The Caustic Alkali-free Water Extraction Agents for Treating Inner Mongolia Oil Sands

The caustic alkali-free water extraction agents were studied for treating the oil sands excavated from Inner Mongolia, China. Several kinds of chemical reagents were evaluated, among which sodium carbonate(SC), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SD) and sodium chloride were confirmed as composite solutes. Their proportion was optimized by an orthogonal test. The optimum proportion of the composite agent covered 0.03% of SD, 0.50% of sodium chloride, 3.00% of SC, with the rest composed of water. The optimal operating condition was also confirmed. The oil sands were extracted at the following optimized conditions: a treating time of 15 min, a temperature of 80 ℃ and an extraction agent/feed ratio of 1:1, with the bitumen yield reaching more than 96%. The extraction agent after separation from the bitumen product can be recycled for reuse to carve out a good environmentally friendly route.

High-efficiency Extraction of Bitumen from Oil Sands Using Mixture of Ionic Liquid [Emim][BF_(4)] and Dichloromethane

An ionic liquid(IL),1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate([Emim][BF_(4)]),was used to enhance bitumen recovery from oil sands by dichloromethane solvent extraction.A multiphase system could be formed by simply mixing the components at ambient temperature,consisting of sands and clays,mixtures of ionic liquid and dichloromethane,and concentrated bitumen layer.The results demonstrated that[Emim][BF_(4)]increased the bitumen recovery up to 92%.Much less clay fines were found in the recovered bitumen than those formed by using dichloromethane solvent extraction alone,and the dichloromethane residue was not detected in the spent sands.We proposed that[Emim][BF_(4)]had an ability to reduce the adhesion of bitumen to sand,resulting in an improved separation efficiency.Furthermore,[Emim][BF_(4)]could facilitate the transfer of the extracted bitumen to the surface interface,and then the bitumen was auto-partitioned to a separate immiscible phase for ease of harvesting.This technology circumvented the issue of high consumption of distillation energy due to separation of bitumen phase and low boiling point of dichloromethane.[Emim][BF_(4)]and dichloromethane could be readily recycled through the system and used repeatedly.After ten cycles,the bitumen recovery remained above 88%.Initial scale-up work suggested that this approach would form the basis for a viable large-scale process.

A novel experimental setup with sand trunk for heat extraction of geothermal heat exchanger

A novel experimental setup was developed to study the heat extraction of geothermal heat exchanger(GHE)in different operational modes under adiabatic and isothermal boundaries.The experimental setup consists of a sand trunk,a tailored water chiller,a natural cold source unit,two water boxes containing hot water and cool water,and a data acquisition system.The experimental results indicate that the volume flow rate of the entering water is a main factor affecting the heat extraction;furthermore,the heat extraction value per meter pipe decreases gradually along the heat extraction pipe and increases with the increase of the incoming water volume flow rate.Therefore,this novel experimental setup may be helpful to further study the operation performance of GHE in different types of soil.

Surface passivation and hole extraction:Bifunctional interfacial engineering toward high-performance all-inorganic CsPbIBr2 perovskite solar cells with efficiency exceeding 12%

All-inorganic CsPbIBr2perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have attracted considerable research attention in recent years due to their excellent thermal stability.However,their power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)are relatively low and still far below the theoretical limit.Here,we report the use of an organic dye molecule(namely VG1-C8)as a bifunctional interlayer between perovskite and the hole-transport layer in CsPbIBr2PSCs.Combined experimental and theoretical calculation results disclose that the multiple Lewis base sites in VG1-C8 can effectively passivate the trap states on the perovskite films.Meanwhile,theπ-conjugated dye molecule significantly accelerates the hole extraction from the perovskite absorber as evidenced by the photoluminescence analysis.Consequently,the VG1-C8 treatment simultaneously boosts the photovoltage and photocurrent density values from 1.26 V and 10.80 mA cm^(-2) to 1.31 V and 12.44 m A cm^(-2),respectively.This leads to a significant enhancement of PCE from 9.20%to12.10%under one sun irradiation(AM 1.5G).To our knowledge,this is the record efficiency reported so far for CsPbIBr_(2) PSCs.Thus,the present work demonstrates an effective interfacial passivation strategy for the development of highly efficient PSCs.

Selection of Extraction Solvents for Bitumen from Indonesian Oil Sands through Solubility Parameters

Indonesian oil sands were systematically separated to investigate their basic composition.The extraction effects of the solvents with different Hilderbrand solubility parameters(HSPs)on the bitumen of Indonesian oil sands were compared.Furthermore,the Hansen solubility combination parameter(HSCP)and Teas triangle were used to explore rules in the separation of oil sands bitumen via solvent extraction.Finally,the saturates,aromatics,resins,and asphaltenes(SARA)fractions of the bitumen from Indonesian oil sands were analyzed.The results showed that the Indonesian oil sands were oil-wet with a bitumen content of 24.93%.The solvent extraction for bitumen could be accurately and conveniently selected based on the solubility parameter.When the HSPs of the extraction solvent were around 18–19 and the HSCPs were closer to a certain range(δ_(d)=17.5–18.0,δ_(p)=1–3.5,and δ_(h)=2–6),the extraction effect of bitumen from Indonesian oil sands improved,and the primary component affecting the extraction rate of bitumen were asphaltenes.

Extraction of Energy Resources—Exploitation of the Canadian Oil Sands

Considerable reserves of oil sands are located in northernAlberta. Exploitation of these reserves has been instrumental in the development of theAlbertaeconomy. Mining and processing techniques, including “in situ” processing and surface mining/aqueous treatment, are presented. Oil assisted flotation and solvent extraction are discussed as possible future processing alternatives. Subsequent froth treatment and refining methods are described. The rapid expansion of bitumen processing in theFort McMurrayarea has drastically affectedAlberta’s economic, political and social policy. Corresponding strain has been placed on the regional ecosystem. A comparison between wind and bitumen as sources of energy is offered.

Garlic extract addition for soil improvement at various temperatures using enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) method

Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is an emerging technique to improve the soil and most studies are carried out at room temperature. However, considering some foundations are in high-temperature environments (>40 ℃), the higher urease activity at high temperature results in the solidification inhomogeneity, limiting the application of EICP. The higher urease activity at high temperature hampers the application of EICP because of solidification inhomogeneity. The garlic extract has been used as a type of urease inhibitor in medical science and food engineering. Here, we propose to use it to control urease activity for sand solidification at high temperature. The effects of garlic extract addition on urease activity and precipitation rates for calcium carbonate (CaCO_(3)) were studied. Extra tests were conducted to study the effect of garlic extract addition on the solidification homogeneity. The results showed that the garlic extract addition significantly decreased urease activity. To reduce the rate of CaCO3 precipitation at different temperatures, a suitable concentration of garlic extract was necessary to obtain a suitable urease activity. In the sand solidification test, garlic extract addition resulted in a smaller difference in sonic time values or CaCO_(3) contents at different parts of samples. The improved solidification homogeneity can achieve higher strength. The correlation between sonic time values and CaCO_(3) content was higher than that between CaCO3 content and strength. Appropriate concentrations of garlic extract were obtained at 35 ℃, 40℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, and 55 ℃. The proposed garlic extract addition method was significant to improve the homogeneity of solidified soil in practical engineering applications.

基于多尺度残差和注意力机制的图像去雾算法

雾的存在严重降低了图像的质量,阻碍了后续对图像的进一步处理.针对已有去雾算法特征提取不充分等问题,提出了一种端到端的基于多尺度空洞残差块和多尺度注意力机制的图像去雾算法.首先,通过三个小尺度的卷积核进行卷积运算提取雾图的浅层特征,可以在得到较大感受野的同时降低参数量.然后,将其输入多个由多尺度残差空洞卷积特征提取模块和多尺度注意力机制模块串联组成的网络模块,多尺度空洞卷积残差特征提取模块可以提取不同感受野的雾图特征并进行不同维度的特征融合,有效解决特征尺度单一问题;多尺度注意力机制模块可合理分配不同特征的权重,并抑制无关的冗余信息.最后,把雾图中的雾特征筛减便得到去雾图的特征图,再通过卷积操作恢复出无雾图像.通过在SOTS测试集上测试,得到了比其他几种经典方法更好的视觉效果,且在PSNR和SSIM上的表现也优于其他几种经典方法.

嵌岩低桩承台锁口钢管桩围堰设计与施工技术

昌九高铁扬子洲赣江公铁大桥西支主桥为(48+144+320+144+48)m无砟轨道钢箱桁组合梁斜拉桥。桥塔墩位于通航河道内,桥位处河床覆盖层浅,基岩强度高,基础由大直径钻孔桩和矩形嵌岩低桩承台组成,承台采用锁口钢管桩围堰施工方案。G33号主墩围堰平面设计尺寸54.56 m×28.52 m,锁口钢管桩采用Q345B材质∅1020 mm螺旋钢管,长28 m,钢管桩之间采用C-T形锁扣连接;围堰设置4层内支撑,单层内支撑设3道对撑,内支撑四角设型钢斜撑;基底设置混凝土垫层参与围堰结构受力。围堰采用XR360旋挖钻机在岩层中引孔,孔内换填细砂后插打钢管桩,钢管桩壁内、外两侧换填砂采用高压旋喷注浆加固。围堰设置智能化监测系统,对围堰受力、变形等进行实时动态监控。实践证明,该桥围堰结构安全可靠、止水效果良好、施工快捷高效。

地铁暗挖竖井深孔注浆止水施工技术研究

针对承压水粉细砂地层竖井施工发生流水涌砂及坍塌的难题,采用深孔注浆止水帷幕代替人工降水。通过对注浆帷幕的设计以及增加预防竖井侧壁滑塌的棚盖措施,有效阻隔了竖井开挖过程中的地下水,满足暗挖施工无水作业的条件。

生态友好型缓蚀剂蚕沙提取物的缓蚀性能

目的为拓展绿色缓蚀剂的范围,研究了盐酸介质中蚕沙提取物(SSE)对Q235钢的缓蚀性能。方法通过乙醇-丙酮回流法从蚕沙中提取获得SSE,通过红外光谱(FTIR)和紫外光谱(UV-vis)分析,确定了SSE的主要结构和在盐酸介质中的稳定性。其次,分别采用失重、动态电位极化(PDP)、阻抗谱(EIS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散光谱仪(EDS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和接触角测量等方法,研究了SSE对0.5 mol/L盐酸体系中Q235钢的缓蚀性能。通过拟合计算研究温度对动力学性能参数(活化能Ea、活化熵ΔSa0和活化焓ΔHa0)和吸附性能参数(吸附焓ΔH0ads、吸附熵ΔSads0和吸附自由能ΔGads0)的影响。结果SSE通过抑制本盐酸体系中的阴极和阳极反应,延缓了Q235钢的腐蚀,保护了试片,属于以抑制阳极反应为主的混合型绿色缓蚀剂。随着SSE浓度的提高,活性腐蚀部位被阻断,腐蚀速率降低,缓蚀效率提高。在293 K和SSE质量浓度为0.252 g/L的条件下,失重法测试SSE对试片的缓蚀率为94.84%。通过表面分析手段研究了SSE对Q235钢的缓蚀机理。结论SSE是一种在酸洗领域中具有较好缓蚀性能的环保型缓蚀剂,可以为蚕沙的综合利用提供更强的科技支持和更广阔的应用前景。

基于改进支持向量机的砂带磨损程度识别

为了准确判断砂带在磨削螺杆转子时的磨损程度,根据砂带磨损过程中表面图像颜色特征和纹理特征的变化规律,对砂带磨损程度进行识别。对磨削加工后砂带表面图像的纹理特征和颜色特征进行提取,根据不同磨削时间段螺杆转子表面粗糙度划分砂带磨损程度。支持向量机的分类性能受到自身核函数与惩罚函数的影响较大,因此提出利用天鹰优化算法对支持向量机的核参数与惩罚参数进行优化,建立AO-SVM砂带图像识别磨损程度模型。利用自主研发的螺杆转子专用砂带磨削装置完成实验。磨削参数设置如下:砂带线速度为10 m/s,工件轴向进给速度为50 mm/min,张紧轮的气缸压力为0.35 MPa,主动轮的气缸压力为0.5 MPa,磨削时间为25 min。AO-SVM对砂带磨损程度模型的识别准确率达到92.5%,比随机森林算法(RFC)和XGboost分类算法分别高出5.0%和3.6%,且收敛速度更快。AO-SVM模型可以通过砂带表面图像的颜色特征变化和纹理特征变化对砂带磨损程度进行识别,可以有效避免砂带磨损过度损伤工件,为砂带磨削螺杆转子时判断砂带的磨损程度和换带时间提供理论指导。

湿型砂铸造中的旧砂微粉回用工艺

针对湿型砂铸造中旧砂循环混配再利用时型砂综合性能欠佳,铸件砂眼、夹砂结疤的缺陷率高,铸件质量不稳定等问题,对型砂进行了检测和数据分析,通过对双盘冷却机旋风分离后的微粉进行充分回用,调节了型砂粒度分布,改善了型砂中微粉含量比例,保证了型砂性能相对稳定受控,降低了混砂辅料用量比例,节约了生产成本,降低了型砂对水分的敏感性,促进了改善型砂流动性,提升了型砂综合性能和铸型质量,有效降低了铸件产生砂眼、夹砂结疤缺陷的风险。

超临界CO_(2)压裂液对页岩储层支撑剂悬浮性能的影响因素分析

超临界CO_(2)压裂液的极低表观黏度导致了低携砂悬砂、漏失严重和压裂效果弱等诸多缺陷。针对超临界CO_(2)的上述缺陷,设计并合成了一种能显著提高CO_(2)压裂液黏度的增稠剂,并探索了不同地质条件(储层温度和储层压力)和化学剂等因素对CO_(2)悬砂性能的影响,同时揭示了超临界CO_(2)压裂液的悬砂机理。研究结果表明:较高含量的增稠剂不仅能够增加压裂液黏度,同时也能改善CO_(2)压裂液对颗粒的悬砂能力,0.5%(质量分数)的增稠剂可使CO_(2)压裂液黏度增大至3.2mPa·s,静置20 s的砂砾沉降量为0.5 g,沉降量低于纯CO_(2)压裂液(其表观黏度为0.04 mPa·s)时的1.7 g。此外,储层压力的升高也有助于提升超临界CO_(2)对颗粒的悬砂性能,而升高储层温度会降低超临界CO_(2)压裂液黏度和悬砂能力,此现象主要归因于超临界CO_(2)压裂液体系中微观网格密度的变化。通过以上研究,可为页岩储层的高效开采和超临界CO_(2)的应用提供切实有效的途径和方案。

基于边缘优先填充的自适应深度图像修复方法

针对传统深度图像空洞修复方法引起的物体边缘扭曲、模糊以及修复较大空洞速度缓慢的问题,提出了一种基于边缘优先填充的自适应深度图像修复方法。该方法利用多通道检测提取RGBD图像边缘,经过去除空洞虚假边缘和无用细节信息处理,生成物体的显著性边缘;将此边缘引入到图像修复过程中,优先填充空洞区域的边缘位置,有效解决边缘模糊虚化问题,使修复后的深度图像边缘结构清晰;在曲率驱动扩散(Curvature Driven Diffusion, CDD)模型的扩散项中引入梯度引导函数,使模型在空洞的平坦区域和边缘区域自适应地选择不同的扩散方向和扩散强度,实现对较大空洞区域的准确填充。实验结果表明,所提方法在RGBZ数据集上与其他方法进行比较,峰值信噪比(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, PSNR)和平均结构相似性(Mean Structural Similarity, MSSIM)分别提高了8~13 dB、0.009 9~0.021 4,在提高迭代效率的同时有效修复了较大空洞,保持了较为清晰完整的物体边缘轮廓信息。

矿井瓦斯抽采钻孔偏移特性研究

为避免井下瓦斯抽采钻孔发生轨迹偏移,出现瓦斯抽采盲区,产生瓦斯抽采空白带,首先以山西阳泉新景煤矿15121底抽巷、15124低位巷、15124回风巷为工程背景,测试穿层钻孔和顺层钻孔的偏移情况;然后利用均角全距法计算钻孔三维轨迹数值,并结合煤层赋存地质信息,绘制钻孔三维轨迹与煤岩三维层位关系可视化图,分析影响钻孔偏移的因素和拟合数据,并得出钻孔偏移特性。研究表明:穿层钻孔主要在细砂岩层开始偏移,且均在煤层段偏移变大,煤层段最大偏移量为0.52 m;顺层钻孔开孔倾角相近时,孔深越深终孔垂直偏差越大,40 m孔深平均垂直偏移量为1.37 m;小角度钻孔受重力影响较大,轨迹易发生偏移,大角度钻孔在垂直方向上向上或向下偏移,偏移量比小角度钻孔偏移量小;在水平方向上,底抽巷、低位巷、回风巷布孔间距分别缩短0.68、0.28、0.54 m。

一种基于图像处理的铁轨积沙检测方法

针对积沙检测实时性差、易受天气因素影响、积沙量化指标不明确等问题,提出了一种基于图像处理的铁轨积沙检测方法,使用单尺度Retinex算法处理了沙尘天气条件下的铁轨积沙图像,通过铁轨未积沙区域特征提取和最大类间方差法对含有阴影的铁轨积沙图像进行了阈值分割,综合两次图像分割结果并获取了积沙信息。此外,基于铁路沙害等级划分指标对提取的积沙信息进行了沙害等级划分,最终实现了不同天气条件下的铁轨积沙检测。结果表明,该方法能够在晴天和沙尘天气下准确获得铁轨积沙状况并根据对应沙害等级提供预警。

蚕沙提取物在盐溶液中的阻垢缓蚀性能研究

大多数合成缓蚀阻垢剂对环境的有害影响是研究环保型提取物的动机。采用红外光谱(FTIR)和紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)研究了蚕沙提取物(SSE)的主要成分;采用电导率、静态阻垢法,结合扫描电镜(SEM),研究了SSE作为阻垢剂在氯化钙盐溶液中的阻垢效果;采用电化学阻抗技术(EIS)和动电位极化曲线(PDP)研究其在模拟冷却水中的缓蚀性能。结果表明:SSE的主要成分为叶绿素;当SSE质量浓度达到30 mg/L以上时,对碳酸钙、硫酸钙的阻垢率都在90%以上,SSE可以抑制碳酸钙的过饱和,延长成核时间,并会使钙垢的晶型发生变化;SSE在盐溶液中对Q235钢具有良好的缓蚀效果,其缓蚀机理为SSE在Q235钢表面形成一层保护膜。SSE能起到阻垢、缓蚀双重作用,是一种潜在的新型、环境安全的缓蚀阻垢剂,适用于冷却水系统。

侧壁排烟口下方倾斜空气挡板促进侧向排烟效果研究

为了研究侧壁排烟效果随空气挡板倾斜角度的变化规律,探究了不同倾斜角度空气挡板作用下侧壁排烟口附近温度场与流速矢量场特征及排烟效率。结果发现:侧壁排烟口下方设置空气挡板可以有效抑制冷空气的流入,侧壁排烟效率得到明显提升。侧壁排烟口下方设置空气挡板后,排烟口附近热烟气流线明显增加,冷空气流线变得稀疏,排烟口区域高温烟气面积明显增加。当排烟口宽高比为1:2时,侧壁排烟效率随挡板倾斜角度(0≤θ≤45°)的增大而增大,在45°≤θ≤60°基本保持高位稳定,具有最佳排烟效果;当排烟口宽高比为2:1时,侧壁排烟效率随挡板倾斜角度(0≤θ≤30°)的增大而增大,在30°≤θ≤60°出现下降趋势,30°时达到排烟效率峰值。通过数据分析构建了现有条件下不同倾斜角度空气挡板作用下的侧壁排烟效率表征模型,可为隧道侧壁排烟系统设计提供相应技术参考。

夹砂层位置对膜孔灌氮肥自由入渗特性的影响

为了研究夹砂层位置对层状土膜孔灌氮肥自由入渗特性的影响,选用粉壤土和砂壤土,设置3个夹砂层位置进行膜孔灌自由入渗试验。结果表明,在夹砂层位置为距表层土5~10 cm,10~15 cm,15~20 cm的3种处理中,各处理的累积入渗量、湿润锋运移规律、湿润体内含水量、铵态氮和硝态氮分布规律均有所不同。夹砂层的位置越靠近表层,减渗效果越大,累积入渗量越小,水平方向湿润锋面运移距离越大;入渗过程可分为2个阶段,第1阶段是水分运动到土砂交界面之前,第2阶段是水分运动到土砂交界面后,利用Philip和Kostiakov入渗模型来描述累积入渗量与入渗历时之间的关系,模型拟合结果较好;层状土的土壤含水量分布具有不连续性,其铵态氮和硝态氮分布规律受夹砂层位置的影响较大。综上所述,夹砂层位置变化对膜孔灌氮肥自由入渗具有明显影响。