Cyclic oxidation and hot corrosion of Al_2O_3 or Y_2O_3-dispersed low-temperature chromizing coating

Chromium coatings with and without Al_2O_3 or Y_2O_3 particles were prepared by chromizing the as-deposited Ni-film with and without Al_2O_3 or Y_2O_3 particles using a conventional pack-cementation method at 800 ℃. The cyclic oxidation at 800 ℃ and hot corrosion in molten 75% Na2SO4＋25% NaC1 at 800 ℃ of the three different chromizing coatings were investigated. The effects of Al_2O_3 or Y_2O_3 on the cyclic oxidation and hot corrosion behavior of the chromizing coatings were discussed. Microstructure results show that the codeposited Al_2O_3 or Y_2O_3 particles significantly retard the grain growth of the chromizing coating, which increases the cyclic oxidation and hot corrosion resistance of the chromizing coatings, due to the more rapid formation of purer and denser chromia scnle

Effect of different fillers on oxidation behavior of low-temperature chromizing coating

Three different chromizing coatings were produced on Ni substrate using a conventional pack-cementation method with Al2O3,Al2O3＋CeO2 and CeO2 acting as filler,respectively,at a greatly decreased temperature（700 ℃）.Effects of different fillers on the isothermal and cyclic oxidation resistance of chromizing coating in air at 850 ℃ were comparably investigated.Microstructure results show that the addition of CeO2 into the filler significantly retards the grain growth of the chromizing coating.Oxidation results indicate that the chromizing coating using CeO2 as filler exhibits somewhat increased oxidation resistance than the normal chromizmg coating,while the chromizing coating using Al2O3＋CeO2 as filler exhibits much better oxidation resistance.The effects of different fillers on the oxidation behaviors were discussed in detail.

Preparation and oxidation behavior of a novel CeO_2-modified chromizing coating

By using CeO2 particles instead of part of Al2O3 particles as filler, the CeO2 was successfully entrapped into the outer layer of the chromizing coatings on the as-deposited nanocrystalline （NC） and microcrystalline （MC） Ni films using a conventional pack-cementation method at 800 °C. For comparison, chromizing was also performed under the same condition on MC Ni film using Al2O3 as filler without CeO2 particles. SEM/EDX and TEM results indicate that the refinement of Ni grain and CeO2 entrapped into the chromizing coatings refine the grain of the chromizing coating. Oxidation at 900 °C indicates that compared with the CeO2-free chromizing coating, the CeO2-dispersed chromizing coating exhibits an increased oxidation resistance. For the CeO2-dispersed chromizing coating, the refinement of Ni grain size significantly decreases the transient-oxidation scaling rate of the chromizing coatings. Together with this, the CeO2-dispersed chromizing coating formed on NC Ni exhibits a better oxidation resistance.

A Novel Duplex Low-temperature Chromizing Process at 500℃

An optimized low-temperature chromizing process at 500℃ was realized on a plain medium-carbon steel with 0.45 wt pct carbon via a duplex chromizing process which consists of a precursor plasma nitriding, and a followed salt bath thermoreactive deposition and diffusion （TRD） chromizing process. CrN layer with a thin diffusion layer underneath was formed. The duplex chromizing process was studied by optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. It was found that the chromizing speed at 500℃ was successfully enhanced by adding more Cr-Fe powders into the salt bath, and the CrN layer formed at the cost of the prior nitride compound layer. A CrN layer with average 8.1/~m in thickness and 1382 HV0.01 in microhardness was formed on the substrate by duplex chromizing at 500℃ for 24 h. Further more, the CrN layer consisted of nanocrystalline CrN grains.

Application of Artificial Neural Network in Predicting the Thickness of Chromizing Coatings on P110 Steel

A series of rare earth （RE） dispersed chromizing coatings were produced on P 110 steel by pack cementation. The orthogonal array design （OAD）was applied to set the experiments. An artificial neural network （ANN） approach is employed to predict the thickness values of the obtained chromizing coatings based on the OAD tests results. The results revealed that the built model was reliable, the thickness values of chromizing coatings were well predicted at selected process parameters, and the predicted error lied in rational range.

Segregation of Molten Salt on Chromizing in Thermal Diffusion Process

The segregation of thermal diffusion salt bath chromizing process was analyzed. The experimental chromizing ingredients were prepared by the four groups A, B, C, and D. In order to study the segregation status of this case, the cooling molten salt in the crucible was removed by drilling from the heart core of molten salt. The core of molten salt was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and XRD. Through the analysis, we can conclude that the Cr element deposited in the bottom was 4.51 times than the top. Chloride added to the molten salt will reduce segregation. Meantime we proposed some measures to overcome the segregation problem.

Chromizing treatment of the surface-nanocrystallized AISI H13 steel and the improved wear resistance

A hot-working AISI H13 tool steel was subjected to a combined process consisting of surface nanocrystallization(SNC)and chromizing treatment successively.The composition,microstructure,hardness and wear resistance of the chromized layer were characterized by using the scanning and transmission electron microscopy,a nano-indenter and a tribo-meter.It was shown that a continuous chromized layer of approximately 30 μm in thickness was formed on the SNC specimen after a dual chromizing treatment at both 600℃ and 1050℃ consecutively,as thick as about 3 times of that on the coarse-grained specimen after the same chromizing treatment.In addition,the wear resistance of the SNC-chromized specimen was enhanced significantly,due to a smaller grain size and a higher hardness,as well as smoother gradient variations of the microstructure,composition and hardness across a greater depth in the formed chromized surface layer.

Effect of Y_2O_3 on microstructure and oxidation of chromizing coating

A Y2O3-modified chromizing coating was produced by chromizing an as-electrodeposited Ni-Y2O3 composite film using pack cementation method at 1 100 ℃ for 3 h.For comparison,chromizing was also performed under the same condition on an as-deposited Ni film without Y2O3 particles.Oxidation at 900 ℃ for 120 h indicates that although on both two chromizing coatings chromia scales grow during oxidation,the Y2O3-modified chromizing coating exhibits an increased oxidation resistance due to the formation of thinner,denser and finer-grain scale.The effect of Y2O3 on the coating formation and the coating oxidation behavior was discussed in detail.

Oxidation Properties in CO_2 of Inconel Alloy 600 Coated by Simultaneous Aluminizing-Chromizing Process

IN 600 alloy was coated with two different types of coatings, Cr-modified aluminide coating this is called aluminizing-chromizing and Y-doped chromium modified aluminide coating this is called aluminizing-chromizing-yttriumizing. Diffusion coating was carried at 1 050℃ for 8 h under Ar atmosphere by simultaneous aluminizing-chromizing process and by simultaneous aluminizing-chromizing- yttriumizing. Cyclic oxidation tests were conducted on the uncoated and on the coated Inconel 600 alloy in the temperature range 800- 1 000℃ in CO2 for 100 h at 10 h cycle.The results showed that the oxidation kinetics for uncoated Inconel 600 alloy in CO2 is parabolic and the phases present are NiO, （Fe, Cr）2O3 , NiFe2O4 and NiCrO4. The oxidation kinetics for both coated systems in CO2 was found to be parabolic and the value ofkp for both coated systems were found to be lower than that for uncoated Inconel 600 alloy. Oxide phases that formed on coated systems are Al2O3 and NiCrO4. The role of yttrium can be attributed to its ability to improve the adherence of the oxide scale.

Thermodynamic analysis of carbon migration in W1-1.0C steel in plasma surface chromizing

W 1-1.0C steel was chromized at 1173 K with double glow plasma surface alloying process, and the distribution of Fe, Cr, and C contents in the chromized layer was measured using glow discharge spectrum analysis （GDA）. The behavior and mechanism of carbon migration during the formation of chromized layer were studied through thermodynamic analysis and calculation. The gradient of carbon chemical potential was regarded as the driving force of carbon migration. An equation was derived to describe the carbon content varying with the chromium content within the carbon-rich region. The calculated results from the equation approximated closely to the experimental ones.

Microstructure and Properties of Low Temperature Composite Chromized Layer on H13 Tool Steel

Low temperature composite chromizing is a process composed of a plain ion-carbonitriding or ion-nitriding at 550-580℃, followed by a low-temperature chromizing in a salt-bath of 590℃. The microstructure and properties of the low temperature composite chromized layer on H13 tool steel were investigated using metallography, X-ray diffraction, microanalysis, hardness and wear tests. It was found that this low temperature process was thermo-dynamically and kinetically possible, and the composite chromized layer on H13 steel, with a thickness of 3-6 μm, consisted of three sub-layers (bands), viz. the outer Cr-rich one, the intermediate (black) one, and the inner, original white layer. After chromizing, the former diffusion layer was thickened. The results of X-ray diffraction showed that the composite chromized layer contained such nitrides and carbides of chromium as CrN, Cr2N, (Cr, Fe)23C6, and (Cr, Fe)7C3, as well as plain α-(Fe, Cr). A high surface microhardness of 1450-1550 HV0.025, which is much higher than that obtained by the conventional ion carbonitriding and ion nitriding, was obtained. In addition, an excellent wear resistance was gained on the composite chromized layer.

中性盐雾条件下典型铝合金基底层腐蚀行为研究

为了研究中性盐雾环境条件下铝合金基底层的防护作用及腐蚀规律,以阳极氧化膜、硬质阳极氧化膜、铬化膜以及磷铬化膜4种典型铝合金基底层为研究对象,通过开展中性盐雾试验,分别对上述4种基底层与有机涂层配合使用时,在7075、2A12、6063以及5A06共4种铝合金基体材料上的耐蚀性能以及抗腐蚀扩展性能等进行试验研究,并对其腐蚀规律进行分析,并对无划痕试样的腐蚀外观、附着力以及有划痕试样的最大腐蚀宽度进行测试,获得了以4种铝合金材料为基体的6种铝合金基底层在中性盐雾试验环境下的腐蚀失效情况、附着力变化情况以及不同基底层的抗腐蚀扩展性能测试结果。结果表明:不同铝合金材料类型对基底层的耐中性盐雾性能具有重要影响;铝合金基底层的性能对提高防护体系的耐中性盐雾性能具有重要作用;封闭处理能够显著提高阳极氧化膜、硬质阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性能及与有机涂层的附着性能;附着力水平不是涂层体系耐蚀性能的决定性因素。

Chromized Layers Produced on Steel Surface by Means of CVD

Chemical vapour deposition of chromium on the surface of carbon steel has been investigated using a novel CVD method that combines the low cost of pack cementation method with advantages of vacuum technique. The processes have been performed in chromium chlorides atmosphere at a low pressure range from 1 to 800 hPa, the treatment temperature 800 to 950°C. Studies of the layers thickness, the phase composition, Cr, C and Fe depth profiles in diffusion zone have been conducted. The effect of the vacuum level during the process and the process parameters such as time and temperature on layer diffusion growth on the carbon steel surface has been investigated.

固溶态304不锈钢的低温渗铬处理工艺研究

为得到核环境下优质的传动件材料,以304不锈钢为试验对象,对其冷轧和热轧的性能和组织进行检测与观察。在此基础上,进行固溶处理进一步提高其力学性能,为低温渗铬提供优质的待渗样件,实现304不锈钢在700℃时的渗铬处理,测试比较处理前后的力学性能、表面硬度、耐腐蚀度以及耐磨性能等。结果表明,低温渗铬的层厚度为10~20μm,低温渗铬样件能够在保证固溶态304不锈钢力学性能基本稳定的情况下,材料的表面硬度、耐腐蚀性能及耐磨性能等表面性能得到显著提高。

铸铁渗铬层形成机理的研究

通过组织观察、微区能谱分析和温度场测试 ,表明铸铁渗铬层的形成是依靠母液对合金膏块强烈的热作用和有限的铸渗动力 ;渗铬层内不同区域的形成机理有较大差别。

20钢复合渗铬中的相变

应用金相、X射线衍射和微区成分分析研究了20钢经离子氮化后在不同温度渗铬(复合渗铬)所得渗铬层的显微组织及其生成机制.不同温度复合渗铬层的表面层均由CrN(fcc),β-Cr2N(hcp)和α-(Cr,Fe)(bcc)组成,其中α-(Cr,Fe)的含量随渗铬温度提高而减少.在复合渗铬过程中,原先的氮化白亮层发生扩散反应相变,生成复合渗铬白亮层,而扩散层中的相变主要是析出/共析转变,生成γ’氮化物析出带和/或一种类似珠光体的(α+γ’)共析反应带.

Cr12MoV钢低温盐浴渗铬复合处理

研究 Cr12 Mo V钢低温复合盐浴渗铬处理后复合渗铬层的金相组织、相结构、渗层厚度、渗层硬度、铬浓度分布和氮碳浓度分布 ,并进行渗层的耐磨性对比试验。结果表明 ,Cr12 Mo

T10钢低温盐浴渗铬工艺的研究

研究了T10钢低温盐浴渗铬工艺。结果表明 ,采用本文的盐浴渗剂 ,可在 86 0℃以下温度对T10钢进行盐浴渗铬 ,并获得较厚的渗铬层 ,渗层表面硬度可达 130 0～ 15 0 0HV ,表面铬浓度在 6 5 %～ 81%范围内。

W18Cr4V钢的低温盐浴渗铬研究

讨论W18Cr4V钢低温复合盐浴渗铬,分析复合渗铬层的成分、组织、结构和机械性能,并检验了复合渗铬层的耐磨性。结果表明,W18Cr4V钢经氮碳共渗加低温盐浴渗铬复合处理可获得良好的渗铬层及优异的耐磨性。

T10钢双辉等离子渗铬改性层的形成条件研究

用双辉等离子渗金属技术,在880～900 ℃温度下,对T10钢进行了表面渗铬试验;分析了渗铬改性层的表观形貌和相结构,测量了渗铬改性层的成分。结果表明,在880～900 ℃温度下,对T10钢进行双辉等离子渗铬,可得到铬沉积层、铬渗镀层等形式的渗铬改性层。通过调节工艺参数,可对渗铬改性层形式进行控制。