Sedimentation motion of sand particles in moving water(Ⅰ):The resistance on a small sphere moving in non-uniform flow

In hydraulics,when we deal with the problem of sand particles moving relative to the surrounding water,Stokes'formula of resistance has usually been used to render the velocity of sedimentation of the particles.But such an approach has not been proved rigorously,and its accuracy must be carefully considered.In this paper,we discuss the problem of a sphere moving in a non-uniform flow field,on the basis of the fundamental theory of hydrodynamics.We introduce two assumptions:i)the diameter of the sphere is much smaller than the linear dimension of the flow field,and ii)the velocity of the sphere relative to the surrounding water is very small.Using these two assumptions,we solve the linearized Navier-Stokes equations and equations of continuity by the method of Laplace transform,and finally we obtain a formula for the resistance acting on a sphere moving in a non-uniform flow field.

Review on charging model of sand particles due to collisions

In this paper, the models describing the charge transfer between two sand particles due to collisions are reviewed. By comparing the experimental results and the calculated results by the models carried on an individual particle due to a single collision, it indicates the Mosaic model is more reasonable to describe the collision charging mechanism. The Mosaic model cannot only describe the dependence of the collision charges on the relative collision speed and the particle size, but also reveal the relationship between the collision charges with the environmental temperature, the relative humidity and the material parameters, e.g., the absorption energy. Based on the Mosaic model, the model to describe the charges transfer due to multiple collisions is also developed, which can be used to calculate the charges carried by sand particles due to multiple collisions in the wind blown sand flux.

Critical size effect of sand particles on cavitation damage

The critical size of the sand particles in liquid is determined by means of the special vibratory apparatus, and it is related to various effects on the cavitation damage. The increase of the sand size or concentration would aggravate the cavitation damage if their sizes are larger than this critical size, conversely, this damage would be relieved.

Determination of pile failure mechanism under pullout test in loose sand

Estimating the deformation of soil around the pile contributes to reliable design of structures under pullout force. This work presents the results of a series of small-scale physical modelling tests designed to investigate the uplift resistance of piles with diameter of 5 cm and slenderness ratios of 1, 2, 3 and 4 in loose sand. Close photogrammetric technique and particle image velocimetry(PIV) were employed to observe the failure patterns due to uplift force on piles. The results show that the shear zones curve slightly outward near the ground surface. After peak resistance, the shear strain concentrates into a pair of narrow shear bands,then a flow around mechanism is formed accompanied by a reduction in the uplift resistance. The results from the laboratory tests were verified by analytical method proposed by Chattopadhyay and PLAXIS 2D and 3D finite element method software. It is found that the depth and width of the failure surface increase with the increment of the slenderness ratio. A good agreement is observed among the measured bearing capacity and obtained failure surface of the models and the results of numerical modelling. Finally, the maximum deformation of loose and dense sand respectively with densities of 25% and 75% were compared in the stage of fully removing pile. The results shows that the deformation of the soil is related to its density, therefore it depends on its dilatancy.

比粒度作为评价指标在机制砂混凝土中的应用技术研究

通过查阅现行标准,研究2区机制砂在产地、MB值、细度模数相同下,不同比粒度配置混凝土拌合物的性能及后期强度的差异。试验结果表明:使用MB值、细度模数相同的机制砂,配置性能大致相同的混凝土拌合物,外加剂掺量、后期强度均有一定差异,说明用细度模数作为砂子级配的衡量指标存在一定局限性;机制砂MB值的大小对混凝土拌合物的性能及后期强度影响尤为显著;2区机制砂中,比粒度为5.3~6.7较适宜配置机制砂混凝土,在混凝土综合性能和强度方面具有明显优势,把比粒度作为机制砂MB值指标之后的另一个重要考量指标,对混凝土质量控制具有重要意义。

Sand storms:CFD analysis of Reynolds stress and collision stress of particles near sand bed

Sand storm is a serious environmental threat to humans. Sand particles are transported by saltation and suspension, causing soil erosion in one place and deposition in another. In order to prevent and predict sand storms, the causes and the manners of particle motions must he studied in detail. In this paper a standard k-8 model is used for the gas phase simulation and the discrete element method （DEM） is used to predict the movements of particles using an in-house procedure. The data are summarized in an Eulerian-Eulerian regime after simulation to get the statistical particle Reynolds stress and particle collision stress. The results show that for the current case the Reynolds stress and the air shear stress predominate in the region 20-250 mm above the initial sand bed surface. However, in the region below 3 ram, the collision stress must be taken into account in predicting particle movement.

Facile Preparation of Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Vinyltrimethoxysilane Oligomer/Sand Composites Possessing Superoleophilic/Superhydrophobic Characteristic: Application to Oil/Water Separation and Selective Removal of Fluorinated Aromatic Compounds from Aqueous Methanol Solution

Fluoroalkyl end-capped vinyltrimethoxysilane oligomer [RF-(CH2-CHSi(OMe)3)n-RF: n = 2, 3, RF = CF(CF3)OC3F7: RF-(VM)n-RF], was applied to the facile preparation of the corresponding oligomer/sand (Ottawa sand: OS) composites [RF-(VM-SiO3/2)n-RF/OS] through the sol-gel reaction of the oligomer in the presence of micro-sized OS particles (590 - 840 μm) under alkaline conditions at room temperature. FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Micrograph) images showed that the obtained composites consist of the RF-(VM-SiO3/2)n-RF oligomeric nanoparticles and the micro-sized OS particles. Interestingly, the RF-(VM-SiO3/2)n-RF/OS composites thus obtained can provide the superoleophilic/superhydrophobic characteristic on the composite surface, applying to the separation of not only the mixture of oil/water but also the W/O emulsion to isolate the transparent colorless oil. The fluorinated oligomeric OS composites were also found to be applicable to the selective removal of fluorinated aromatic compounds from an aqueous methanol solution. Especially, it was demonstrated that the fluorinated OS composites can supply a higher efficient and smooth separation ability for the separation of the mixture of oil and water than that of the corresponding fluorinated micro-sized controlled silica gel (μ-SiO2) composites (average particle size: 9.5 μm), which were prepared under similar conditions. In addition to the separation of oil/water, the fluorinated OS composites provided higher and more selective removal ability for the fluorinated aromatic compounds from aqueous solutions than that of the μ-SiO2 composites.

沙柳方格沙障对库布齐沙漠沙丘粒度分布的影响

为定量探讨沙柳方格沙障对沙粒粒度组成与特征的影响,以流动沙丘(LS)、设障2a沙丘(TS)和设障6a沙丘(SS)为研究对象,在沙丘不同部位、不同土层和障格内不同位置进行取样,分析样品的粒度组成与特征。结果表明:1)随着设障年限的增加,粘粒和粉粒含量增加,细砂含量下降,SS粘粒和粉粒含量与TS和LS的含量差异显著,而TS和LS二者间差异不明显;LS、TS各粒级含量在三个层次间差异均不明显,而SS 0-5cm的粘粒、粉粒以及极细砂粒体积含量较其他2层差异显著。2)SS的频率分布曲线变化幅度小于TS和LS的频率分布曲线变化幅度。各沙丘的平均粒径MZ、分选系数δ、偏度SK、峰度KG的大小顺序均表现为SS<TS<LS,SS与其他两种类型沙丘粒度参数间差异明显,后二者粒度参数间差异不明显,且SS和TS各个土层的各个粒度参数的大小顺序均表现为0-5cm<5-10cm<10-15cm,而LS各个土层之间的粒度参数差异不明显。3)SS和TS障格西北和东南角粉粒和粘粒含量高于障格中部,各粒度参数则表现为障格中部小于障格西北角或者东南角的特征。

MICP拌和固化钙质砂一维固结试验

该文通过一维固结压缩试验,研究基于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(MICP)技术拌和固化岛礁钙质砂,并改善其压缩特性。总结了完全不同于石英砂的钙质砂的压缩特性;固化试验研究中考虑了粒径级配、相对密度以及反应液浓度对钙质砂压缩特性的影响。试验结果表明:尽管拌和固化钙质砂所用菌液和反应液的用量很小,但是固化后的钙质砂的压缩特性仍有较大改善,压缩指数平均降低了约0.10;固结压缩曲线e-lgp呈现2或3个明显直线段;固化效果受土体粒径级配和相对密度的影响,高浓度反应液更有利于土体压缩性的降低。

Simulation Analysis on Polyurethane Coating of Wind Blade

The distribution regularities of stress and displacement in the interior and on the surface of polyurethane coating are analyzed by the software of finite element analysis with the condition that the polyurethane coating of wind blade is impacted by the sand particle with different velocities and angles. The analysis results indicate that at the same impacting angle, the coating produces plastic yield more easily when the velocity of sand particle is faster and the range of the yield area is connected with the contacting time;plastic deformation wear and cutting wear on the surface of polyurethane coating are concurrent but have different effects;the sand particle impacting the coating can produce large tensile stress on the surface of the coating which causes the coating cracks to occur easily;the shear stress is symmetrically distributed on both side of the contacting point, and the coating at the contacting points lower left and lower right can be easily damaged by the shear.