Improved hemimorphite flotation using xanthate as a collector with S(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) activation

The flotation of hemimorphite using the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process,which includes sulfidization with sodium sulfide,activation by lead cations,and subsequent flotation with xanthate,was investigated.The flotation results indicated that hemimorphite floats when the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process is used; a maximum recovery of approximately 90% was obtained.Zeta-potential,contact-angle,scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry(SEM–EDS),and diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS) measurements were used to characterize the activation products on the hemimorphite surface and their subsequent interaction with sodium butyl xanthate(SBX).The results showed that a Zn S coating formed on the hemimorphite surface after the sample was conditioned in an Na2 S solution.However,the formation of a Zn S coating on the hemimorphite surface did not improve hemimorphite flotation.With the subsequent addition of lead cations,Pb S species formed on the mineral surface.The formation of the Pb S species on the surface of hemimorphite significantly increased the adsorption capacity of SBX,forming lead xanthate(referred to as chemical adsorption) and leading to a substantial improvement in hemimorphite flotation.Our results indicate that the addition of lead cations is a critical step in the successful flotation of hemimorphite using the sulfidization–lead ion activation–xanthate process.

Effect of Preparation Method on Cu Active Sites and the Reaction Pathway in NO Reduction by NH3 over Cu–SSZ-13

To study the infl uence of the preparation method on Cu active sites and the reaction pathway in NO reduction by NH 3 over Cu-SSZ-13, three kinds of catalysts (Cu ion-exchanged SSZ-13 1 , one-pot synthesis Cu-SSZ-13 2 , and Ce 0.017 -Fe 0.017 /Cu- SSZ-13 [Ce and Fe ion exchange on the basis of Cu-SSZ-13 2 ]) were prepared. In situ diff use refl ectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and H 2 temperature program reduction were used to study the diff erences in the reaction pathways and Cu active sites over the three kinds of catalysts. Density functional theory was employed to study the eff ect of active sites on the reaction pathway. In situ DRIFTS showed that the reaction pathway on Cu-SSZ-13 1 during NO oxidation was diff erent from that on Cu-SSZ-13 2 and Ce 0.017 -Fe 0.017 /Cu-SSZ-13. The diff erence was that intermediate NO 2 was involved in the selective catalytic reduction reaction on Cu-SSZ-13 1 , whereas NO 2 was not found during the reaction process on Cu-SSZ-13 2 and Ce 0.017 -Fe 0.017 /Cu-SSZ-13. H 2 -TPR studies revealed that the three catalysts had diff erent Cu active sites, which were located in the six-membered ring, eight-membered ring, and CHA cage. On the basis of DFT studies, NO and O 2 were more conducive to form nitrate when the Cu species was on the six- and eight-membered rings;by contrast, NO and O 2 were more conducive to form NO 2 in the cage. These results showed that diff erent preparation methods led to various Cu active sites, and varying Cu active sites could lead to diff erent NO oxidation processes.

Combined Active Islanding Detection Method for Grid-connected Photovoltaic System

Unintentional islanding phenomenon has been one of the most important problems of gridconnected photovoltaic inverters. To prevent this phenomenon, all kinds of anti-islanding methods have been discussed. This paper presents a combined active islanding detection method, which consists of active frequency drift method and automatic phase-shift method. The traditional active anti-islanding methods of grid-connected PV inverters bear nondetection zone possibilities for certain paralleled RLC loads. The combined method shows islanding detection ability effectively, and it can eliminate nondetection zones even in the worst case conditions. Simulation in different load conditions is performed for verification.

Activation and surface reactions of CO and H2 on ZnO powders and nanoplates under CO hydrogenation reaction conditions

Activation and surface reactions of CO and H2 on ZnO powders and nanoplates under CO hydrogenation reaction conditions were(quasi) in situ studied using temperature programmed surface reaction spectra, diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance. CO undergoes disproportion reaction to produce gaseous CO2 and surface carbon adatoms, and adsorbs to form surface formate species. H2 adsorption forms dominant irreversibly-adsorbed surface hydroxyl groups and interstitial H species and very minor surface Zn-H species. Surface formate species and hydroxyl groups react to produce CO2 and H2, while surface carbon adatoms are hydrogenated by surface Zn-H species sequentially to produce CH(a), CH2(a), CH3(a)and eventually gaseous CH4. The ZnO nanoplates, exposing a higher fraction of Zn-ZnO(0001) and OZnO(000–1) polar facets, are more active than the ZnO powders to catalyze CO hydrogenation to CH4.These results provide fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanisms and structural effects of CO hydrogenation reaction catalyzed by ZnO-based catalysts.

Drift Control Technology Using Wire-Suspension for the Airgun Source Platform in Qilian Mountain

There are several key issues in dynamic monitoring of subsurface structures,such as signal-to-noise ratio( SNR),repeatability of seismic sources and accurate measurement of velocity. Using a large volume airgun source,we constructed a high-performance active system which mainly consists of airgun excitation and signal reception. In order to reduce the platform drift from the shot position,we put forward the platform drift control technique. Experimental results show that the technique can effectively solve the problem of platform drift from the set position under fluid impact after airgun excitation. The results of this study can be a reference for repeated airgun source detection at certain excitation sites.

Improved Active Islanding Detection Technique for Multi-Inverter Power System

Due to the increased penetration of multi-inverter distributed generation(DG)systems,different DG technologies,inverter control methods,and other inverter functions are challenging the capabilities of islanding detection.In addition,multi-inverter networks connecting the distribution system point of common coupling(PCC)create islanding at paralleling inverters,which adds the vulnerability of islanding detection.Furthermore,available islanding detection must overcome more challenges from non-detection zones(NDZs)under reduced power mismatches.Therefore,in this study,a new method called parameter self-adapting active islanding detection was utilized to minimize the dilution effect and reduce NDZs in multi-inverter power systems.The method utilizes an active frequency drift(AFD)method and applies a positive feedback gain of adoption parameters,which significantly minimizes NDZs at parallel inverters.The simulation and experimental outcomes indicate that the proposed method can effectively weaken the dilution effect in multi-inverter networks connecting the distribution system PCC.

非平衡概念漂移数据流主动学习方法

数据流分类研究在开放、动态环境中如何提供更可靠的数据驱动预测模型,关键在于从实时到达且不断变化的数据流中检测并适应概念漂移.目前,为检测概念漂移和更新分类模型,数据流分类方法通常假设所有样本的标签都是已知的,这一假设在真实场景下是不现实的.此外,真实数据流可能表现出较高且不断变化的类不平衡比率,会进一步增加数据流分类任务的复杂性.为此,提出一种非平衡概念漂移数据流主动学习方法 (Active learning method for imbalanced concept drift data stream, ALM-ICDDS).定义基于多预测概率的样本预测确定性度量,提出边缘阈值矩阵的自适应调整方法,使得标签查询策略适用于类别数较多的非平衡数据流;提出基于记忆强度的样本替换策略,将难区分、少数类样本和代表当前数据分布的样本保存在记忆窗口中,提升新基分类器的分类性能;定义基于分类精度的基分类器重要性评价及更新方法,实现漂移后的集成分类器更新.在7个合成数据流和3个真实数据流上的对比实验表明,提出的非平衡概念漂移数据流主动学习方法的分类性能优于6种概念漂移数据流学习方法.

非平衡数据流在线主动学习方法

数据流分类是数据流挖掘领域一项重要研究任务,目标是从不断变化的海量数据中捕获变化的类结构.目前,几乎没有框架可以同时处理数据流中常见的多类非平衡、概念漂移、异常点和标记样本成本高昂问题.基于此,提出一种非平衡数据流在线主动学习方法(Online active learning method for imbalanced data stream,OALM-IDS).AdaBoost是一种将多个弱分类器经过迭代生成强分类器的集成分类方法,AdaBoost.M2引入了弱分类器的置信度,此类方法常用于静态数据.定义了基于非平衡比率和自适应遗忘因子的训练样本重要性度量,从而使AdaBoost.M2方法适用于非平衡数据流,提升了非平衡数据流集成分类器的性能.提出了边际阈值矩阵的自适应调整方法,优化了标签请求策略.将概念漂移程度融入模型构建过程中,定义了基于概念漂移指数的自适应遗忘因子,实现了漂移后的模型重构.在6个人工数据流和4个真实数据流上的对比实验表明,提出的非平衡数据流在线主动学习方法的分类性能优于其他5种非平衡数据流学习方法.

QC小组活动在金川水电站混凝土防渗墙施工中的应用

金川水电站工程截流后,为确保坝址下游及工程防汛安全、工程发电工期目标按期实现,针对深厚含漂(孤)石覆盖层基础,通过QC小组活动,创新研发含漂地层混凝土防渗墙优质高效造孔方法,提前完成主河床围堰防渗墙造孔施工,并产生223.63万元经济效益。

基于概念漂移检测的数字孪生流程预测模型

预测性流程监控可以在业务流程运行过程中提供及时的信息,以便采取措施来应对潜在风险,如何提高流程预测的准确度一直受到高度关注。现有的研究方法大部分都在静态环境下引入,很少有结合数字孪生技术用于动态环境的流程预测。为此,提出了一个基于概念漂移检测的方法,并构建数字孪生流程预测模型(digital twin based on concept drift,DTBCD)预测下一个活动。首先利用事件流行为关系和权重散度将流程中的活动进行特征提取,得到数据流的特征集,其次进行漂移检测,动态选择特征集输入人工智能模型中训练并预测下一个活动,然后运用物联网和云计算等先进技术创建数字孪生虚拟环境,最后得到基于概念漂移的数字孪生模型。通过公开可用的数据集进行评估分析,实验结果表明,提出的方法能够有效提高预测的准确性。

单极性调制并网逆变器分析与设计

面对愈加严峻的能源短缺和环境保护方面的压力,世界各国不断提高清洁能源供应占比,分布式发电技术逐步成为热点研究领域。逆变器作为电能变换的装置,是发电并网系统的关键环节,其可靠、高效能运行是当前重要的研究领域。该文以非隔离型单相并网系统为研究对象,通过分析并网逆变器工作原理,对全桥并网系统软硬件参数进行分析设计;在单极性调制基础上,考虑网压前馈进行逆变器电压电流控制系统设计;利用旋转坐标系,将加上信号滤波进行PLL控制设计。基于上述方案搭建并网逆变器样机,实测逆变器输出波形谐波含量低,频率幅值满足并网要求,实验证明设计方案的合理性、可行性、有效性。

基于谐波电压突变与盲区识别的自适应混合式孤岛检测法

孤岛检测技术是分布式光伏规模化接入配电网的关键技术。正反馈主动移频法(active frequency drift with positive feedback,AFDPF)是目前应用最广泛的主动式孤岛检测法之一,针对其存在的对电能质量影响大、可靠性差的问题,提出一种基于谐波电压突变与盲区识别的自适应混合式孤岛检测法。首先,提出以突变量检测加延时的方式替代传统谐波电压检测法的总谐波失真(total harmonic distortion,THD)值整定,构建孤岛保护启动判据;其次,基于过/欠压及过/欠频法的检测盲区识别,构建扰动自适应注入判据;最后,基于判据系数以及频率波动,完成传统AFDPF的自适应改进,并推导检测无盲区时正反馈系数的取值范围。仿真结果表明,该方法可有效过滤非孤岛工况,避免因不必要扰动注入引起的电能质量下降问题,通过选择合适的正反馈系数,改进AFDPF检测快速且不存在盲区。所提方法可兼顾快速性、可靠性、实用性和电能质量等多方面因素,对于分布式光伏规模化接入配电网的孤岛检测问题研究具有重要意义。

主动式移频法改进及其在孤岛检测中的应用

针对传统AFDPF法在孤岛检测中检测慢、谐波大以及盲区大的缺点,提出一种变频率正反馈系数的算法,并对该算法进行了相应的仿真研究。结果表明,新算法与传统AFDPF法相比,孤岛检测时间缩短了约三个电网周期,逆变器输出电流的总谐波失真度(THD)由0.96%下降至0.46%。

主动移频法在光伏并网逆变器并联运行下的孤岛检测机理研究

孤岛检测是光伏并网逆变器所必备的功能。在各种孤岛检测技术中,主动移频法及改进后的带正反馈主动移频法被广泛采用。该类方法通过对逆变器输出电流的频率进行扰动来实现孤岛检测。目前针对该类方法的研究主要集中在单台逆变器。该文采用相位原理和基于负载品质因数与谐振频率坐标系的盲区空间理论,对多机并联工作方式下主动移频法及带正反馈的主动移频法之间的相互影响及孤岛检测有效性进行深入理论分析,揭示了多机并联下孤岛检测可靠性与工作条件的关系,仿真与实验验证了理论分析的正确性。

主动移频式孤岛检测方法的参数优化

孤岛检测是光伏系统并网必备的功能,要求既能快速检测出孤岛状态,同时又尽量减少对电网的不良影响。孤岛检测性能的好坏不仅取决于所采用的孤岛检测策略,也取决于检测策略中参数的设置是否合理,但目前的研究在参数优化的理论指导方面严重不足。该文通过对主动移频式孤岛检测方法的检测盲区进行分析,推导了带线性正反馈主动移频式(active frequency drift with positive feedback,AFDPF)孤岛检测方法的盲区大小与反馈增益间的关系,并得出特定负载下孤岛检测无盲区AFDPF反馈增益的取值范围,从而为AFDPF孤岛检测方法的参数优化提供了理论指导。

海南地区电离层漂移对F10.7响应的分析研究

根据海南地区2002年3月～2004年3月期间的电离层等离子体漂移观测数据，分析了东亚低纬地区（海南）电离层等离子体漂移对太阳F10.7指数的响应特性.结果表明：（1）F10.7指数的强弱对垂直漂移速度的影响在春秋季最大，夏季次之，冬季影响较小；一天中又以日出日落附近影响最为显著，夜间次之，日间最小.（2）F10.7指数强弱对经向漂移没有显著的影响.（3）晚间东向漂移随F10.7增大而增强，日间F10.7弱时有强的西向漂移.（4）与赤道地区（Jicamarca 站）相比较，东亚低纬度地区电离层漂移对F10.7的响应有着较大的差异.

北京市永定河河滩流动沙地风沙活动分析

风蚀是塑造地貌景观格局的基本过程之一,也是土地荒漠化的一个过程。在永定河河滩流动沙地风沙活动季节进行试验观测,选择河滩流动沙地以及周边稀疏草地为研究材料,通过对试验样地的风沙流活动、粗糙度、沙丘运移等进行了定位与半定位试验观测,并对流动沙地以及周边稀疏荒草地的风沙流活动特点和影响因子进行了分析。

腾格里沙漠东南缘输沙势与最大可能输沙量之比较

利用腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头站20年风况自记资料,计算了输沙势和最大可能输沙量,深入研究了二者之间的定量关系。另外,通过矢量合成法则,对合成输沙势和合成输沙量的关系也做了进一步研究。输沙势和最大可能输沙量不仅在量值上关系显著,而且在16个方位上的分布规律也存在一定的相关性。

WO3/TiO2-ZrO2脱硝催化剂制备及其NH3活化机理

采用共沉淀法制备了WO3/TiO2-ZrO2脱硝催化剂,并用固定床反应器进行活性评价,采用BET、XRD、TPD、氨气吸附漫反射FT-IR进行表征。结果显示,ZrO2掺杂增强了TiO2的Lewis酸性;负载WO3之后,位于3.1~1.7nm之间孔隙的稳定性显著增强;NH3的吸附与活化分别由TiO2-ZrO2载体和WO3完成;WO3中W元素强大的电负性,促进了NH3的N—H键由共价键向离子键过渡,进而导致了NH3的活化。脱硝活性结果显示：当WO3含量为9%（质量）时,催化剂脱硝活性最高,并在320~420℃的温度窗口保持94%以上。（9%）WO3/TiO2-ZrO2具有更加稳定的孔隙结构（4.4~1.7nm）,表面Br？nsted酸中心数量增加,Lewis酸中心的强度和酸量增加的幅度最大,NH3-SCR过程中的活性中间产物NH2的吸收峰更加明显,这些特征可能是其脱硝活性最好的原因。

任意阶无漂移全极点有源低通滤波器的原理与实现

本文提出了一种有源低通滤波器的无漂移基本节电路，并将它推广到任意阶无漂移全极点有源低通滤波器的实现，给出了一般的电路结构，系统的设计方法和工程实验结果。这种滤波器具有良好的低漂移，低元件灵敏度特性，具有实际的工程应用价值。