Gastric mucosal injury due to hemorrhagic reperfusion and efficacy of Salvia miltiorrhizae extract F and cimetidine

AIM: To observe the gastric mucosal injury caused by hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion and to compare the effect between Salvia miltiorrhizae extract F (SEF) and cimetidine (CI) on it. METHODS: A model of hemorrhage/reperfusion injury was produced by Itoh method. Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: 0.9% sodium chloride treatment group (NS group), SEF treatment group (SEF group), and CI treatment group (CI group). Saline, SEF and CI were injected respectively. The index of gastric mucosal lesions (IGML) was expressed as the percentage of lesion area in the gastric mucosa. The degree of gastric mucosal lesions was categorized into grades 0, 1, 2, 3. Atom absorption method was used to measure the intracellular calcium content. Radioimmunoassay was used to measure the concentrations of prostaglandins. RESULTS: IGML (%) and grade 3 (%) were 23.18±6.82, 58.44±9.07 in NS group, 4.42±1.39, 20.32±6.95 in SEF group and 3.74±1.56, 23.12±5.09 in CI group, and the above parameters in SEF group and CI group decreased significantly (IGML: SEF vs NS, t=6.712, P=0.000<0.01; CI vs NS, t=6.943, P=0.000<0.01; grade 3: SEF vs HS, t=8.386, P=0.000; CI vs HS, t=8.411, P= 0.000), but the grade 0 and grade 1 damage in SEF group (22.05±5.96, 34.12±8.12) and CI group (18.54±4.82, 30.15±7.12) were markedly higher than those in NS group (3.01±1.01, 8.35±1.95; grade 0: SEF vs HS, t=8.434, P=0.000<0.01; CI vs NS, t=7.950, P=0.000<0.01; grade 1: SEF vs NS, t =8.422, P=0.000<0.01; CI vs NS, t=8.448, P=0.000<0.01). The intracellular calcium content (μg/mg) in SEF group (0.104±0.015) and CI group (0.102±0.010) was markedly lower than that in NS group (0.131±0.019, SEF vs NS, t=2.463, P=0.038<0.05; CI vs HS, t=3.056, P=0.017<0.05). The levels (pg/mg) of PGE_2, 6-keto-PGF_(1α) and 6-keto-PGF_(1α)/TXB_2 were 540±183, 714±124,17.38±5.93 in NS group and 581±168, 737±102, 19.04±8.03 in CI group, 760±192,1 248±158, 33.42±9.24 in SEF group, and the above parameters in SEF group markedly raised (PGE_2: SEF vs NS, t=2.282, P=0.046<0.05; SEF vs CI, t=2.265, P=0.047<0.05; 6-keto-PGF_(1α): SEF vs NS, t=6.583, P=0.000<0.000; SEF vs CI, t=6.708, P=0.000<0.01; 6-keto-PGF_(1α)/TXB_2: SEF vs NS, t=3.963, P=0.003<0.001; SEF vs Cl, t=3.243, P=0.009<0.01), whereas TXB_2 level in SEF group (45.37±7.54) was obviously lower than that in NS group (58.28±6.74, t=3.086, P=0.014<0.05) and CI group (54.32±6.89, t=2.265, P=0.047<0.05). No significant difference was shown between NS group and CI group (PGE_2: t=0.414, P=0.688>0.05; 6-keto-PGF_(1α): t=0.310, P=0.763>0.05; TXB_2: t=1.099, P=0.298>0.05; 6-keto-PGF_(1α)/TXB_2: t=0.372, P=0.718>0.05). CONCLUSION: Both SEF and CI could inhibit reperfusioninduced injury in gastric mucosa, but with different mechanisms. SEF could not only enhance the protective effect of gastric mucosa, but also abate the injury factors, while CI can only abate the injury factors.

The Effect of Soil Enzymes and Polysaccharides Secreted by the Roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge under Drought,High Temperature,and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deficits

Root exudates serve as crucial mediators for information exchange between plants and soil,and are an important evolutionary mechanism for plants’adaptation to environmental changes.In this study,15 different abiotic stress models were established using various stress factors,including drought(D),high temperature(T),nitrogen deficiency(N),phosphorus deficiency(P),and their combinations.We investigated their effects on the seedling growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and the activities of Solid-Urease(S-UE),Solid-Nitrite Reductase(S-NiR),Solid-Nitrate Reductase(S-NR),Solid-Phosphotransferase(S-PT),and Solid-Catalase(S-CAT),as well as the contents of polysaccharides in the culture medium.The results showed that the growth of S.miltiorrhiza was inhibited under 15 stress conditions.Among them,13 stress conditions increased the root-shoot ratio.These 15 stress conditions significantly reduced the activity of S-NR,two combinations significantly improved the activity of S-NIR,they were synergistic stresses of high temperature and nitrogen deficiency(TN),and synergistic stresses of drought and nitrogen deficiency(DN)(p<0.05).The activity of S-UE was significantly improved under N,D,T,synergistic stresses of drought and high temperature(DT),DN,synergistic stresses of drought and phosphorus deficiency(DP),and synergistic stresses of high temperature,nitrogen,and phosphorus deficiency(TNP)stress conditions(p<0.05).Most stress combinations reduced the activity of S-PT,but D and T significantly improved it.(p<0.05).The N,DN,and TN stress conditions significantly reduced S-CAT activity.The P,DT,and synergistic stresses of drought,high temperature,and phosphorus deficiency(DTP)significantly decreased the total polysaccharide content of the soil(p<0.05).The research suggested that abiotic stress hindered the growth of S.miltiorrhiza and altered the behavior of root secretion.Roots regulated the secretion of several substances in response to various abiotic stresses,including soil nitrogen cycle enzymes,phosphorus transport-related enzymes,and antioxidant enzymes.In conclusion,plants regulate the utilization of rhizosphere substances in response to abiotic stresses by modulating the exudation of soil enzymes and polysaccharides by the root system.At the same time,soil carbon sequestration was affected by the adverse environment,which restricted the input of organic matter into the soil.

Protective effects of Salvia miltiorrhizae on the hearts of rats with severe acute pancreatits or obstructive jaundice

Objective： To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Salvia miltiorrhizae （Danshen） in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis （SAP）- or obstructive jaundice （OJ）-induced heart injury. Methods： A total of 288 rats were used for SAP- （n= 108） and O J-associated （n= 180） experiments. The rats were randomly divided into sham-operated, model control, and Salvia miltiorrhizae-treated groups. According to the difference of time points after operation, SAP rats in each group were subdivided into 3, 6 and 12 h subgroups （n=12）, whereas OJ rats were subdivided into 7, 14, 21, and 28 d subgroups （n=lS）. At the corresponding time points after operation, the mortality rates of the rats, the contents of endotoxin and phospholipase A2 （PLA：） in blood, and pathological changes of the hearts were investigated. Results： The numbers of dead SAP and OJ rats in the treated groups declined as compared with those in the model control group, but not significantly （P〉0.05）. The contents ofendotoxin （at 6 and 12 h in SAP rats and on 7, 14, 21, and 28 d in OJ rats, respectively） and PLA2 （at 6 and 12 h in SAP rats and on 28 d in OJ rats, respectively） in the treated group were significantly lower than those in the model control group （P〈0.01 and P〈0.001, respectively）. Besides, myocardial pathological injuries were mitigated in SAP and OJ rats. Conclusion： In this study, we found that Salvia rniltiorrhizae improved myocardial pathological changes, reduced the content of PLA2 in blood, and decreased the mortality rates of SAP and OJ rats, exerting protective effects on the hearts of the rats.

Clinical Study on Composite Salvia Miltiorrhizae Injection (复方丹参注射液) in Preventing Nitroglycerin Controlled Hypotension for Lowering Arterial Partial Pressure of Oxygen Induced by Hypotension

Objective: To observe the effects of Salvia miltiorrhizae composita (SMC) on blood gas variations of nitroglycerin (NTG) controlled hypotension. Methods: Sixteen patients who were arranged to undergo operation under general anesthesia in controlled hypotension condition were randomly divided into the control group (n=8) and the SMC group ( n=8). NTG was used to create controlled hypotension in both groups and blood pressure decreased by about 30% compared with the control values. Patients in the SMC group were administered intravenously with SMC (16 ml) before the utilization of NTG. Results: Significant PaO 2 decrease and Pa etCO 2 increase were observed in the control group during the controlled hypotension period. However, blood gas values in the SMC group did not obviously change. Conclusion: SMC can prevent the side effects of NTG on blood gas.

Clinical Study of Compound Radix Salvia Miltiorrhizae for Severe Pancreatitis

Compound Radix Salvia Miltiorrhizae injection was administered after operation for 28 casesof severe pancreatitis, and 13 cases were taken as a control group. The results showed that : (1) The differ-ence was not obvious in the morbidity of complications between the two groups, but the mortality (3.6% ) ofthe trial group was significantly lower tlian that ( 30. 8% ) of the control group ( P < 0. 05 ) ; ( 2 ) Hematocritwas clearly decreased from 46. 1 5. 2% to 33. 2 3. 9% in the trial one ( P < 0. 05) , but platelet andhemoglobin showed no statistical signiticance. It is concluded that compound Salvia miltiorrhizae inlectionmight improve hemorheologic abnormalities of the disease, promote the recovery of the pancreatic tissue,and correct the serious complications such as adult respiratory distress syndrome etc.

Progress in research into the mechanism of Radix salviae miltiorrhizae in treatment of acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common acute abdomen with high mortality, multiple complications and complicated causes. There is no effective therapy for AP. Radix salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen), a traditional herbal medicine, has a low price and a wide range of clinical applications. It is effective to promote blood flow, eliminate stagnancy, and relieve pain. It is also found to be effective in treating AP. We reviewed the progress in research into the mechanism of Radix salviae miltiorrhizae in treatment of AP. DATA SOURCES: An english-language literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1988-2005) on Radix salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen) and acute pancreatitis. RESULTS: The mechanisms of Danshen in the treatment of AP include improvement of microcirculatory disturbances; elimination of oxygen free radicals; modulation of the metabolism of lipid inflammatory mediator; and blocking of calcium inflow and prevention of calcium overload.CONCLUSION: Danshen can effectively reduce the mortality and complications of AP.

Improving the antioxidant activity and enriching salvianolic acids by the fermentation of Salvia miltiorrhizae with Geomyces luteus

The antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of fermented Salvia miltiorrhiza with fungus Geomyces luteus were investigated. The results revealed that G. luteus fermentation could significantly improve the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of S. miltiorrhiza. The main antioxidant constituents were characterized by spec- troscopic analysis as salvianolic acids. High-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） quantification also showed the enhanced content of salvianolic acid B after fermentation. The present study suggests that G. luteus fermentations are effective in the S. miltiorrhiza salvianolic acids＇ enrichment process.

Experimental Study on the Preventive Mechanism of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Against Atherosclerosis in Rabbits Models

Summary: The preventive mechanism of salviae miltiorrhizae (SM) against experimental atherosclerosis (AS) in rabbits models was investigated. The experimental AS rabbit models were reproduced by feeding the high cholesterol diet. The changes of atherosclerotic plaques in normal group, model group and SM treated group were observed. The levels of serum TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C were determined. The immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Bcl-2, Bax and IL-6 proteins in atherosclerotic plaques. The results showed that the level of serum TG in SM treated group was significantly lower than in model group (P<0.01). Immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression of Bcl-2, Bax and IL-6 in model group was significantly higher than in normal group. In the SM group, the expression of Bcl-2 protein was up-regulated and that of Bax was down-regulated. It was suggested that SM could inhibit formation of AS in experimental rabbits. To decrease the expression of Bax and increase the expression of Bcl-2 protein may be one of the mechanisms of SM against atherosclerosis.

Salviae miltiorrhizae ameliorates cirrhosis and portal hypertension by inhibiting nitric oxide in cirrhotic rats

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of Salviae miltiorrhizae on cirrhosis and portal hyperiension by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase type Ⅱ (NOSⅡ) in rats. METHODS: Real time RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of NOSII mRNA. The enzymatic activity of nitric oxide synthase and the circulating levels of nitric oxide (NO), systemic and portal hemodynamics, and quantification of cirrhosis were measured with highly sensitive methods. Traditional Chinese medicine was utilized to treat cirrhotic rats and the function of NO was evaluated. Double-blind method was applied in the experiment constantly. RESULTS: The concentration of NO increased markedly at all stages of cirrhosis, and so did the enzymatic activity of NOS, antl the iNOSmRNA expressed greatly. Meanwhile the portal-venous-pressure (PVP), portal-venous-now (PVF) increased significantly. NO, Nos and iNOSmHNA were positively correlated to the quanlity of hepatic fihrosis. Salviae Miltiorrhizae significantly inhibited NO production and inhibited the expression of iNOSmRNA. CONCLUSIONS: The increased hepatic expression of NoSIⅡ is one of the important factors causing cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Salviae Miltiorrhizae significantly ameliorates cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

Effect of salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection on axonal regeneration and nerve growth factor expression in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury

BACKGROUND： Studies have shown that both salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine can promote protein expression of nerve growth factor （NGF） and regeneration of peripheral nerve. OBJECTIVE： To verify the effect of salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection on axonal regeneration and NGF protein expression in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Institute of Bioengineering of Jinan University from July to December 2008. MATERIALS： Salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection （containing 20 mg salviae miJtiorrhizae and 100 mg ligustrazine per 100 mL injection） was provided by Guizhou Baite Pharmaceutical, China; salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine decoctions （containing 1 g raw drug per 1 mL decoction） were provided by Guangzhou Baiyunshan Factory for Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; rabbit-anti-rat NGF monoclonal antibody was provided by Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology, China. METHODS： A total of 80 healthy, male, Sprague Dawley rats were used to establish a sciatic nerve injury model via neurotomy, and were then randomly assigned to 4 groups： salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection group （intraperitoneal injection of 35 mL/kg per day salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection）, saIviae miltiorrhizae group （intragastric peffusion of 2 mL salviae miltiorrhizae）, ligustrazine group （intragastric peffusion of 2 mL ligustrazine）, and model group （intraperitoneal injection of 35 mL/kg per day saline）, with 20 rats in each group. Thereafter, rats in each group were then divided into 4 subgroups according to varying time points of 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks post-surgery, with 5 rats in each subgroup. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Axons were quantified using chromotrope 2R-brilliant green and silver staining combined with image analysis to calculate the axonal regeneration rate; NGF expression was detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis; toe interspace was measured by behavior at 4 and 8 weeks. RESULTS： With increasing time after sciatic nerve expression, and toe interspace gradually increased njury, the axonal regeneration rate, NGF protein At 4 and 8 weeks post-surgery, axonal regeneration rate and NGF protein expression were significantly increased in the injured tissue of the salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection, salviae miltiorrhizae, and ligustrazine groups, compared with the model group （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0.01）, and toe interspace was remarkably enlarged （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0.01）, especially in the salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection group. CONCLUSION： Salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection promoted axonal regeneration and NGF protein expression in the injured sciatic nerve, and also enhanced neurofunctional recovery. Its effect was superior to salviae miltiorrhizae or ligustrazine alone.

Effects of Lycii Fructus and Salviae Miltiorrhizae on the Syndrome of Deficiency with Blood Stasis in RCS(rdy-/-, p-/-) Rats with Retinitis Pigmentosa: An Intervention Study

Objective To investigate the effects of Lycii Fructus(LF,Gou Qi Zi,枸杞子)and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Ex Rhizoma(SM,Dan Shen,丹参)on the syndrome of deficiency with blood stasis in the RCS(rdy-/-,p-/-)rats with retinitis pigmentosa(RP).Methods A total of 32 RCS(rdy-/-,p-/-)rats were divided into 4 groups(equal amounts of female and male rats in each group):model group treated with 0.9%normal saline,LF group treated with LF formula granules,SM group treated with SM formula granules,and LF and SM(L·S)group treated with LF and SM formula granules.Eight RCS(rdy+/+,p+/+)rats(4 males and 4 females)were treated with 0.9%normal saline to serve as blank group.The contents of E2,PG,P-Selectin,plasma viscosity,whole blood relative index of the high shear rate and fibrinogen content in plasma,and the content of cAMP and cGMP in retinal homogenate were detected.The retina was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining.Results The contents of E2,PG,P-Selectin,plasma viscosity,whole blood relative index of the high shear rate,and fibrinogen content in the plasma of L·S group significantly differed from those of model group(P<0.01),but were similar to those of blank group.The contents of cAMP and cGMP in the retinal homogenate of L·S group significantly differed from those in model group(P<0.01)but were similar to those in blank group(P>0.05).Conclusions LF and SM can effectively treat retinitis pigmentosa by ameliorating the syndrome of deficiency with blood stasis.

Study on Optimization of Ethanol Reflux Extraction of Phenolic Acids from Salvia miltiorrhiza

The extraction technology of phenolic acid compounds from Salvia miltiorrhiza by ethanol reflux was studied. In this experiment, salvianolic acid B standard was used to make the standard curve. Single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment were used to study the extraction of different ethanol concentrations, reflux times and material-to-liquid ratios. The OD value of salvianolic acid compounds was measured with a spectrophotometer. The extraction rate of phenolic acid compounds under different extraction conditions was calculated through a regression equation, so as to obtain the optimal conditions for the ethanol reflux extraction process of Salvia miltiorrhiza. The experimental data can provide a reference for the ethanol reflux extraction process of salvianolic acids in the industry. According to the experiment, the extraction rate of phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza was the highest when the ethanol concentration was 60%, the reflux time was 1.5 hours, and the ratio of material-to-liquid was 1:10.

The Inhibitory Effect of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae on Hypoxic Structural Remodeling of Intra－acinarPulmonary Arteries

The inhibitory effect of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM) on hypoxic structural remodeling of intra-acinar pulmonary arteries (IAPA) was observed by light and electron microscopy and morphometry. It was found that RSM can not only dilate IAPA and relieve the hypoxic injuries to endothelia cells,but also inhibit the active muscularization of IAPA in the hypoxic animals, suggesting that RSM plays a very important role in inhibiting structural remodeling of IAPA and pulmonary hypertension.

Protective effect of ultrashortwave versus radix salviae miltiorrhizae on brains of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND： HOW to control the effect of oxygen-derived free radicals on development of cerebral injury and cerebral edema is a key factor for treating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE： To observe and compare the protective effects, synergistic action and mechanisms of ultrashortwave （USW） and radix salviae miltiorrhizae （RSM） on the focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries in rats. DESIGN： Randomized controlled animal study SEI-FING： Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Hospital affiliated to China Medical University MATERIALS： A total of 160 healthy Wistar rats of both genders and aged 18-20 weeks weighing 250-300 g of clean grade were selected in this study. 5 mL/ampoule RSM injection fluid was produced by the First Pharmaceutical Corporation of Shanghai （batch number： 011019, 0.01 mug）. The USW therapeutic device was produced by Shanghai Electronic Device Factory with the frequency of 40.68 MHz and the maximal export power of 40 W. The first channel of power after modulation was 11 W. METHODS： The experiment was carried out in the Rehabilitation Medicine Department of the First Hospital affiliated to China Medical University from May 2002 to January 2003. Focal ischemia-reperfusion model was established in rats by reversible right middle cerebral artery occlusion with filament. Right cerebral ischemia was for 2 hours and then with 24 hours reperfusion. The scores of neurological deficits were evaluated by 0 to 4 scales. After surgery, 64 successful rats models were divided into four groups according to digital table： control group, USW group, RSM group and RSM ＋ USW group with 16 cases in each group. Rats in control group were intraperitoneally injected with the same volume of saline （0.1 mL/g）; rats in USW group were given small dosage of USW on head for 10 minutes at 6 hours after reperfusion; rats in RSM group were intraperitoneally injected with 0.01 mL/g RSM solution at 30 minutes before reperfusion; rats in RSM ＋ USW group were intraperitoneally injected with 0.01 mL/g RSM parenteral solution at 30 minutes before reperfusion and given small dosage of USW on head for 10 minutes once at 6 hours after reperfusion; sixteen rats in sham operation group did not receive any treatment. All 80 rats were taken brains at 24 hours after reperfusion to measure wet and dry weights to calculate water content： Cerebral water content （%） = （1-dry/wet weight） × 100%. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity was measured by hydroxylamine method and malondialdehyde （MDA） content was measured by TBA photometric method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： Cerebral water content, SOD activity and MDA content RESULTS： All 160 rats except 80 failing in modeling were involved in the final analysis. （① The cerebral water content of left hemisphere made no significant difference （P 〉 0.05）. The cerebral water content of right hemisphere in the control group and the three treatment groups was obviously higher than that of the sham operation group [（81.26±0.77）%, （79.74±0.68）%, （79.76±0.81）%, （79.61±0.79）%, （77.43±0.61）%, P 〈 0.05]. The cerebral water content of right hemisphere in the three treatment groups was obviously lower than that of the control group （P〈 0.05）. There was no significant difference among the three treatment groups （P 〉 0.05）. ② Compared with the control group, SOD activity （right） of the control group decreased obviously （P 〈 0.05）, while MDA content increased obviously （P 〈 0.05）. SOD activity in the three therapeutic groups increased obviously, while MDA content decreased obviously （P 〈 0.05）; there was no significant difference among the three treatment groups （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： ① USW and RSM therapy have neuroprotective effects against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries by means of decreasing cerebral water content and MDA and increasing the activity of SOD. ② Synergistic action was not observed between these two therapeutic methods.

EFFECTS OF RADIX SALVIAE MILTIORRHIZAE AND ITS COMPONENT "DANSHENSU" ON THE PRODUCTION OF PA, PAI, PGI_2 AND EXPRESSION OF THROMBOMODULIN BY BOVINE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN CULTURE

The effects of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and its component 'DANSHENSU' on the production of PA, PAI, PGI_2 and expression of thrombomodulin by cultured bovine endothelial cells were studied. 6-Keto-PGF_(1α) was measured with RIA. PA, PAI and thrombomodulin were measured with chromosenic substrate S2390 and S2238 respectively. The results showed that Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae could promote PA activity and PGI_2 production by bovine endothelial cell (BEC). It could inhibt activity of PAI secreted by BEC. Its component 'DANSHENSU' had the same effects. In addition, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae could also increase thrombomodulin activity on the surface of BEC, but 'DANSHENSU' did not.

Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Salvia miltiorrhiza

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge(S.miltiorrhiza),a perennial plant of the genus Salvia,is widely used in traditional folklore medicine.Previous chemical research on this plant contains diterpenoid quinones,phenolic acids,polysaccharides and other compounds.The pharmacological investigation of S.miltiorrhiza has shown that it has various pharmacological activities,such as cardiovascular system protection,anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidant,anti-tumor,liver protection,and neuroprotection activities.This research tends to give an overview of the main chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of S.miltiorrhiza,aiming to reveal its potential value and provide reference for its further development.

TREATMENT OF 40 CASES OF CHRONIC ECZEMA WITH POINT-INJECTION OF COMPOUND RADIX SALVIAE MILTIORRHIZAE INJECTION

The authors have used point-injection of compound Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Injection to treat 40 cases of chronic eczema and achieved a satisfactory therapeutic effect. The total effective rate was 95%.

Effects of Water─soluble Components Isolated from Salviamilltiorrhiza on Oxygen Free Radical Generation and LipidPeroxidation

The effects of water─soluble components isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza on oxygen free radical prodction and lipid peroxidation were estimated. Five components(10 μmol/L)were shown to inhibit superoxide anion generation by xanthine─xanthine oxidase system. It was also demonstrated that six components( 100 μmol/L) prevented H_2O_2─induced hemolysis and MDA fonnation in mouse erythrocytes.The effects of Sal A, Sal B, Sal C and Ros A were dose dependent. In Langendorff rat heart, pretreatment with Sal A 20μmol/L significantly prevented MDA production induced by 30 min reoxygenation after 45 min anoxia.The results indicated that there were also other potent antioxidant componentts in Salvia milliorrhiza besides Dphl and Pal. The protection of Sal A against myocardial anoxiareoxygenation inury may be mainly ascribed to its oxygen free radical scavenging activity.

Observation and Comparision on Morphological Characteristics of the Seed-like Fruits of Salvia shandongensis and Its Relatives

[Objective] This study aimed to compare and analyse the morphological characteristics of the seed-like fruits between Salvia shandongensis J. X. Li et F. Q. Zhou and its relatives. [Method] The morphological characteristics of the mature seed-like fruits of Salvia shandongensis and its three congeners, S. miltiorrhiza, S. miltiorrhiza f. alba and S. bowleyana, were comparatively observed using both optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. [Result] The results showed that there were distinct differences in the shape, size and exine sculpture of the seed-like fruits of the four Danshen congeners： the seed-like fruits of S. shandongensis that were elliptical and had areolate sculpture with subquadrangular convex meshes as well as densely filamentous transverse lines were easy to be distinguished from those of S. miltiorrhiza Bge., which were broadly elliptical and had reticulate sculpture with subquadrate concave meshes. The seed-like fruits of S. bowleyana were fusiform and their ektexine had reticulate sculpture with polygonal meshes, which were slightly convex at the center, which are obviously different from those of S. shandongensis. [Conclusion] This study first accumulates data of the seed-like fruits of S. shandongensis, which provides important bases for establishing its taxonomical status and studying its germplasm. The morphological characteristics and reticulate sculpture on ektexine of the seed-like fruits S. miltiorrhiza Bge. are consistent with the previous report. The results in this study not only provide references for uncovering the genetic relationships between S. shandongensis and S. miltiorrhiza Bge., as well as the interspecific classification and identification. In addition, this study also provides new scientific proofs for the identification of Danshen species and their introduction and cultivation, genetics and breeding.

Study on Tanshinone Extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. Dregs

[Objective]The aim was to extract tanshinone from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. dregs and to determine tanshinone components. [Method]Organic solvent method was adopted to extract tanshinone from S. miltiorrhiza dregs and TLC was used to determine the optimum extraction solvent. The components of tanshinone were measured with HPLC. [Result]Ether was the best solvent to extract tanshinone from S. miltiorrhiza dregs. After water immersion,dry dregs of S. miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng were extracted with ethanol to obtain fat-soluble extracts. Then with ether as the solvent for Soxhlet extraction,the yield of crude tanshinone was 2.17%. The HPLC detection showed that the contents of tanshinone Ⅱ A,methylene tanshinquinone,cryptotanshinone,tanshinone Ⅰ were 3.62%,1.02%,2.56%,2.75% respectively. [Conclusion]The components of tanshinone in S. miltiorrhiza dregs were basically the same as tanshinone in medicine S. miltiorrhiza. S. miltiorrhiza dregs could be used as a kind of tanshinone resource,which has the value of development and utilization.