A Comparative Study of the Hydroxyl and Saponification Values of Polysorbate 60 in International Food Additive Specifications

We investigated the hydroxyl and saponification values of 27 samples of Polysorbate 60 products that were commercially available worldwide. We observed that the values of most of the studied samples were not within the range established at the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), while they did agree with the specifications described in the USA, the EU and Japan. We believe that purities of the new commercial Polysorbate 60 samples are higher than those of the older products which were available when the JECFA specifications were discussed (around 1973). The present study suggests that the hydroxyl and saponification values of the current JECFA specifications for Polysorbate 60 should be re-evaluated.

Determination of Saponification Value in Carnuba Wax by USP/NF Residual Titration Method <541>

Saponification value is defined as mg KOH needed to neutralize free acids and saponify esters in 1 g of the test substance. A search of the literature showed that the standard saponification methods of the U.S. Pharmacopeia, alcoholic potassium hydroxide were the only saponification reagent. The sample to investigate is saponified with an excess of ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution. After finished saponification the remaining excess of potassium hydroxide is determined by residual titration under Titrimetry , with aqueous volumetric hydrochloric acid. In this study, a test for saponification value has been successfully determined in carnuba wax. The average result has been found 90.9 mg KOH/g substance and, % RPD was 1.65%. This is in contradistinction to the U.S. Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/ NF) Method.

Study on preparation and application of novel saponification agent for organic phase of rare earths extraction

In view of the problem of ammonia-nitrogen wastewater pollution in rare earths extraction and separation, the novel saponification agent of organic phase, which is magnesium bicarbonate solution, was prepared with the natural rich and cheap dolomite as raw material through carbonation process. The behavior and purification of main impurities ions in the carbonation process as well as the application effect of the novel saponification agent in the extraction and separation was researched. The results showed that the concentration of Fe, A1, Si im- purities ions was.less than 5 ppm in the saponification agent through the development of effective removal technology, respectively. When the novel saponification agent was used in the extraction and separation, magnesium utilization rate was more than 95%, and rare earths extrac- tion rate above 99.5% has achieved. Therefore, the technology could replace ammonia-water to saponify the organic phase in rare earth ex- traction and separation process.

Effect of loaded organic phase containing mixtures of silicon and aluminum,single iron on extraction of lanthanum in saponification P507-HCl system

Emulsification troubled normal extraction process of rare earths due to the existence of non-rare earth impurities, especially Si, Al and Fe. Against this background, the effect of emulsification caused by Si, Al and Fe on the La extraction with saponification P507 （2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester） in chloride medium was systematically investigated. A series of experiments were carried out to study the relationship of the extraction capacity of La and the concentration of impurities. ZPM-203 polarizing microscope was applied to investigate the morphology of emulsification, and the cation exchange extraction mechanism of Fe and Al as well as La was clarified by IR spectra. The results showed that a low concentration of Si in organic phase would aggravate the emulsification with Al, and the formation of ME （micro emulsion） and club-shaped polymer would result in emulsification in the extraction of mixtures of Si and Al, single Fe, respectively. Furthermore, the accumulation of impurity such as Si, Al and Fe in the organic phase would severely reduce the extraction capacity of La simultaneously.

A separation processing for industrial rare earth feed solution by phosphonium ionic liquid type saponification strategy

A novel ionic liquid type saponification processing based on quaternary phosphonium type bifunctional IL was developed for yttrium separation from ion-adsorbed rare earth deposit.The extractabilities of（[trihexyl（tetradecyl）phosphonium][sec-octylphenoxy acetate]（[P_（6,6,6,14）][SOPAA]） were pronouncedly higher than those of sec-octylphenoxy acetic acid（HSOPAA）,a mixture of HSOPAA and[P_（6,6,6,14）]Cl for rare earth elements（REEs）.The ion association extraction mechanism contributed to avoiding the numerous saponification procedures using alkali and resulting in saponification wastewater.After 13 stages of extraction and 6 stages of scrubbing sections,the Y（Ⅲ） was successfully separated from industrial heavy RREs feed,the purity of Y（Ⅲ） in raffinate was approximately to be 98.9%.Stripping by distilled water was effectively achieved for REEs,which contributed to the decreased consumption of acid to a considerable extent.

Determination of Tea Saponin in Camellia Seed Oil with UV and HPLC Analysis

A simple procedure is described for the HPLC and UV determination of tea saponin in tea seed oil. Determinate was accomplished with UV wavelength detection 550 nm for saponification sample, and HPLC was done under conditions: C18 analytical column of TC-C18, 4. 6 × 250 mm, column temperature at room temperature, injected sample volume was 10 μL, mobile phase’s methanol, flow-rate 0.8 ml/min and detection wavelength 280 nm.

Assessment of the Physicochemical Properties of Selected Commercial Soaps Manufactured and Sold in Kenya

Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid produced by saponification reaction. Soap is used on a day to day basis by households. The physicochemical properties of soaps determine their quality and hence determine their efficiency and their cleansing properties. It remains obscure the quality of the soaps that are sold in the local markets in Kenya and thus the need to assess them. Eight commercial washing soaps were analyzed for Matter insoluble in alcohol, moisture content, total fat matter, free caustic alkalinity, Percentage chloride, pH and Total alkali according to documented methods of analysis. Values of matter insoluble in alcohol ranged between 6.22% to 61.80%, moisture content ranged between 10.91% to 22.69%, total fat matter ranged between 22.64% to 70.51%, free caustic alkali ranged between 0.00% to 0.06%, percentage chloride ranged between 0.07% to 1.01%, pH ranged between 10.63 to 11.71 and total alkali ranged between 0.00% to 0.99%. This study showed that the free caustic alkalinity of all the analyzed soap samples were below the KEBS set limits hence no adverse effects on the cloth or skin, and the pH values for all analyzed soaps were within KEBS limits.

A novel method for the green utilization of waste fried oil

Waste fried oil was studied to prepare three different types of detergent such as soap,liquid soap and soap powder via saponification process.The preparation conditions of soap base were optimized by orthogonal experiment.The specific preparation processes included waste fried oil treatment,orange peel extract preparation,saponification,demoulding and drying.Results showed that the optimal con-ditions for saponification were as follows:ratio of pure waste fried oil to coconut oil=6∶4,alkali liquor(NaOH)mass fraction 30%,saponification temperature 70℃,orange peel extract concentration 15%.The mature soap was then used to make liquid soap and soap powder by surfactant(sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate,coconut diethanol amide)addition,followed by grinding.The prepared detergent conforms to the production standard of strong decontamination ability,possesses stable performance,is gentle to skin and non-toxic.

Extraction kinetics of neodymium from chloride medium using HEH/EHP saponified with magnesium bicarbonate solution

Magnesium bicarbonate solution is considered as an environmentally friendly extractant saponification agent for the solvent extraction of rare earth elements due to its advantage of minimum water pollution.In order to reveal the extraction regularity, optimize production-process and guide the use of this new extraction system, the extraction of Nd(Ⅲ) in chloride medium with HEH/EHP saponified by magnesium bicarbonate solution was investigated with the self-designed constant interfacial area cell. Besides, the effects of stirring rate, temperature, specific interfacial area and concentration of Mg-HEH/EHP on the extraction rate of Nd(Ⅲ) were systematically investigated. Results show that, the rate of extraction is governed by both diffusion and chemical reaction, and the extraction reaction takes place at the interface. The apparent activation energy of the extraction reaction is 16.88 kJ/mol. The corresponding rate equation is deduced. The mechanisms and rate-determining step are speculated based on interfacial reaction models, which is consistent with the experimental results.

Comparative studies on Y(Ⅲ)and Dy(Ⅲ)extraction from hydrochloric and nitric acids by Cyanex 572 as a novel extractant

Extraction of Y(III) and Dy(III) from hydrochloric and nitric acids by Cy-572 in kerosene was studied. The factors affecting the extraction were separately investigated. The stoichiometry of the extracted species was deduced on the basis of slope analysis method. Evaluation of extraction equilibrium and stripping investigation was studied as well as saponification effect of Cy-572. The composition of the extracted metal species in the organic phase was found to be [MA·(HA)] for Y(III) or Dy(III) in both media.1.0 mol/L HCI is the best stripping agent for each metal ion from the studied acidic media in one step.Saponified Cy-572 does not exhibit any selectivity towards the extraction of Y(III) or Dy(III) from both HCI and HNOsolutions. Based on the obtained results, the data were compared and the separation feasibility between lanthanides and Y(III) in the two media was discussed.

Formation mechanism of micro emulsion on aluminum and lanthanum extraction in P507-HCl system

P507 solvent extraction is the main method to separate and purify the rare earth products.The emulsification may be caused by the impurities in process of extracting rare earths,and these result in huge economic loss and decrease the quality of rare earth products.In recent researches,the extractant was prone to emulsification,and aluminum content of rare earth products also increased,while aluminum concentration of feed was higher.Pointing to this problem,the structural change of saponification P507 extracting aluminum and lanthanum was investigated by infrared spectroscopy,and the results showed that Al ions exchanged with H of P-O-H to become P-O-Al.Because aluminum held the characteristic of hydrophilic after extracted in the form of hydroxyl polymer ions and this provided conditions for the formation of micro emulsion.The organic phase and aqueous phase were investigated by polarizing microscope after aluminum was extracted.The results showed that the organic phase was clear when the extraction capacity of Al was less than 5 g/L.If the extraction capacity of Al exceeded 5 g/L,it formed W/O of ME(micro emulsion),leading to form emulsion of the organic phase.When Al concentration of feed was less than 1 g/L,the aqueous phase would form O/W of ME.If aluminum was extracted by saponification P507 firstly,then the the organic phase loading aluminum extracted rare earth continually,the organic and aqueous phase formed emulsification easily.

MATLAB simulation of preparation of Sm-loaded extractant directly from HEH(EHP)

Computer simulation of the preparation process loading rare earth （RE） directly from acidic extractant and RE chloride was established using MATLAB software. The mechanism of the extraction reaction was assumed, and then an experiment was conducted to confirm the mechanism and the apparent equilibrium constant of the reaction was determined as well. Owing to the involvement of W ion in the reaction between acidic extractant and RE chloride, the computer simulation of the process was more complicated than that of the extraction only between different rare earths. In the present work, MATLAB software was therefore introduced to handle the resolution of the complicated processing equation, and the simulation was performed by varying some key parameters including feed composition and phase ratio, etc. Consequently this work presented a simple method to simulate the W ion involved countercurrent extraction process of rare earths and also provided the practical references for the relative process designing.

Neodymium naphthenate-loaded organic phase stripping using sodium oxalate

Neodymium naphthenate-loaded organic phase stripping using sodium oxalate solution was studied to explore the feasibility of synchronous rare earth-loaded organic phase stripping,rare earth precipitation,and blank organic phase saponification.Experimental results show that loaded organic phase stripping,rare earth precipitation,and blank organic phase saponification can be realized simultaneously.When using 20% excess of sodium oxalate over the stoichiometry with the volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase of 1:1 at 25℃ for 40 min,the single stage stripping rate and saponification value are about 40% and 0.29 mol/L,respectively.After 16 stages of countercurrent continuous stripping,the stripping rate of neodymium can reach 99%,the saponification value is 0.42 mol/L,the Nd^(3+) concentration in saponified organic phase is less than 0.0020 mol/L,and the main phase in precipitation isNd_(2)(C2 O_(4))3·10 H_(2) O.Afterwards,this saponified organic phase can be used in the extraction of NdCl_(3) solution,and then the loaded organic phases(neodymium naphthenate) with 0.16 mol/L Nd^(3+) can be retrieved.The morphology,particle size distribution,and composition of theNd_(2)(C2 O_(4))3·10 H_(2) O products are similar to those of the current direct precipitation products.The neodymium oxide prepared by continuous calcination of neodymium oxalate meets the national standard of China(GB/T 5240-2015).These results prove the feasibility of stripping neodymium naphthenate-loaded organic phase by using sodium oxalate solution.Sodium oxalate can serve as a stripping agent,a saponifier,and a precipitator,thereby simplifying rare earth extraction and separation.This study provides theoretical and technical support for the development of a novel method for rare earth extraction and separation.