Genome-Wide Discovery and Expression Profiling of the SWEET Sugar Transporter Gene Family in Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) under Developmental and Stress Conditions: Structural and Evolutionary Analysis

The SWEET(sugar will eventually be exported transporter)family proteins are a recently identified class of sugar transporters that are essential for various physiological processes.Although the functions of the SWEET proteins have been identified in a number of species,to date,there have been no reports of the functions of the SWEET genes in woodland strawberries(Fragaria vesca).In this study,we identified 15 genes that were highly homolo-gous to the A.thaliana AtSWEET genes and designated them as FvSWEET1–FvSWEET15.We then conducted a structural and evolutionary analysis of these 15 FvSWEET genes.The phylogenetic analysis enabled us to categor-ize the predicted 15 SWEET proteins into four distinct groups.We observed slight variations in the exon‒intron structures of these genes,while the motifs and domain structures remained highly conserved.Additionally,the developmental and biological stress expression profiles of the 15 FvSWEET genes were extracted and analyzed.Finally,WGCNA coexpression network analysis was run to search for possible interacting genes of FvSWEET genes.The results showed that the FvSWEET10 genes interacted with 20 other genes,playing roles in response to bacterial and fungal infections.The outcomes of this study provide insights into the further study of FvSWEET genes and may also aid in the functional characterization of the FvSWEET genes in woodland strawberries.

Effects of sand-fixing and windbreak forests on wind flow:a synthesis of results from field experiments and numerical simulations

Sand-fixing and windbreak forests are widely used to protect or/and improve the ecological environments in arid and semi-arid regions. A full understanding of wind flow characteristics is essential to arranging the patterns of these protective forests for enhancing the effectiveness. In this study, the wind velocity over the underlying surface with sand-fixing forests and windbreak forests at the heights of 1–49 m was monitored from two 50-m high observation towers in an oasis of Minqin, Gansu Province of China. The wind velocities were simulated at different locations over these protective forests between those two towers by a two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics（CFD） model. The results showed that at the heights of 1–49 m, the wind velocity profiles followed a classical logarithm law at the edge of the oasis and a multilayer structure inside the oasis. With increasing number of sand-fixing forest and windbreak forest arrays, the wind velocity at the heights of 1–49 m generally decreased along the downstream direction of the prevailing wind. Specifically, below the height of windbreak forests, the wind velocity decelerates as the airflow approaches to the windbreak forests and then accelerates as the airflow passes over the windbreak forests. In contrast, above the height of windbreak forests, the wind velocity accelerates as the airflow approaches to the windbreak forests and then generally decelerates as the airflow passes over the windbreak forests. Both the array number and array spacing of sand-fixing and windbreak forests could influence the wind velocity. The wind protection effects of sand-fixing forests were closely related to the array spacing of windbreak forests and increased with the addition of sand-fixing forests when the array of the forests was adequately spaced. However, if the array spacing of windbreak forests was smaller than seven times of the heights of windbreak forests, the effects were reduced or completely masked by the effects of windbreak forests. The results could offer theoretical guidelines on how to systematically arrange the patterns of sand-fixing and windbreak forests for preventing wind erosion in the most convenient and the cheapest ways.

Wind-proof and sand-fixing effects of Artemisia ordosica with different coverages in the Mu Us Sandy Land,northern China

Wind erosion is a key global environmental problem and has many adverse effects.The Mu Us Sandy Land of northern China is characterized by an arid climate,where vegetation patches and bare sand patches are usually distributed mosaically,and aeolian activities occur frequently.Vegetation plays a significant role in controlling wind erosion.Artemisia ordosica is the most dominant native plant species in the Mu Us Sandy Land.It is urgent to study the wind-proof and sand-fixing effects of Artemisia ordosica in the Mu Us Sandy Land.This study analyzed the wind-proof and sand-fixing effects of Artemisia ordosica based on the field data of wind regimes,aeolian sediment transport,and surface change of Artemisia ordosica plots with four coverages(denoted as site A,site B,site C,and site D)in the Mu Us Sandy Land during the period from 1 June 2018 to 29 June 2019.The coverages of Artemisia ordosica at site A,site B,site C,and site D were 2%,16%,29%,and 69%,respectively.The annual average wind speeds at 2.0 m height above the ground for site A,site B,site C,and site D were 3.47,2.77,2.21,and 1.97 m/s,respectively.The annual drift potentials were 193.80,69.72,15.05,and 6.73 VU at site A,site B,site C,and site D,respectively.The total horizontal aeolian sediment fluxes during the period from 2-3 June 2018 to 6 June 2019 at site A,site B,site C,and site D were 4633.61,896.80,10.54,and 6.14 kg/m,respectively.Site A had the largest surface changes,and the surface changes at site B were significantly weaker than those at site A,whereas the surface changes at site C and site D were minimal.The results indicated that Artemisia ordosica significantly reduced the wind speed,drift potential,aeolian sediment transport,and surface changes.The higher the coverage of Artemisia ordosica is,the more obvious the effects of wind-proof and sand-fixing.Wind erosion would be effectively controlled in the Mu Us Sandy Land if the coverage of Artemisia ordosica is greater than 29%.These results provide a scientific basis for evaluating the ecosystem service function of Artemisia ordosica and the vegetation protection and construction projects in the Mu Us Sandy Land.

Preparation and Water Retention Properties of Clay-based Sand-fixing and Grass-planting Materials

Targeting the problem of available water conservation in sand fixation, the sand-fixing and grass-planting materials were prepared with clay modified by emulsifying vegetable waxes and octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether （OP4）. The water retention property was studied in simulating desertification environmental climate and the materials were characterized by means of UV-Vis, SEM, FTIR, XRD and TGA measurements. The experimental result showed that the materials had excellent water retention properties, due to that vegetable waxes adhered evenly to clay particle surfaces, made the clay pores changing from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and so inhibited the water evaporation. Grass-planting experiment showed that, with reasonable mass ratio of clay, vegetable waxes and surfactant, the materials not only inhibited water evaporation but also maintained sound air permeability so shat the germination rate and survival rate of grass were significantly improved.

Sand-fixing characteristics of Carex brunnescens and its application with straw checkerboard technique in restoration of degraded alpine meadows

Carex brunnescens（Pers.）, a typical clonal species, is considered to be the only herb found to date that can develop on sand dunes in Maqu alpine region of northwestern China. However, the characteristics that C. brunnescens resists to harsh alpine environment have not been documented. In this study, we conducted a field investigation to determine the morphological, reproductive, and sand-fixing characteristics of C. brunnescens. Concomitantly, we transplanted the belowground rhizomes of C. brunnescens to sand dunes and compared the abilities to restore degraded alpine meadows among sand dunes that had no further treatment（SD＋N）, sand dunes that had straw checkerboard technique but no transplanted rhizomes of C. brunnescens（SD＋SCT）, and sand dunes that had both SCT and transplanted rhizomes of C. brunnescens（SD＋SCT＋P）. We found that belowground vertical rhizomes and horizontal rhizomes（including branching rhizomes and main rhizomes） of C. brunnescens were highly developed and that population reproduction was dominated by horizontal rhizomes. C. brunnescens exhibited a significant sand-fixation effect under following conditions： population density was 145–156 ramets/m^2, vegetation cover was 31.2%–39.3%, total length of belowground rhizomes was 11,223 cm/m^2, total length of belowground first-order roots was 9161–10,524 cm/m^2, fresh weight of aboveground part was 198.5–212.6 g/m^2, and fresh weight of belowground part was 578.8–612.4 g/m^2. It should be particularly noted that SD＋SCT＋P treatment（sand dunes that had both straw checkerboard technique and transplanted rhizomes of C. brunnescens） was the best and SD＋N（sand dunes that had no further treatment） was the worst in terms of following biotic indicators： total number of reproductive ramets, total number of belowground rhizomes, and fresh weight of aboveground and belowground parts of C. brunnescens, contents of soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, and microbial biomass nitrogen. It implies that applying SCT in sand dunes and transplanting belowground rhizomes to sand dunes with SCT could improve both soil fertility and growth of C. brunnescens. These results suggest that the SCT-promoted high reproductive abilities of belowground rhizomes of C. brunnescens can successfully facilitate the establishment of ramets and can thus be an effective strategy to restore degraded vegetation in Maqu alpine region of northwestern China.

Legacy effects of historical woodland changes on contemporary plant functional composition

Considering the legacy of plant functional composition can help assess ecosystem functions and ecosystem services across different spatial scales under land cover changes.Woody plants likely respond to natural and anthropogenic perturbations due to historical events(e.g.,agricultural development),thus contemporary plant functional composition may be explained by historical woodland change,a type of land cover change.We propose that historical woodland changes may have legacy effects on contemporary plant functional composition.Here,we used partial least squares regression and linear mixed model analyses to test this assumption by coupling data on community weighted means(CWM)and community weighted variance(CWV)of vegetation plots and calculating the time of woodland existence across different periods from AD 0 to 2017.We found that the legacy effects of historical land cover changes on CWM and CWV during the existence time of woodland,particularly from AD 0 to 900,were drivers of contemporary plant functional composition at large spatial scales.Furthermore,historical woodland changes can affect contemporary plant functional composition,depending on the biome type.Particularly,the CWM of plant height,seed mass,and seed length showed the strongest correlations with woodland changes from AD 1910 to 2010 in tropics with year-round rain,and the CWM of leaf traits correlated with woodland changes from AD 0 to 1700 in tropics with summer rain.Our study provides the effective evidence on the legacy of historical woodland changes and the effects on contemporary plant functional composition,which is crucial with respect to effective management of plant diversity and assessing ecosystem functions and services from local to global scales over time.

生草对山核桃林地土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的影响

山核桃林下设置3种人工生草(油菜、绵枣儿、野豌豆)及清耕(对照)4个处理,种植4年后,采用高通量测序技术分析各处理土壤微生物群落结构及多样性,研究不同处理微生物与环境因子关联性。结果表明:山核桃林下不同生草处理占优势地位的土壤细菌群落为酸杆菌门和变形菌门,油菜处理上层(0~10 cm)土壤较下层(20~40 cm)变形菌门的相对丰度提高71.41%;各生草处理占优势地位的真菌群落为子囊菌门、担子菌门和球囊菌门,上层(0~10 cm)土壤球囊菌门相对丰度较对照分别提高202.81%、193.90%、65.04%,各生草处理上层土壤细菌群落物种组成均匀度较高且物种丰富,油菜处理上层土壤Chao1、Shannon、Ace指数显著高于其他生草处理。土壤真菌群落的多样性指数各处理间均未达到显著性差异。树状聚类图显示,不同生草处理对土壤的细菌、真菌群落均具有显著的影响。基于门水平下土壤群落结构和环境因子的典范对应分析(CCA)可知,细菌群落结构与pH、全磷、有效磷呈极显著正相关,与有机质呈显著正相关;真菌群落结构与pH呈极显著正相关,与全磷、有效磷、过氧化氢酶呈显著正相关。这说明不同生草处理对山核桃林地土壤微生物影响较大,选择适宜的生草种类可改善土壤微生物群落结构,提高细菌群落物种组成均匀度及丰富度,其中油菜综合效果最好。

The Woodlands,麦克哈格的自然世界

The Woodlands,是Ian McHarg最有影响力的项目之一,是美国历史上第一座以生态学理论为主导的新城规划。以采用生态水文设计、原生植物保护、建立野生动物廊道等生态学方法而闻名。该城的建设在维持城市自然景观格局、保护生物栖息地及预防雨洪等方面堪称典范,对我国城市雨洪管理和风景园林设计具有借鉴价值。

面向林地环境的四足机器人自主定位方法

林地是四足机器人野外作业的典型场景,其树木多且间距小,对四足机器人快速导航的定位频率和精度提出了更高的要求。采用腿部里程计定位可以获得较高的更新频率,但林地地面松软、凹凸不平等会引起足端打滑,使其精度降低;而激光雷达定位,虽然林地环境特征丰富,但其存在一定匹配误差且更新频率低,也难以满足快速导航要求。针对此问题,提出了一种适用于林地环境的自主定位方法,采用腿部里程计去除激光雷达点云畸变,并分别提取林地地面和树干特征进行匹配,提高激光雷达定位精度;在激光雷达2次定位之间采用中值和窗口滤波融合腿部里程计的插值数据,提高定位频率。在林地实验中,四足机器人行走110 m,最终偏移为0.09 m,在设定路线导航下最终定位值与期望值相差0.2 m,定位频率500 Hz,四足机器人能准确顺利地完成导航任务。

铁还原和硫酸盐还原对红壤中二苯砷酸释放与硫化的影响

二苯砷酸(Diphenylarsinic acid,DPAA)是含砷化学武器在环境中的主要降解产物之一,研究铁还原和硫酸盐还原对土壤中DPAA释放与硫化的影响对于深入认识DPAA的环境地球化学行为至关重要。考察了在淹水和添加不同浓度乳酸钠(C)和硫酸钠(S)培养时花生地和林地红壤中DPAA的释放与硫化情况,并分析铁还原和硫酸盐还原的影响。结果显示:(1)对花生地而言,与不添加硫酸钠和乳酸钠(S-C-)以及仅添加硫酸钠(426μg·g^(–1),以S计,S+C-)的处理相比,同时添加硫酸钠和乳酸钠(1300μg·g^(–1)(以C计,下同),S+C+;2170μg·g^(–1),S+C++)的处理中DPAA释放明显增强,这与乳酸钠促进了铁还原(>45%)从而有利于DPAA的释放有关;(2)在花生地的S+C+处理中硫酸盐还原最为显著(13周时溶解态硫化物浓度为11.28 mg·L^(–1)),DPAA的去除率(59.6%)最高且主要发生硫化,而在S+C++处理中铁还原程度的增加和硫酸盐还原程度的降低不利于DPAA的硫化;(3)与花生地不同,无论是否添加乳酸钠和硫酸盐,林地中未见DPAA的释放与硫化现象,这与其铁还原程度较低(<25%)和硫酸盐未发生还原(未检测到溶解态硫化物)有关;(4)与林地相比,花生地中梭菌属、芽孢杆菌属和脱硫芽孢杆菌属的丰度明显增加,这很可能分别促进了铁还原和硫酸盐还原,最终对DPAA释放和硫化产生了更显著的影响。总体而言,与铁还原促进DPAA的释放和进一步的硫化相比,硫酸盐的还原程度以及溶液相中硫化物的浓度很可能是控制淹水红壤中DPAA硫化的一个更重要的因素。研究结果将为深入认识DPAA的环境行为和发展DPAA污染红壤的生物刺激修复技术提供理论基础。

喀斯特地区典型植被根系对优先流的影响

[目的]揭示西南喀斯特地区优先流特征及根系对其影响,明确不同植被类型根系对优先流程度的影响,为当地植被恢复和水源涵养提供依据。[方法]以云南喀斯特地区3种典型林分为研究对象,采用野外染色示踪和统计分析相结合的方法,获得优先流形态特征与染色面积比,结合植物根长密度等4个根系特征参数,运用单因素方差法分析不同林分类型下的优先流程度。[结果](1) 3种典型林分根系特征总体呈现天然次生林>天然混交林>人工纯林。(2)不同林分最大染色深度为20—30 cm,随深度增加呈现减少的趋势,垂直剖面和水平剖面均反映出土壤水分发生侧渗。(3) 0—2 cm土层出现基质流,随着土层加深其余染色剖面呈指状或漏斗状流动,并显示出明显的根系路径。混交林中优先流主要的运移方式是垂直下渗,而纯林横向流发育程度较高,天然次生林的优先流比最大且长度指数最小,表明复杂的根系结构能有效加强水分在土壤中的运移深度。[结论]3种典型林分根系特征参数与优先流发育密切相关且均有促进作用,但不同林分类型根系指标与优先流发育程度相关性不同。天然次生林的根系指标均呈现负相关关系;人工纯林的根长密度和根表面积密度呈现正相关关系,根体积密度和根生物量密度呈现负相关关系;天然混交林的根系指标均呈现正相关关系。

Twenty years of population dynamics in European beech-oak forest at their rear range margin anticipate changes in its structure and composition

There is an increasing interest in restoring degraded forests,which occupy half of the forest areas.Among the forms of restoration,passive restoration,which involves the elimination of degrading factors and the free evolution of natural dynamics by applying minimal or no management,is gaining attention.Natural dynamics is difficult to predict due to the influence of multiple interacting factors such as climatic and edaphic conditions,composition and abundance of species,and the successional character of these species.Here,we study the natural dynamics of a mixed forest located in central Spain,which maintained an open forest structure,due to intensive use,until grazing and cutting were banned in the 1960s.The most frequent woody species in this forest are Fagus sylvatica,Quercus petraea,Quercus pyrenaica,Ilex aquifolium,Sorbus aucuparia,Sorbus aria and Prunus avium,with contrasting shade and drought tolerance.These species are common in temperate European deciduous forest and are found here near their southern distribution limit,except for Q.pyrenaica.In order to analyze forest dynamics and composition,three inventories were carried out in 1994,2005 and 2015.Our results show that,despite the Mediterranean influence,the natural dynamics of this forest has been mainly determined by different levels of shade tolerance.After the abandonment of grazing and cutting,Q.pyrenaica expanded rapidly due to its lower shade tolerance,whereas after canopy closure and forest densification,shade-tolerant species gained ground,particularly F.sylvatica,despite its lower drought and late-frost tolerance.If the current dynamics continue,F.sylvatica will overtake the rest of the species,which will be relegated to sites with shallow soils and steep slopes.Simultaneously,all the multi-centennial beech trees,which are undergoing a rapid mortality and decline process,will disappear.

云龙天池自然保护区林地景观格局分析及发展对策

以天池自然保护区二类调查数据为基础,运用景观格局分析方法,选取斑块数量(PN)、斑块类型面积(CA)、斑块平均大小(MPS)、景观百分比(PLAND)、斑块密度(PD)、分离度(F)、景观多样性指数(SHDI)8个景观指标,借助Fragstats4.2软件和ArcGIS10.8软件,从景观格局的斑块特征、异质性及多样性3个方面分析保护区的林地景观格局。结果表明:天池自然保护区林地景观格局类型较为丰富,针叶林景观为优势景观,破碎化程度较低,林地景观的连通性较强。并提出发展建议:保护和利用优势林地景观,合理规划林地功能,建设智慧林草。

基于游戏化设计思想的小学网站建设——谈英国Woodlands Junior School网站给我们的启示

小学网站作为数字化学习资源的重要组成部分,在小学教育中发挥着不可替代的作用。本文介绍了英国Woodlands Junior School网站的总体构架和内容模块,分析了该网站的设计思想和特色,阐述了该网站值得我国小学网站建设借鉴的几点启示。

建设项目使用林地可行性报告编制流程分析

随着我国经济的快速发展,人民生活水平逐步提高,各类建设项目也越来越多。为了对林地资源进行科学利用和合理保护,需要对建设项目使用林地的可行性进行分析论证。该文总结近年来从事林地征占项目的经验,对使用林地可行性报告编制流程进行梳理,为同类型的可行性报告编制提供参考。

1990—2020年黄河源区林地面积与生态需水量的时空变化

【目的】探讨1990—2020年黄河源区林地面积与林地生态需水量的时空变化规律,为黄河源区林地生态需水量的合理调配提供依据。【方法】基于黄河源区1990—2020年的遥感影像数据和野外实测资料,通过目视解译确定黄河源区土地利用类型,通过计算得到林地面积和林地生态需水量数据;采用ArcGIS 10.8绘制林地面积与生态需水量的时空分布图,分别运用Canoco 5.0和SPSS 27作冗余分析和主成分分析。【结果】黄河源区1990—2020年的林地面积变化不大,林地主要分布于黄河源区中东部,以灌木林地为主;林地生态需水量的变化较小,总体上生态需水量表现为西多东少、北多南少。不同类型林地的生态需水量大小表现为灌木林地>有林地>疏林地>其他林地;影响源区生态需水量的最主要指标是斑块周长-面积比(mean perimeter-area ratio,PARA_MN),其次是斑块连通度指数(patch cohesion index,COHESION)。影响黄河源区生态需水量的主要因素为人口数量、经济水平、产业发展结构,自然环境因素的驱动力弱于社会环境因素。【结论】黄河源区1990—2020年林地面积呈小幅下降趋势,林地生态需水量变化不大;黄河源区景观水平多样性较低;黄河源区受人类活动的影响较大。

Species diversity,population structure and regeneration of woody species in fallows and mature stands of tropical woodlands of southeast Angola

This study in the dry tropical woodlands of SE Angola in Cuando-Cubango Province assessed the diversity and composition of woody species in fallows compared to those in mature woodlands. We assessed the population structure of the most harvested woody species by calculating size class distribution and evaluated their regeneration potential based on the density of saplings. The vegetation was surveyed in 20 plots of 20 × 50 m(1000 m2). In each plot, we measured the diameter at breast height(DBH) of all woody species with DBH ≥ 5 cm. The saplings were counted, identified and recorded; 718 individuals, corresponding to 34 species in 32 genera and 15 families were recorded. The size class distribution of target woody species showed three different patterns in fallows and mature woodlands. In general,most of the smaller diameter classes had more individuals than the larger ones did, showing that the regeneration may take place. However, in some diameter classes, the absence of larger stems indicated selective logging of larger trees. Few saplings were recorded in the fallows or mature woodlands; fire frequency and intensity is probably the main obstacle for seed germination and seedling survival rates in the studied area.

Plant community and ecological analysis of woodland vegetation in Metema Area,Amhara National Regional State,Northwestern Ethiopia

We studied woodland vegetation in broad-leaved deciduous woodlands of Metema in northwestern Amhara regional state, Ethiopia to determine plant community types and species distribution patterns and their relationships with environmental variables, including altitude, pH, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity （EC）, and moisture. We used a selective approach with a systematic sampling design. A total of 74 quadrats, each 25m × 25m at intervals of 150-200 m were sampled along the established transect lines. For herbaceous vegetation and soil data collection, five subquadrats each lm x lm were established at the four corners and the center of each quadrat. Three community types were identified using TWINSPAN analysis. All three community types showed high diversity （Shannon-Weiner index）, the highest in community type II at 3.55. The highest similarity coefficient was 0.49 （49%） between community types II and III, reflecting 0.51 （51%） dissimilarity in their species richness. The canonical correspondence ordination diagram revealed that the distribution pattern of community type I was explained by moisture while that of community types III and II was explained by EC and altitude and moisture, respectively. Altitude was the most statistically significant environmental variable, followed by moisture and EC in determining the total variation in species composition and distribution patterns while pH and cation exchange capacity were non significant. In conclusion, we recommend that any intervention should take into account these three discrete community types and their environmental settings to make the intervention more successful.

Species-specific allometric equations for improving aboveground biomass estimates of dry deciduous woodland ecosystems

Allometric equations are important for quantifying biomass and carbon storage in terrestrial forest ecosystems.However,equations for dry deciduous woodland ecosystems,an important carbon sink in the lowland areas of Ethiopia have not as yet been developed.This study attempts to develop and evaluate species-specific allometric equations for predicting aboveground biomass(AGB)of dominant woody species based on data from destructive sampling for Combretum collinum,Combretum molle,Combretum harotomannianum,Terminalia laxiflora and mixed-species.Diameter at breast height ranged from 5 to 30 cm.Two empirical equations were developed using DBH(Eq.1)and height(Eq.2).Equation 2 gave better AGB estimations than Eq.1.The inclusion of both DBH and H were the best estimate biometric variables for AGB.Further,the equations were evaluated and compared with common generic allometric equations.The result showed that our allometric equations are appropriate for estimating AGB.The development and application of empirical species-specific allometric equations is crucial to improve biomass and carbon stock estimation for dry woodland ecosystems.

Floristic diversity, regeneration status, and vegetation structure of woodlands in Metema Area, Amhara National Regional State, North-western Ethiopia

We studied woodland vegetation in broad-leaved deciduous woodlands of Metema in northwestern Amhara regional state, Ethiopia Our objective was to describe plant species composition, diversity, re- generation status, and population structure by a selective approach with a systematic sampling design. A total of 74 quadrats （each for 25 m x 25 m, spaced at intervals of 150--200 m） were sampled along established tran- sect lines following the homogeneity of the vegetation. Vegetation data including cover-abundance, height, diameter at breast height （DBH）, and numbers of seedlings and saplings of woody species were analyzed using Excel spreadsheet, Shannon Weiner diversity index, and PAST version 1.62. A total of 87 vascular plant species of 74 genera and 36 families were recorded. The dominant family was Fabaceae represented by 16 （18.39 %） species of 13 genera. Shannon Weiner diversity and evenness were 3.67 and 0.82, respectively, which showed that the area was en- dowed with rich floral diversity evenly distributed. The vegetation structure, as quantified by cumulative diameter class frequency distribution, plotted as an interrupted inverted-J- shape pattern with a sharp decrease in the 2nd diameter class. This indicated poor vegetation structure. The diameter classes frequency distributions of selected species plotted in four general patterns i.e., interrupted Inverted-J-shape, J-shape, Bell-shape and Irregular-shape. In conclusion, although the area showed high floral diversity and evenness, woody species including Sterculea setigera, Boswellia papyrifera, and Pterocarpus lucens showed lowest recruitment of seedlings and saplings.