Impact resistance performance and optimization of the sand-EPE composite cushion in rock sheds

Rock sheds are widely used to prevent rockfall disasters along roads in mountainous areas.To improve the capacity of rock sheds for resisting rockfall impact,a sand and expandable polyethylene(EPE)composite cushion was proposed.A series of model experiments of rockfall impact on rock sheds were conducted,and the buried depth of the EPE foam board in the sand layer was considered.The impact load and dynamic response of the rock shed were investigated.The results show that the maximum impact load and dynamic response of the rock shed roof are all significantly less than those of the sand cushion.Moreover,as the distance between the EPE foam board and rock shed roof decreases,the maximum rockfall impact force and impact pressure gradually decrease,and the maximum displacement,acceleration and strain of the rock shed first decrease and then change little.In addition,the vibration acceleration and vertical displacement of the rock shed roof decrease from the centre to the edge and decrease faster along the longitudinal direction than that along the transverse direction.In conclusion,the buffering effect of the sand-EPE composite cushion is better than that of the pure sand cushion,and the EPE foam board at a depth of 1/3 the thickness of the sand layer is appropriate.

Influence of the boundary effect on the mechanical response test of pavement cushion under the wetting effect of silt

Through a self-developed model test system,the mechanical properties of silt and the deformation characteristics of airport runways were investigated during the period of subgrade wetting.Based on the test results,the reliability of the numerical simulation results was verified.Numerical models with different sizes were established.Under the same cushion parameter and loading width ranges,the effects of the cushion parameters and loading conditions on the mechanical responses of the cushion before and after subgrade wetting were analyzed.The results show that the internal friction angles of silt with different wetting degrees are approximately 34°.The cohesion is from 8 to 44 kPa,and the elastic modulus is from 15 to 34 MPa.Before and after subgrade wetting,the variation rates of the cushion horizontal tensile stresses with the same cushion parameters and loading width ranges are different under the influence of boundary effects.After subgrade wetting,the difference in the variation rates of the cushion horizontal tensile stresses under the same cushion parameter range decreases compared with that before subgrade wetting;however,this difference increases under the same loading width range.Before and after subgrade wetting,the influence of the boundary effect on the mechanical response evaluation of the cushion is not beneficial for optimizing the pavement design parameters.When the cushion thickness is more than 0.25 m,the influence of the boundary effect can be disregarded.

Coupled DEM-FDM analyses of the effects of falling rock’s shape and impact angle on response of granular cushion and rock shed

Rock shed is an effective protection measure against rockfall.To investigate the influences of falling rock’s shape and impact angle on the impact effect of the cushioned rock shed,a modeling approach for a rock shed with a cushion layer using PFC-FLAC.The granular cushion is modeled as an aggregate of discrete non-cohesion particles,while the concrete plate and the beam are modeled as zones.The falling rock with different sphericities and impact angles is modeled as a rigid assembly.The numerical model is validated by comparing the simulation results with experimental and numerical results from previous literature.This model is applied to analyze the effects of rock shape and impact angle on the dynamic interaction effects between falling rock and cushioned rock shed,including the impact force,transmitted bottom force,penetration depth,and plate deflection.The numerical results show that the variation in the falling rock’s shape has different effects on the falling rock with different impact angles.These findings could support rock shed design by revealing the limitations of the assumptions in the past research,which may result in unsafe rock sheds for some rockfall cases.

Numerical simulation on the impact characteristics between rockfalls of different shapes and gravel cushions

The shape of rockfalls significantly affects the performance of the impact cushion,which is manifested by the difference in the impact force and the penetration depth of the rockfall during the collision.In this study,we built the collision numerical model between rockfalls and cushions based on the results from previous studies,and simulated the collision process of rockfalls with four different shapes(cylindrical,cuboid,spherical,and cubic)and different cushions.Essential parameters when rockfalls impact cushions are calculated,including the maximum impact forces on the surface and bottom of the cushions and the maximum penetration depth of the rockfall.The results showed that the maximum impact force on the surface and the bottom of the cushions varies with the rockfall shapes.The maximum impact force on the cushion surface caused by cylindrical rockfall is the smallest,followed by the cuboid rockfall,the cube rockfall,and the spherical rockfall.The maximum impact force at the cushion bottom also follows this trend.However,the penetration depth of cuboid rockfall is the smallest,followed by the cylindrical rockfall,the cubic rockfall,and the spherical rockfall.The results of this study provide more extensive theoretical support for rockfall disaster prevention using gravel cushions.

Refined mathematical model for the breaching of concrete-face sand-gravel dams due to overtopping failure

Overtopping is one of the main reasons for the breaching of concrete-face sand-gravel dams(CFSGDs).In this study,a refined mathematical model was established based on the characteristics of the overtopping breaching of CFSGDs.The model characteristics were as follows:(1)Based on the Renormailzation Group(RNG)k-εturbulence theory and volume of fluid(VOF)method,the turbulent characteristics of the dam-break flow were simulated,and the erosion surface of the water and soil was tracked;(2)In consideration of the influence of the change in the sediment content on the dam-break flow,the dam material transport equation,which could reflect the characteristics of particle settlement and entrainment motion,was used to simulate the erosion process of the sand gravels;(3)Based on the bending moment balance method,a failure equation of the concrete face slab under dead weight and water load was established.The proposed model was verified through a case study on the failure of the Gouhou CFSGD.The results showed that the proposed model could well simulate the erosion mode of the special vortex flow of the CFSGD scouring the support body of the concrete face slab inward and reflect the mutual coupling relationship between the dam-break flow,sand gravels,and concrete face slabs.Compared with the measured values,the relative errors of the peak discharge,final breach average width,dam breaching duration,and maximum failure length of the face slab calculated using the proposed model were all less than 12%,thus verifying the rationality of the model.The proposed model was demonstrated to perform better and provide more detailed results than three selected parametric models and three simplified mathematical models.The study results can aid in establishing the risk level and devising early warning strategies for CFSGDs.

基于落石模型试验的棚洞垫层力学响应及优化设计

结合边坡落石灾害现状,基于落石模型试验,系统分析落石质量、下落高度、垫层厚度、加筋位置、加筋材料等因素对落石冲击力及其动态演化的影响,揭示落石冲击棚洞的动力响应规律,结合垫层自重与落石冲击作用双因素影响确定垫层最优厚度,并对垫层设计提出优化建议。结果表明:随着垫层厚度增加,棚洞所受落石冲击力呈非线性减小,减小幅度先大后小而后趋于稳定;在同一垫层厚度下,棚洞所受落石冲击力随落石高度和落石质量近似呈线性增大;当复合垫层设计为“5 cm河砂+聚苯乙烯泡沫(EPS)+10 cm河砂”时,落石中心处土压力峰值相较于纯河砂垫层降低约60%,缓冲耗能效果最佳;通过多元回归分析得到了落石冲击力计算公式,且计算结果与实验数据吻合良好。

超声心动图对合并心内膜垫缺损的无顶冠状静脉窦综合征的诊断价值

目的:总结合并心内膜垫缺损(ECD)的无顶冠状静脉窦综合征(UCSS)的超声心动图特点,评估超声心动图对其的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2017年7月至2022年5月于我院行外科手术治疗的43例合并ECD的UCSS患者的超声心动图结果,并与术中所见对比,评估其诊断准确度。结果:根据Kirklin和Barratt-Boyes分型,43例患者中,Ⅰ型26例(60.5%),Ⅱ型9例(20.9%),Ⅲ型2例(4.7%),Ⅳ型4例(9.3%),Ⅲ型合并Ⅳ型2例(4.7%)。合并部分型ECD 26例(60.5%)、过渡型ECD 7例(16.3%)、完全型ECD10例(23.3%),22例(51.2%)同时合并单心房。27例(62.8%)合并永存左上腔静脉(PLSVC)。合并其他复杂畸形包括:右心室双出口2例、肺动脉闭锁1例、完全型肺静脉异位引流1例、无脾综合征1例。合并简单畸形包括:继发孔型房间隔缺损4例、室间隔缺损2例、动脉导管未闭3例、卵圆孔未闭6例。合并其他异常包括:下腔静脉肝段缺如5例、右上腔静脉发育不良1例、右上腔静脉缺如1例、三房心3例、单发左位心1例、镜面右位心1例、右位主动脉弓4例。43例患者中,术前超声心动图正确诊断30例(69.8%),术中探查确诊13例(30.2%)。其中1例误诊为下腔静脉窦型房间隔缺损,且漏诊PLSVC;12例漏诊UCSS,其中3例同时漏诊PLSVC。结论:合并ECD的UCSS超声心动图诊断难度大,需加强对该畸形胚胎发育及病理解剖特征的认识,提高诊断准确度。

计及时变演化特征的硅泡沫垫层非线性黏弹性模型研究

基于黏弹性基本理论,引入材料非线性特征,考虑了材料加载、保载应力松弛历史、老化效应以及黏弹性模型各运动单元退化的差异性,并从两种老化机制出发,获得了老化硅泡沫垫层力学模型以及长时应力松弛硅泡沫垫层接续加载力学模型.模型机理清晰,能够反映材料服役历史信息及其对力学效应的影响.

某燃料运输容器在多过程序贯冲击条件下的动态力学响应特征

目的识别某燃料运输容器在国标规范要求的多过程序贯冲击条件下的冲击响应特性,为运输容器的安全设计及防护措施等提供参考。方法开展运输容器在1.2 m高度侧跌、钢棒1 m高度贯穿、500 kg重物9 m高度冲砸和1 m高度穿刺等4种事故场景顺序叠加作用条件下的多过程序贯冲击试验,同时开展相应的冲击损伤累积有限元模拟分析,研究运输容器结构在多种冲击载荷序贯叠加作用下的动态响应特征。结果模拟结果同试验结果符合较好,验证了冲击损伤累积有限元模拟方法的正确性和实用性。试验结果和数值模拟结果均显示在多过程序贯冲击条件下,容器缓冲结构起到很好的防护作用,可对燃料部件产生有效防护,且结构功能保持完好。结论燃料运输容器具有很好的缓冲性能,可以满足国标规定的多过程序贯冲击条件下的防护要求。冲击损伤累积有限元模拟方法可较准确地分析复杂结构在多过程序贯冲击条件下的动态响应特征,具有较好的实用性。

基于被动动态坐姿的健康坐垫设计

目的为缓解办公人群久坐肌肉疲劳和主观不适,研究一种基于被动动态坐姿的健康坐垫并进行创新应用。方法通过研究坐姿运动解剖学,以及被动动态坐姿相关理论,提出基于气囊坐垫的被动动态坐姿实现方式。再通过坐姿实验,利用表面肌电测试仪及主观不适量表对该产品进行测试,验证设计的可行性。实验结果表明实验组中位频率(Mean Frequency,MF)变化数值大于对照组,并且除左髂肋肌以外,在右髂肋肌,以及两侧多裂肌及两侧最长肌的效应量较大(Cohen'sf>0.40),并且实验组主观不适(Perceived Discomfort,PD)变化数值小于对照组,其中在下背、臀部、坐骨、座椅边缘以及总体上呈现较大效应量(Cohen's f>0.40)。在此基础上,提出一款智能被动动态健康座椅。结论使用气囊坐垫和其被动动态工作方式可以有效缓解使用者久坐产生的肌肉疲劳和主观不适,对提高用户久坐健康及久坐舒适具有意义。

预压缩气垫包装系统静力及动力学特性研究

目的以柱形气垫包装系统为研究对象,建立静力及动力学模型,对静态压缩、自由振动和基础激励受迫振动特性进行研究。方法建立气柱压缩力数学模型,并通过试验、仿真验证模型,通过建立预压缩柱形气垫包装系统力学模型,研究静力及动力学特性。结果预压缩量和充气压力越大,包装系统固有频率越高。在包装对象宽度定值约束下,选取多个小直径气柱,固有频率更高,且薄膜应力更小。在基础激励下,包装系统固有频率处存在共振峰值,对高频域气垫表现出了较好的减振特性。结论所建立的静力压缩模型与试验、仿真结果较吻合,所建立的动力学模型合理,结果准确。

基于层间垫平的囊匣三维装箱优化设计

目的为提高囊匣的装载率及装箱效率,研究层间垫平的强异构类的三维装箱问题,实现快速计算囊匣装箱方案和衬垫方案并指示装箱。方法基于囊匣实际装箱需求,以衬垫体积最小为目标,设计基于贪心策略与改进的装箱顺序策略的两步优化启发式算法,对装箱与衬垫方案进行优化;并根据不同放置方向,设计不同的输出效果以指示装箱。结果与装箱优化前数据进行对比实验证明,该算法推荐的装箱方案与衬垫方案可以减少木箱的使用数量与体积,减少垫平用衬垫体积7.21%,装箱时间缩短了约一半。结论文中设计的混合启发式算法能为囊匣装箱问题找到合适的装箱与衬垫方案,减少衬垫的使用,提高装载率以及装箱效率。

舰载机前起落架缓冲性能参数敏感性研究

为了同时满足缓冲和突伸性能,舰载机前起落架常采用双腔缓冲器设计。以某型机前起落架为研究对象,建立前起落架缓冲性能分析动力学模型,并将仿真计算结果与试验结果进行验证对比,验证理论模型的有效性和正确性。对缓冲器高、低压腔初始压力以及体积占比进行参数敏感性分析。结果表明,高、低压腔初始充填压力和体积占比对起落架缓冲性能的影响有别于它们对突伸性能的影响,所以对舰载机前起落架缓冲器的设计需不断优化,同时兼顾缓冲和突伸性能。

准静态压缩下“EPE/瓦楞纸板”缓冲系统能量吸收的研究

本研究主要探讨了发泡类材料与瓦楞纸板的共同缓冲作用。本研究将“EPE/瓦楞纸板”看作缓冲包装系统,并对其进行准静态压缩试验,得到材料的应力-应变曲线和能量吸收图,探究环境温度、EPE密度、EPE厚度对缓冲包装系统力学性能、能量吸收性能的影响。在应变为0.6时,组合缓冲系统(EPE_3、EPE_5)标准化能量(W/Es)吸收分别为0.2266、0.2024,较对照组EPE(W/Es=0.1835)增加了23.5%、10.3%;应变为0.6时,随着温度由-20℃增加至23℃、40℃,EPE_3吸收的标准化能量明显减小,EPE_3吸收的能量分别减少17.7%、20.9%,而EPE_5吸收的能量分别减少11.8%、19.9%;在上述应变状态下,EPE密度为24g/cm3的试样组合缓冲系统(EPE_3、EPE_5)具有最高的标准化能量吸收,分别为0.1916、0.1745;EPE厚度为30mm、40mm、50mm的组合材料(EPE_3、EPE_5)能量吸收曲线(W/Es-ε)重合度较高。瓦楞纸板在组合缓冲系统(EPE_3、EPE_5)中的缓冲作用不可被忽略;温度升高,组合缓冲系统的能量吸收会减少;EPE密度对组合缓冲系统力学性能有影响且存在“阈值效应”。EPE厚度对组合缓冲系统的力学性能影响不显著,增加EPE厚度会导致能量吸收曲线(W/Es-σ/Es)趋于平滑,使得最佳吸能点难以辨识。

基于固-气-液耦合的气垫船水下辐射噪声数值分析

气垫船水下声辐射是复杂的船体结构-气垫-周围水体三类介质声振耦合过程,其声传递特性是气垫船声学分析中的难点。本文以某全垫升气垫船为研究对象,结合声固耦合有限元法与解析法,探究气垫船水下辐射噪声传递特性。通过建立固-气-液声固耦合有限元模型,计算机械激励与垫升风机声激励,并以试验固有频率修正数值模型;通过声透射解析公式计算空气螺旋桨、燃气轮机等设备声激励辐射的水下噪声。采用距离左、右舷1 m处线上各点的总声压级作为评价指标。结果表明:气垫船水下辐射噪声为宽带噪声;有限元法计算的水下辐射噪声在低频时集中分布于气垫-周围水体耦合面附近,随着频率的升高,水下噪声增大并逐渐呈不规则干涉状分布;空气螺旋桨等声激励直接辐射水下噪声主要为近场低频噪声,在设备声激励辐射范围内声压平均占比约为40%。本文揭示的水下辐射噪声传递特性对气垫船减振降噪具有重要指导意义。

2021年11月7—9日辽宁省极端雨雪天气分析

选用常规气象观测资料、人工加密观测资料和NCEP/NCAR格点资料,对2021年11月7—9日辽宁省极端雨雪天气进行诊断分析。结果表明:东北冷涡和地面气旋为此次极端雨雪天气的主要影响系统,对流层中低层辐合、高层辐散以及强的冷暖气流交汇,是产生极端雨雪天气的主要原因;高低空急流耦合和高空辐散抽吸作用,配合东北冷涡动力抬升作用,暖湿低空急流沿冷垫爬升,进一步加强了上升运动。暖湿急流为此次极端雨雪天气提供了充沛的水汽条件,暖湿急流的增强对应水汽辐合作用增强,配合低层冷垫和东北冷涡的动力抬升作用,对降雪有明显增幅作用;地面辐合线沿地形分布,触发了此次极端强降雪天气。地形阻挡导致地面冷空气堆积形成冷垫,是极端降雪天气发生的重要原因。温度层结差异是鞍山、岫岩雨雪相态差异的主要原因。具有冻结层特征的低层冷垫,为鞍山极端暴雪提供了有利的温度层结条件;融化层厚度和地面温度是岫岩出现冻雨的关键因素。

智能化气垫带式输送机性能测试平台设计

该文设计了一种智能化气垫带式输送机性能测试平台,通过调节气室入口的风压、风速,气孔排布方式、孔径及孔间距,可探究气室气压、气膜边缘风速及气膜厚度的变化规律。平台基于可控文丘里装置的反馈系统控制气垫带式输送机的气流,实验平台可以反映输入气流参数与形成气膜参数之间的耦合关系,将抽象的相关知识具象化,加深学生对气垫式输送装备的理解。

基于水气两相模拟的薄水舌、大落差水力特性分析及结构影响分析

对高拱坝深孔小开度泄流时,薄水舌、大落差条件下的水力特性及对水垫塘底板结构影响进行分析。通过水力学规范公式、刘培清等人总结的经验公式对不考虑空气阻力、掺气作用时的临底水力特性进行分析;并考虑水气两相作用,采用数值模拟方法对比研究薄水舌、大落差条件下,空气对水舌的阻力及掺气作用,分析临底水力特性及结构影响,为通过坝身孔口实现水垫塘反充水的思路提供支撑,为类似研究和工程应用提供借鉴和参考。

穿着高跟鞋足部组织结构生物力学规律及前掌缓震方式分析研究

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