.35×10^(-9)or 1.77×10^(-9)to 4.21×10^(-9)cm^(2)·s^(-1).At the current density of 20 mA·g^(-1),the average lithium extraction capacity per gram of LFP electrode increased from 30.36 mg with the single conductive agent(AB)to 35.62 mg with the mixed conductive agent(AB/MWCNTs).When the mixed conductive agent was used,the capacity retention of the electrode after 30 cycles reached 82.9%,which was considerably higher than the capacity retention of 65.8%obtained when the single AB was utilized.Meanwhile,the electrode with mixed conductive agent of AB/MWCNTs provided good cycling performance.When the conductive agent content decreased or the loading capacity increased,the electrode containing the mixed conductive agent continued to show excellent electrochemical performance.Furthermore,a self-designed,highly efficient,continuous lithium extraction device was constructed.The electrode utilizing the AB/MWCNT mixed conductive agent maintained excellent adsorption capacity and cycling performance in this device.This work provides a new perspective for the electrochemical extraction of lithium using LFP electrodes.

Influence of Inorganic Salts on the Adsorption of Cationically Modified Starch to Fibers

The article is focused on the influence of inorganic salts on the adsorption of cationically modified starch to fibers. Results show that low concentrations of inorganic salts usually affect the process of adsorption in a positive way. Adsorption efficiency at higher concentrations, however, depends on the type of inorganic salts as well as the sequence of adding inorganic salts and starch to paper suspension.

Adsorption behavior and wettability alteration of bis-imidazolium salts on vermiculite:Experimental and theoretical studies

For further understanding the wettability alteration induced by organic salts,series of bis-imidazolium salts(EBMI,TBMI,HBMI,OBMI and DBMI) were employed for investigating their adsorption behavior and wettability alteration on vermiculite(Vt) by experimental and theoretical studies.The characterization results indicated that all bis-imidazolium salts had been loaded on Vts.The adsorption results showed that EBMI,TBMI,HBMI,OBMI and DBMI on Vt reached equilibrium of 0.159,0.156,0.145,0.114 and 0.084 mmol g-1 around 30 min at 25℃,respectively,which were sensitive to ionic strength and pH.Langmuir,statistical physical modelling and pseudo-second-order models could be well fitted with the adsorption data,and thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption processes of bis-imidazolium salts were endothermic and spontaneous,indicating that the resultant bis-imidazolium salts could be self-assembled onto Vt in the form of the monolayer.Results of molecular dynamic simulation showed that bis-imidazolium salts were adsorbed on Vt with the lying-flat configuration,and the electrostatic interaction acted as the main interaction mechanism,which were consistent with that obtained experimentally.Changes of wettability of Vt induced by bis-imidazolium salts were verified by capillary rise experiments.Interestingly,the wettability of organo-Vts varied with the spacer length and the order was as follows:EBMI-Vt <TBMI-Vt <HBMI-Vt <OBMI-Vt <DBMI-Vt,which could be explained by their arrangements,hydrophobicity as well as the interaction energies.The longer the spacers of bisimidazolium salts,the greater the absolute values of the interaction energy,the less the adsorbed bisimidazolium salts,while the more hydrophobic of organo-Vt.This work aimed at revealing the adsorption behavior,mechanism as well as effect of bis-imidazolium salts on wettability alteration of negatively charged mineral surface,providing some information for the selection of flooding agent for enhanced oil recovery and wettability modifier.

U(VI) adsorption behavior onto polypyrrole coated 3R-MoS2 nanosheets prepared with the molten salt electrolysis method

To improve the separation capacity of uranium in aqueous solutions, 3R-MoS2 nanosheets were prepared with molten salt electro- lysis and further modified with polypyrrole (PPy) to synthesize a hybrid nanoadsorbent (PPy/3R-MoS2). The preparation conditions of PPy/3R- MoS2 were investigated and the obtained nanosheets were characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM), high resolution transmis- sion electron microscope (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectro- scopy (XPS). The results showed that PPy/3R-MoS2 exhibited enhanced adsorption capacity toward U(VI) compared to pure 3R-MoS2 and PPy;the maximum adsorption was 200.4 mg/g. The adsorption mechanism was elucidated with XPS and FTIR: (1) negatively charged PPy/3R-MoS2 nanosheets attracted by an electrostatic interaction;(2) exposed C, N, Mo, and S atoms complexed with U(VI) through co- ordination;(3) Mo in the complex partly reduced the adsorbed U(VI) to U(IV), which further regenerated the adsorption point and continu- ously adsorbed U(VI). The design of the PPy/3R-MoS2 composite with a high adsorption capacity and chemical stability provides a new direc- tion for the removal of radionuclide.

Influences of Soluble Salts on Adsorption Properties of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizers

Polycarboxylate（PC） superplasticizers with different chemical structures were synthesized through free radical co-polymerization reaction.A total organic carbon analyzer was used to investigate adsorption behaviors of PCs,and to evaluate influences of soluble salts on absorption properties of PCs.It is found that adsorption ratios of PCs on cement particles decrease greatly with the addition of Na2SO4;the adsorption ratio of ethers PC with Hydroxyethyl methacrylate（HEMA） group first increases then decreases with the addition of NaCl;the adsorption ratio of esters PC with short side chains first decreases then increases,while the adsorption ratio of ethers PC with HEMA group decreases with the addition of CaCl2;the adsorption ratio of esters PC with short side chains decreases with the addition of Ca（NO3）2;AlCl3 causes the decrease of the adsorption ratio of ethers PC with HEMA group.

Water vapor adsorption in activated carbon modified with hydrophilic organic salts

Five different kinds of hydrophilic organic salts were used to modify commercial activated carbon in order to prepare hydrophilic carbon materials. Properties of the samples were analyzed by surface area analyzer and SEM-EDX. The hydrophilic organic salts with different properties were introduced into activated carbon and significantly affected the properties of the samples.During adsorption experiments, the water vapor adsorption amount in modified samples increases by 0.57-17.12 times in temperature range from 303 to 323 K and at relative pressure below 0.50. Water molecules combined with surface hydrophilic groups through H-bonding exhibit good thermo stability. The effects of temperature, oxygen content and properties of the hydrophilic organic salts on water vapor adsorption were studied. It is indicated that water vapor adsorption in modified samples is mainly affected by the surface oxygen content. The carboxylate radicals in the hydrophilic organic salts greatly affect the micropore structure of the modified samples, while the metal ions in them exhibit limited influence. Different adsorption capacity of modified samples can be explained with the electronegativity of elements presented by Pauling.

Influence of particle size and salinity on adsorption of basic dyes by agricultural waste: dried Seagrape (Caulerpa lentillifera)

Green macroalga Caulerpa lentillifera was found to have reasonable adsorption capacity for basic dyes, Astrazon Blue FGRL （AB）, Astrazon Red GTLN （AR）, and Astrazon Golden Yellow GL-E （AY）. The initial dye concentration was in the range of 100-1,800 mg/L. The dried algal sorbent was ground and sieved into 3 sizes： S （0.1-0.84 mm）, M （0.84-2.0 mm）, and L sizes （larger than 2.0 mm）. For all conditions examined in this work （at 25℃ in batch systems）, the adsorption reached equilibrium within the first hour. The kinetic data corresponded well with the pseudo second order kinetic model where the rate constant, k2, decreased as the sorbent size increased for all dyes. The adsorption isotherms followed both Langmuir and Freundlich models. Among three sorbent sizes, S size gave the highest adsorption capacity followed by M and L sizes. A reduction of sorbent size increased the specific surface area for mass transfer, and also increased the total pore volume, thus providing more active sites for adsorption. The adsorption of AB was adversely influenced by the protonation of algal surface at low pH. On the other hand, the adsorption of AR and AY could be due to weak electrostatic interaction, which was not significantly affected by pH. Increasing salinity of the system caused a decrease in adsorption capacity possibly due to the competition between Na^＋ and the dye cations for the binding sites on algal surface. Moreover, an increase in salinity generated a compressed electrical double layer on the algal surface which exerted repulsive force, retarding the adsorption of positive charged molecules such as the basic dyes.

Methane Adsorption Study Using Activated Carbon Fiber and Coal Based Activated Carbon

Influence of ammonium salt treatment and alkali treatment of the coal based activated carbon(AC)and activated carbon fiber(ACF)adsorbents on methane adsorption capacity was studied via high-pressure adsorption experiment.Surface functional groups and pore structure of two types of adsorbents were characterized by the application of infrared absorption spectroscopy(IR)and low temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption method.The results show that both ammonium salt treatment and alkali treatment have obvious effect on changing BET,pore volume as well as pore size distribution of adsorbents;and methane adsorption capacity of the activated carbon fiber is the maximum after the ammonium salt treatment.

Effects of Groundwater with Various Salinities on Evaporation and Redistribution of Water and Salt in Saline-sodic Soils in Songnen Plain,Northeast China

Groundwater mineralization is one of the main factors affecting the transport of soil water and salt in saline-sodic areas.To investigate the effects of groundwater with different levels of salinity on evaporation and distributions of soil water and salt in Songnen Plain,Northeast China,five levels of groundwater sodium adsorption ration of water(SARw)and total salt content(TSC mmol/L)were conducted in an oil column lysimeters.The five treated groundwater labeled as ST0:0,ST0:10,ST5:40,ST10:70 and ST20:100,were prepared with NaCl and CaCl2 in proportion,respectively.The results showed the groundwater evaporation(GWE)and soil evaporation(SE)increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of groundwater salinity.The values of GWE and SE in ST10:70 treatment were the highest,which were 2.09 and 1.84 times the values in the ST0:0 treatment with the lowest GWE and SE.There was a positive linear correlation between GWE and the Ca^(2+)content in groundwater,with R^(2)=0.998.The soil water content(SWC)of ST0:0 treatment was significantly(P<0.05)less than those of other treatments during the test.The SWC of the ST0:0 and ST0:10 treatments increased with the increase of soil depth,while the other treatments showed the opposite trend.Statistical analysis indicated the SWC in the 0–60 cm soil layer was positively correlated with the groundwater TSC and its ion contents during the test.Salt accumulation occurred in the topsoil and the salt accumulation in the 0–20 cm soil layer was significantly(P<0.05)greater than that in the subsoil.This study revealed the effects of the salinity level of groundwater,especially the Ca^(2+)content and TSC of groundwater,on the GWE and distributions of soil water and salt,which provided important support for the prevention and reclamation of soil salinization and sodificaton in shallow groundwater regions.

深共熔溶剂提取桑黄黄酮及体外降血糖、结合胆酸盐能力分析

从7种深共熔溶剂中筛选最适合用于桑黄黄酮化合物提取的溶剂体系,采用响应面优化深共熔溶剂提取桑黄黄酮的工艺,筛选最佳黄酮回收树脂,并分析其体外降血糖和结合胆酸盐能力。试验结果表明,乙二醇与氯化胆碱组成的深共熔溶剂体系最适合提取桑黄黄酮,最佳提取工艺为深共熔溶剂含水率30%,乙二醇与氯化胆碱的物质的量比为8.21∶1,料液比=50∶1(mg∶m L),提取温度64℃,提取时间43 min,在此条件下,桑黄黄酮得率为(8.85±0.34)%,较体积分数为60%乙醇提取的得率提高了2.02倍。9种大孔树脂中,AB-8型大孔树脂对桑黄黄酮的回收率最高,为85.25%;纯化后桑黄黄酮的纯度提高了6.12倍。桑黄黄酮抑制α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的IC_(50)值分别为1.19 mg/m L和1.28 mg/m L,结合牛磺胆酸钠和甘氨胆酸钠的IC_(50)值分别为0.62 mg/m L和1.19 mg/m L,表明桑黄黄酮具有较强的调节血糖和血脂能力。实验表明,深共熔溶剂结合大孔吸附树脂富集回收可以绿色高效地从桑黄中提取黄酮类化合物。

氯化物体系单槽双室电积锰工艺研究

本工作在单槽双室电解槽中采用氯盐电解质进行了电沉积锰的工艺研究。初步探索了带有亚氨基二乙酸官能团的螯合树脂TP-207对高Mn^(2+)电解液中杂质离子的吸附除杂作用过程,提出了四种离子吸附模型;同时,确定了氯盐体系隔膜电积锰工艺参数,与传统硫酸盐体系和工艺进行了对比。结果表明:电解最佳条件为阴极液初始锰离子浓度(影响较小)0.9 mol/L;电解液温度越低,电流效率越高,最佳温度为5℃;阴极电流密度(影响一般)为450 A/m^(2);pH(影响很大)为弱酸性的6.5。在此最佳工艺条件下进行电解Mn时的电流效率可达83.211%,电耗最低为4022.7 kW·h·t^(-1),对应的Mn产品晶型为γ型。

高温高盐水中月桂酰胺丙基羟磺基甜菜碱在砂岩表面吸附规律研究

月桂酰胺丙基羟磺基甜菜碱表面活性剂在高盐含量水中具有较好的起泡性能,但在砂岩表面的吸附量尚不明确。本文利用Shim-pack VP-ODS 4.6 mm×250 mm色谱柱、紫外检测器,优化了流动相组成、流速、柱温等色谱条件,建立了高盐水中月桂酰胺丙基羟磺基甜菜碱的高效液相色谱检测方法。吸附性评价表明:温度为110℃、NaCl质量浓度为25×10^(4) mg/L的水中,质量分数小于1%的月桂酰胺丙基羟磺基甜菜碱在80~100目石英砂表面吸附量小于2 mg/g;在温度为110℃、水中NaCl质量浓度为(20~25)×10^(4) mg/L条件下,质量分数为0.4%月桂酰胺丙基羟磺基甜菜碱在80~100目石英砂表面吸附量随溶液中NaCl含量的增加而增加;在110℃、水中NaCl质量浓度为22.5×10^(4) mg/L、CaCl_(2)质量浓度为(0~3)×10^(4) mg/L条件下,质量分数为0.4%的月桂酰胺丙基羟磺基甜菜碱在80~100目石英砂表面吸附量随溶液中CaCl 2含量的增加而降低。研究结果对高温高盐水中甜菜碱表面活性剂的选择与应用有指导作用。

偕胺肟基接枝聚酰胺微孔膜吸附材料的制备及其盐湖水提铀性能研究

以聚酰胺微孔膜为基材,通过自由基引发将丙烯腈接枝于膜表面,并用盐酸羟胺肟化得到偕胺肟基接枝聚酰胺微孔膜吸附材料(PA-AO),该膜吸附材料结合了膜分离处理量大和吸附分离选择性高的优点。研究结果表明,在纯水体系中,当pH=6.0,铀初始浓度为1.0mmol·L^(-1),303K条件下,PA-AO对UO_(2)^(2+)的平衡吸附量可达0.47mmol·g^(-1)。吸附过程符合Langmuir模型和准二级动力学方程,盐湖水中存在的阴离子以及阳离子对铀吸附的影响很小,PA-AO对铀表现出较高的吸附选择性。使用1.0mol·L^(-1)的Na2CO3和0.1mol L-1的H_(2)O_(2)的混合溶液可将铀从PA-AO上解吸下来,解吸率达到90.2%,且重复利用性能较好。连续吸附实验表明,当铀的初始进料浓度为0.05mmol·L^(-l),流速为4.0mL·min^(-1)时,PA-AO的处理能力达到275.02L·m^(-2),对铀的回收率达到90%以上。将PA-AO用于提取1L模拟盐湖水中的铀,铀的提取量达到了235.59μg,提取率达81.0%,这表明PA-AO可用于盐湖水中铀的高效提取。

铁磷共沉淀去除水中磷酸根的效果及机制

【目的】探究环境条件改变对铁盐除磷的影响及潜在机理,为污水除磷方法的开发和应用提供理论基础。【方法】利用宏观除磷试验探明不同pH、铁磷摩尔比对水体磷酸根去除的影响;结合X-射线衍射(XRD)及热力学模型,探究化学沉淀和吸附过程中磷的去除机制。【结果】随着pH升高,磷去除率先上升后下降;随铁磷摩尔比升高,磷的去除率呈现上升趋势;当反应条件为pH=5、铁磷摩尔比3∶1时,磷的去除率最高,为89.42%。XRD和热力学模型结果表明,磷主要通过形成铁-磷沉淀,如FePO4,或被铁氧化物吸附,达到从水体中去除的目的。【结论】在铁盐除磷的过程中,共沉淀和吸附两种机制并存。pH对这两种机制均有影响,而铁磷摩尔比则主要通过调控磷的吸附过程来改变磷的去除效率。

熔盐改性氧化镁吸附剂制备及固定床低浓度CO_(2)吸附捕集

针对吸附法捕集烟道气CO_(2)成本和能耗较高问题,研究采用六水氯化镁和碳酸氢钠通过沉淀法制备碱式碳酸镁并煅烧制得氧化镁粉体,再通过硝酸钠和碳酸钠浸渍改性并成型为(Na NO_(3))_(0.1)-Mg O和(Na NO_(3))_(0.1)(Na_(2)CO_(3))_(0.05)-Mg O颗粒状吸附剂。采用X射线衍射等表征手段对两种吸附剂颗粒微观结构进行分析,并结合热重实验评估了CO_(2)吸附/解吸动力学和循环稳定性。进行了硝酸钠/碳酸钠改性氧化镁吸附剂颗粒填充床低浓度CO_(2)气体的吸附解吸实验研究,分析了氧化镁表面负载的硝酸盐和碳酸盐对低浓度CO_(2)条件下捕集的强化作用。结果表明,在300℃左右,硝酸钠能够在氧化镁表面形成熔盐层,显著强化了CO_(2)吸附性能;硝酸钠熔盐层内存在CO_(2)扩散阻力,需要一定的CO_(2)分压作为通过熔盐层所需的传质推动力,进而降低了低浓度CO_(2)吸附量;碳酸钠的添加可降低CO_(2)通过熔盐层所需的传质推动力,提高低浓度CO_(2)吸附量。

锂离子筛在盐湖卤水提锂中的研究进展

综述了锰基锂离子筛、钛基锂离子筛、铝基吸附剂中Li+的脱出、嵌入机理,重点介绍了LIS制备及改性的研究现状和进展,分析了LIS在含Li+溶液中的提锂机理及影响吸附效果的因素;总结了锂离子筛材料中存在的一些问题,并对锂离子筛未来的研究重点和发展方向进行了展望。

季氨盐改性甘蔗渣对蔗糖溶液中酚酸的吸附特性研究

以甘蔗渣为原料,通过接枝季铵盐制备季铵盐改性甘蔗渣(QASBS),对改性前后的材料进行表征,以确定改性效果,并通过吸附试验研究其对蔗糖溶液中酚酸的吸附效果。红外光谱和扫描电镜表征结果说明QASBS制备成功。吸附试验结果表明,QASBS对酚酸的吸附性能明显好于未改性前,与未改性前相比,吸附量提高了5.33倍,且提高酚酸初始质量浓度会增加QASBS对酚酸的吸附量。制备的QASBS对酚酸具有较好的吸附性能和再生性能,可以反复用于吸附蔗糖溶液中的酚酸。

煤矸石-铝盐改性粉煤灰联合净化复合污染矿井水动态试验

为解决矿井水中F^(-)、Fe^(2+)、Mn^(2+)和化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)污染超标问题,采用煤矸石(Coal Gangue,CG)与铝盐改性粉煤灰(Al-FA)做吸附剂,通过动态柱试验探究CG和Al-FA对F^(-)、Fe^(2+)、Mn^(2+)和COD去除效果的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等手段对CG和Al-FA进行测试,以分析两种工业固废对复合污染矿井水的净化机理。试验结果显示:进水流速为4 mL/min,CG填充质量为200 g时,CG动态柱对Fe^(2+)和Mn^(2+)的吸附质量比最高分别为25.03 mg/g和11.73 mg/g;进水流速为4 mL/min,Al-FA填充质量为1000 g时,Al-FA动态柱对F^(-)和COD的吸附质量比最高分别为3.35 mg/g和14.22 mg/g。CG动态柱和Al-FA动态柱串联5 d时,对F^(-)、Fe^(2+)、Mn^(2+)和COD去除率皆高于95%。CG对F^(-)、Fe^(2+)和Mn^(2+)的去除主要通过静电引力吸附、离子交换和表面配位吸附作用。Al-FA主要通过Al3^(+)水解产生的多核羟基络合物的吸附电中和絮凝作用及离子交换作用去除F^(-)和COD。CG与Al-FA的联合使用,达到了同步去除F^(-)、Fe^(2+)、Mn^(2+)和COD的目的。研究为净化矿区矿井水提供了一种有效且环保的方法。