A note on influence of stress anisotropy on the Poisson's ratio of dry sand

In this study, extender and bender element tests were conducted investigating the small-strain Poisson’s ratio of variable sands, with a focus on the effect of stress anisotropy in order to quantify the sensitivity of Poisson’s ratio to the applied deviatoric stress. Four different uniform sands were tested, including a biogenic sand, a crushed rock and two natural sands, covering a wide range of particle shapes. From these sands, eleven samples were prepared in the laboratory and were tested under variable stress paths,maintaining a constant mean effective pressure while increasing the deviatoric compressive load. Under the application of these given stress paths, the data analysis indicated that the sensitivity of Poisson’s ratio to the stress ratio was more pronounced for sands with irregularly shaped particles in comparison to sands with fairly rounded and spherical grains. For sands with very irregularly shaped particles, the increase of Poisson’s ratio from the isotropic to the anisotropic stress state reached 50%, while this increase for natural sands with fairly rounded particles was in the order of 20%.

Influence of repeated freeze-thaw on dynamic modulus and damping ratio properties of silty sand

Under repeated freezing and thawing in deep seasonal frozen regions, the stability and strength of the soil are imposed in the form of large uneven settlement, instability and strength reduction, which affect the normal operation of railway lines. This study is to obtain the influencing rules of freeze-thaw on the dynamic properties （dynamic strain, confining pressure and compactness） of silty sand. Based on an amount of inner tests, the dynamic modulus and damping ratio properties of silty soil subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles were deeply researched and analyzed. The results are as follows： At the same dynamic strain, the relationship of dynamic stress and freeze-thaw cycles presents negative cor- relation, and the relationship of dynamic stress, confining pressure and compactness present positive correlation. The dynamic modulus double decreases while the damping ratio double increases with incremental increase in dynamic strain. The dynamic modulus sharply decreases while the damping ratio increases with incremental increase in freeze-thaw cycles, and then the changes level off after six freeze-thaw cycles. The dynamic modulus increases while the damping ratio decreases as the confining pressure and compactness increase at the same strain level.

Experimental research on the mixed sand ratio and initial dry density of weathered sand improved expansive soil free load swelling rate

In this paper, through the indoor free load swelling rate test, expansive soil in a section of a first- class highway reconstruction project in Yichang City was studied. It emphatically analyzed the interrelations among free load swelling rate, non-load time, the proportion of mixed sand and initial dry density. Experimen- tal studies have shown that： Free load swelling deformation is mainly divided into three stages of rapid expan- sion, slow expansion and final stability; when the initial dry density is constant, free load swelling rate of the weathered sand modified soil will reduce rapidly before they slow down with the increase of sand proportion, and weathered sand modified soil free load swelling rate is not sensitive to the large amount of sand mixed; in the same mixed sand ratio, weathered sand modified soil free load swelling rate increases rapidly with the in- crease of initial dry density, there is a good linear correlation between them. To take appropriate control of the initial dry density during the expansive soil subgrade construction helps to reduce its swelling deformation and ensures the stability of the embankment.

Effect of consolidation ratios on maximum dynamic shear modulus of sands

The dynamic shear modulus (DSM) is the most basic soil parameter in earthquake or other dynamic loading conditions and can be obtained through testing in the field or in the laboratory. The effect of consolidation ratios on the maximum DSM for two types of sand is investigated by using resonant column tests. And, an increment formula to obtain the maximum DSM for cases of consolidation ratio κc>1 is presented. The results indicate that the maximum DSM rises rapidly when κc is near 1 and then slows down, which means that the power function of the consolidation ratio increment κc-1 can be used to describe the variation of the maximum DSM due to κc>1. The results also indicate that the increase in the maximum DSM due to κc>1 is significantly larger than that predicted by Hardin and Black's formula.

不同推进比下螺旋桩在砂土中安装力的离散元研究

螺旋桩作为一种颇具潜力的海上风电基础形式,其安装问题是螺旋桩能否成功应用在海上风电工程中的关键。基于离散元方法,采用PFC^(3D)模拟分析了螺旋桩在不同推进比下安装时的桩身受力情况以及对周围土体的影响。宏观上,研究了螺旋桩在不同推进比下安装时螺旋桩连杆侧壁、连杆端部、螺旋叶片上下表面的受力变化规律;微观上,分析了螺旋桩安装过程中桩周土体孔隙率、配位数及应力变化规律。研究表明:随着推进比的减小,螺旋桩安装时受到的竖向力与扭矩也随之降低,对桩周土体的扰动也更小;螺旋桩在推进比为1时安装与在推进比小于1时安装存在两种不同的安装机制。研究结果对进一步确定螺旋桩在不同推进比下的安装条件具有一定意义。

沙土比对混凝土试件空蚀影响的试验研究

在小型循环式水洞中试验研究了沙土比对混凝土试件空蚀影响的机理。首先,在循环式水洞内筒中配制11种沙土比(0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%,60%,70%,80%,90%,100%)试样,用红外测沙仪测定相同沙土比的3种不同含沙量(2,12,30 kg/m 3)的挟沙水样,用压力传感器和压力数据采集系统实时采集水洞文丘里工作段空化区和空蚀区的压力;然后,制作了水灰比为0.4、灰砂比为1.5,7 d龄期强度f cu,k=17.8 MPa的混凝土试件,将其安放在水洞文丘里工作段混凝土试件盒中进行4 h的空蚀试验。试验结果表明:沙土比的增大对空化和空蚀破坏均具有促进作用;消失空化数随沙土比的增加而增加,对空化发生具有抑制作用;相同沙土比时,混凝土试件的空蚀量随着含沙量的增加而增加。

透水混凝土力学性能影响因素的研究进展与分析

为保证工程建设的安全性和有效性,充分了解不同因素对透水混凝土力学性能的影响机理,总结了近年来国内外关于水灰比、砂率、掺合料种类及掺量、骨料粒径等因素对透水混凝土力学性能影响的研究成果,分析了现有研究中存在的不足和尚未解决的问题,并基于透水混凝土细观损伤机理和力学行为,指出了未来进一步研究方向。

煤矸石机制砂C20混凝土力学性能研究

为探究煤矸石机制砂对低强度等级C20混凝土力学性能的影响,调控煤矸石机制砂掺量和水灰比浇筑混凝土试块,开展抗压和抗折强度试验。结果表明:相同水灰比下,随煤矸石机制砂掺量增加,混凝土的抗压强度先增强后降低;相同取代率下,混凝土的抗压和抗折强度随水灰比增大而降低。相较于煤矸石机制砂取代率,水灰比对混凝土抗折强度的影响更大。取代率不超过30%时,对混凝土的抗压和抗折强度均有利,水灰比为0.55、取代率为25%时,混凝土抗压和抗折强度提高最多。

Equal Volumes of Sand and Gravel Concrete Mix Ratios in Cameroon and Its Effect on Concrete Compressive Strength

In recent years, the rationalization of concrete mix ratios which batches equal volumes of sand and gravel in building projects has been gaining grounds in the Cameroon construction industry. The main objective of this study is therefore to investigate if the concrete produced with rationalized mix ratio can be adopted as conventional mix ratio in terms of minimum required compression strength of concrete for buildings. Specifically this work compared the conventional mix ratio of 350 kg of cement: 400 liters of sand: 800 liters of gravel for a cubic meter and the rationalized batch of 350 kg of cement: 600 liters of sand: 600 liters of 5/15 gravel, 15/25 gravel and a combination of 5/15 + 15/25 gravel. Average compressive tests’results for both the conventional and the rationalized mix ratios were found to meet the minimum compressive strength of 65% at 7 days, 90% at 14 days and 99% at 28 days for gravel size combination 5/15 + 15/25. Single size gravel of 5/15 and 15/25 did not meet the minimum required compressive strength of 20 N/mm2 for the rationalized mix ratio at 28 days curing based on the minimum compressive strength required, this study arrives at the conclusion that the equal volumes of sand and gravel mix ratio of 350 kg/m3 of cement: 600 liters of sand: 600 liters of gravel mix ratio can be adopted as a conventional concrete mix ratio for gravel size 5/15 + 15/25.

不同种砂比和行距对机播荠菜农艺性状和产量的影响

为探索机播荠菜优质高效生产的最佳播量,更好地为荠菜种植机械化生产服务,采用双因素随机区组试验,共设置种砂(荠菜种子+黑金砂)混拌比1∶8、1∶11、1∶14和1∶17四个处理和行距14、21和28 cm 3个处理进行机器条播。结果表明,机播荠菜的农艺性状和产量随着种砂比的增加,表现出先增加后减少的趋势;行距与农艺性状和产量间相关性不显著。在12个种砂比和行距互作处理下,以A4B1(种砂比1∶17,行距14 cm)处理下的产量最高,每667 m^(2)产量可达2 230.84 kg。因此,推荐A4B1(种砂比1∶17,行距14 cm)为机播荠菜的最佳播量和行距。

水灰比、砂率及纳米碳纤维对混凝土微波加热性能的影响

通过调整水灰比和砂率,研究了混凝土基本参数对其微波加热性能的影响,并对比分析了水灰比和砂率对混凝土力学性能及微波加热性能的影响程度。为提高混凝土的微波加热性能,以纳米碳纤维为吸波剂,研究了其对混凝土升温速率、温度分布、除冰效率等的影响。并通过介电常数试验和电阻率试验,分析了纳米碳纤维的影响机理。结果表明:随着水灰比和砂率的增大,混凝土的微波加热性能不断增强。与水灰比相比,砂率的改变对混凝土微波加热性能的影响程度更大。改变砂率对于混凝土微波加热性能的影响比对力学性能的影响更为显著。纳米碳纤维通过增大混凝土的介电常数、降低混凝土的电阻率,从而增强混凝土的介电损耗能力和电阻损耗能力,进而提高混凝土的微波加热性能。纳米碳纤掺量越大,混凝土的微波加热性能越佳。

页岩气井用石英砂的耐老化机理研究

石英砂是非常规气体开采中非常实用的一种基础材料,在地层水模拟石英砂服役过程中,发现其破碎率下降。选用两种规格的石英砂在地层水中恒温浸泡不同时间,通过对浸泡前后的石英砂进行XRF、XRD、SEM、EDS、XPS、FT-IR等表征,探索石英砂的耐老化机理。XRF结果表明石英砂浸泡后ClO_(2)含量增加,XRD结果出现了SiCl_(4)和钙长石新峰,XPS结果出现了Cl2p和Ca 2p峰。这些结果揭示出地层水中的Cl-离子进入石英砂间隙中,与SiO_(2)反应生成SiCl_(4),从而生成硅酸凝胶,包覆在石英砂表面,阻断了石英砂与水的接触,加上石英砂表面附着有生成的钙长石,增加了石英砂的强度,从而提高了石英砂的抗破碎能力。

带压环境下泥浆-泡沫组合改良级配不良砂剪切特性研究

盾构穿越富水砂性地层时易出现排渣不畅或喷涌等风险,仅采用泡沫改良往往无法有效改善级配不良渣土的流动性与抗渗性,归因于泡沫易消散和流失,故须引入膨润土泥浆进行组合改良。正确认识土舱压力环境泥浆-泡沫组合改良级配不良砂土的剪切大变形行为有助于优化满足盾构安全掘进的渣土组合改良方案。因此,开展了泥浆-泡沫组合改良级配不良砂土的加压十字板剪切试验,研究结果表明:在土舱压力环境下,组合改良砂土的初始孔隙比和饱和度随泥浆注入比(bentonite injection ratio,简称BIR)增加而增大,有效应力降低,进而导致峰值强度和残余强度降低;然而剪切强度的剪切率相关性和有效内摩擦角对BIR的敏感性较弱;BIR增加还使大变形后改良砂土的屈服应力有所降低。此外,对比常压下流动性相似的3类不同改良砂土带压剪切大变形行为,表明带压环境下提高BIR或泡沫注入比(foam injection ratio,简称FIR)均可提高孔隙比且减小有效应力,但相较于纯泡沫改良砂土,组合改良砂土具有更低的有效应力和剪切强度。该类级配不良砂土的合适组合改良参数为FIR=20%、BIR=10%~15%。最后,细观成像结果揭示了膨润土对改良砂土剪切强度的双重削弱作用:(1)吸附砂土颗粒表面,降低颗粒间摩擦力;(2)延缓泡沫衰变,使得小粒径气泡较均匀分布于孔隙中,进而有效削弱土骨架强度。

复掺海水海砂混凝土配合比优化及抗渗性能研究

通过正交试验研究海砂、粉煤灰及矿渣替代率对海水海砂混凝土力学性能的影响,得到混凝土最优配合比,并对其抗渗性能进行研究。结果表明:各因素对海水海砂混凝土抗压强度的影响大小为:海砂替代率>矿渣替代率>粉煤灰替代率。最优配合比为:海砂替代率70%,粉煤灰替代率15%,矿渣替代率5%。海水海砂混凝土早期抗压强度的增长速度大于普通混凝土,但后期抗压强度的增长速度低于普通混凝土。最优配合比的海水海砂混凝土抗渗等级、抗渗压力均高于普通混凝土。复掺矿物掺合料可以填充水泥水化和硬化过程中残留的孔隙,改善水泥浆体的孔结构,提高其抗压强度及抗渗性能。

应对供水突发公共事件的炭砂滤池应急改造技术研究

依托武汉某水厂开展中试考察不同炭砂配比对水中污染物的去除效果,探究不同冲洗参数对冲洗效果的影响。结果表明,最佳炭层和砂层厚度为800 mm和500 mm,最佳冲洗方式为16 L/(m^(2)·s)气冲3 min、间隔2 min、13 L/(m^(2)·s)水冲9 min。1#炭砂滤柱对氨和高锰酸盐指数的平均去除率分别为46.99%和54.81%,其对有机物的去除效果明显优于砂滤柱,当进水浊度低于2 NTU时,1#炭砂滤柱浊度平均去除率可达85.67%,出水满足厂区滤后水浊度指标的要求。采用最佳炭砂配比和冲洗方式,1#炭砂滤柱滤后水浊度和高锰酸盐指数去除率可达89.56%和66.27%。结合上述中试结果,并通过对实际工程中砂滤池及炭砂滤池进行调研,形成一套完整的炭砂滤池工程改造方案,为应对供水突发事件时砂滤池改造为炭砂滤池提供一定的理论指导。

基于泥水盾构废浆的新型同步注浆浆液性能及影响因素初探

为响应我国生态文明建设要求,遵从绿色发展理念以及推进“双碳”战略目标的实现,针对泥水平衡盾构施工过程中产生的废弃浆液的处理及外运的高成本、易污染环境等问题,提出将废弃泥浆用作制备同步注浆浆液的解决办法。依托成都环线紫瑞隧道建设项目,通过室内试验方法研究浆灰比、灰砂比、粉灰比对基于砂卵石土地层泥水盾构废浆制备的新型同步注浆浆液的泌水率、流动度、凝结时间以及3,7,28 d抗压强度的影响规律,得出以下研究结论。(1)基于砂卵石土地层废浆制备的新型同步注浆浆液稳定性良好。(2)新型同步注浆浆液的凝结时间随着浆灰比、灰砂比的增加而增长,随着粉灰比的增加而减小;流动度随着浆灰比、灰砂比的增加而增加,随着粉灰比的增加而减小。(3)新型同步注浆浆液的3,7,28 d抗压强度随着浆灰比的增加而减小,随着粉灰比的增加而增加,随灰砂比的增大呈先增大后减小的变化规律,在灰砂比为0.8时,达到最大值。(4)经试验研究得出使用废浆以浆灰比2.5、灰砂比1.25、粉灰比0.75制备的新型同步注浆浆液3 h泌水率为0,凝结时间为7.25 h,流动度为23.3 cm,3,7,28 d抗压强度分别为1.2,1.5,2.7 MPa,各项性能均满足试验指标要求,将此配比方案应用于依托工程实际施工,能够满足施工现场的要求。此研究为泥水平衡盾构废弃泥浆再利用于同步注浆提供了有效支撑。

粗骨料取代率对机制砂再生混凝土高温性能的影响

为探究不同粗骨料取代率对机制砂再生混凝土(RCM)高温性能的影响,以不同粗骨料取代率(0%、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%,质量分数)制备RCM并研究其单面受高温后的表面形貌、质量损失率、抗压强度、荷载变形曲线及微观形貌。结果表明,粗骨料取代率在40%~60%时,在低于600℃的高温试验下RCM表现良好。当温度在200℃时,各组试块表面形貌变化不大,质量损失率较小,抗压强度略微上升;当温度在400℃时,各组试块表面开始出现裂缝,质量损失率为4.35%~6.47%,抗压强度开始下降,此时粗骨料取代率影响不大;当温度达到600℃时,表面形貌变化明显,质量损失率上升到6.42%~8.70%,抗压强度最终降低到基准强度的80%左右,此时粗骨料取代率在40%~60%的试块表现良好;当温度达到800℃时,各组试块表面形貌变化进一步加剧,粗骨料取代率大于60%的试块受影响非常明显,同时各类性能参数表明混凝土已完全丧失工作性能。

河砂与石英砂对蒸养超高性能混凝土(UHPC)性能的影响及机理

本研究分别选用颗粒粒径分布相近的河砂与石英砂制备了不同胶砂比的超高性能混凝土(UHPC),探究了两种细集料对不同胶砂比情况下UHPC性能的影响。结果表明:(1)采用河砂制备的UHPC的扩展度稍大于采用石英砂者;(2)采用河砂制备的胶砂比为1.0的UHPC的抗压强度和抗拉强度最高,表现出明显的应变硬化现象,采用石英砂所制备的胶砂比为0.8的UHPC的抗拉强度最低,几乎无应变硬化现象;(3)细集料种类及胶砂比对水泥水化反应和掺合料火山灰反应的影响有限,蒸养条件下,硬化浆体中几乎无Ca(OH)_2存在;(4)UHPC内孔隙的直径大多小于1μm,胶砂比相同时,采用石英砂制备的UHPC所含孔径小于1μm孔的数量多于采用河砂者;(5)与石英砂相比,河砂与硬化浆体的界面过渡区较为致密,且采用河砂制备的UHPC中浆体对纤维的包裹性也较好。

相对密实度和固结应力比对北部湾海砂动力特性影响的试验研究

北部湾地区拥有丰富的海洋资源,海洋工程在这一地区的发展日益重要,了解海砂在不同固结应力比和密实度条件下的动力特性,对于海岸线保护、港口建设、堤防工程等都至关重要。为探究北部湾海砂的动力特性,针对北部湾海砂开展了一系列的固结不排水循环动三轴试验,分析了相对密实度和固结应力比对北部湾海砂的轴向累积应变、动弹性模量、动孔压以及滞回曲线的影响。研究表明:在相同振次水平下,随着固结应力比和相对密实度的增大,海砂的轴向累积应变随之减小;动孔压随着固结应力比的增大线性减小,在低相对密实度(Dr≤50%)下,动孔压随振次的增大而增大,在高相对密实度(Dr=70%)下,动孔压随振次先增后减;动弹性模量随着振次的增加出现刚度软化现象,增大相对密实度与固结应力比,较明显地减缓了动弹性模量的衰减速率;随着固结应力比和相对密实度的增大,滞回曲线包围的面积减小,滞回曲线由不封闭曲线转为封闭曲线。这些研究成果可以为北部湾围填海工程提供一定的参考。

花岗岩尾矿砂制备砂浆的黏结性能研究

利用花岗岩尾矿砂(GTS)制备砂浆,研究了胶砂比、聚乙烯醇胶粉(PVAP)和聚乙烯醇纤维(PVAF)对砂浆黏结性能的影响规律,分析了砂浆破坏形式与拉伸黏结强度之间的关系,并通过SEM对其微观机理进行分析。结果表明,单掺聚乙烯醇胶粉或聚乙烯醇纤维对砂浆黏结性能均有提升,复掺聚乙烯醇胶粉和聚乙烯醇纤维时砂浆黏结性能最优。砂浆的胶砂比为1∶2,聚乙烯醇胶粉为0.9%(质量分数),聚乙烯醇纤维为1.5%(体积分数)时,黏结性能最优,28 d拉伸黏结强度最高可达1.75 MPa。砂浆破坏形式与拉伸黏结强度有关。未掺聚乙烯醇胶粉与聚乙烯醇纤维时破坏形式多为界面破坏,复掺聚乙烯醇胶粉与聚乙烯醇纤维时破坏形式多为基体破坏,单掺聚乙烯醇胶粉或聚乙烯醇纤维时破坏形式多为界面-基体破坏。