Prediction of Petroleum Prospect in the South Yellow Sea Basin Using Satellite Remote Sensing

Using satellite remote sensing to measure the sea surface temperature of the East China Sea Shelf Basin can serve the purpose of predicting the petroleum prospect in the South Yellow Sea Basin. The satellite thermal infrared temperature anomaly area always repeats in the same position as the proved oil prospect area in the East China Sea Shelf Basin, and coincides well with both the CH4 content curve at the water-atmosphere interface and the seafloor geochemical anomaly. The sea surface temperature anomaly areas of the South Yellow Sea Basin in the satellite remote sensing image go banded along 123030, in the S-N direction, and naturally follow the aeromagnetically interpreted eastern nose-type uplift that shows a S-N strike. The north and south ends of the eastern nose are considered as good oil prospect areas because temperature anomaly often occurs there.

Cultivated Land Changes and Their Driving Forces——A Satellite Remote Sensing Analysis in the Yellow River Delta,China

Taking Kenli County in the Yellow River Delta, China, as the study area and using digital satellite remote sensing techniques, cultivated land use changes and their corresponding driving forces were explored in this study. An interactive interpretation and a manual modification procedure were carried out to acquire cultivated land information. An overlay method based on classification results and a visual change detection method which was supported by land use maps were employed to detect the cultivated land changes. Based on the changes that were revealed and a spatial analysis between cultivated land use and related natural and socio-economic factors, the driving forces for cultivated land use changes in the study area were determined.The results showed a decrease in cultivated land in Kenli County of 5321.8 ha from 1987 to 1998, i.e.,an average annual decrement of 483.8 ha, which occurred mainly in the central paddy field region and the northeast dry land region. Adverse human activities, soil salinization and water deficiencies were the driving forces that caused these cultivated land use changes.

Satellite remote-sensing technologies used in forest fire management

Satellite remote sensing has become a primary data source for fire danger rating prediction, fuel and fire mapping, fire monitoring, and fire ecology research. This paper summarizes the research achievements in these research fields, and discusses the future trend in the use of satellite remote-sensing techniques in wildfire management. Fuel-type maps from remote-sensing data can now be produced at spatial and temporal scales quite adequate for operational fire management applications. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellites are being used for fire detection worldwide due to their high temporal resolution and ability to detect fires in remote regions. Results can be quickly presented on many Websites providing a valuable service readily available to fire agency. As cost-effective tools, satellite remote-sensing techniques play an important role in fire mapping. Improved remote-sensing techniques have the potential to date older fire scars and provide estimates of burn severity. Satellite remote sensing is well suited to assessing the extent of biomass burning, a prerequisite for estimating emissions at regional and global scales, which are needed for better understanding the effects of fire on climate change. The types of satellites used in fire research are also discussed in the paper. Suggestions on what remote-sensing efforts should be completed in China to modernize fire management technology in this country are given.

An operational satellite remote sensing system for ocean fishery

Ocean environmental information is very important to supporting the fishermen in fishing and satellite remote sensing technology can provide it in large scale and in near real-time. Ocean fishery locations are always far away beyond the coverage of the satellite data received by a land-based satellite receiving station. A nice idea is to install the satellite ground station on a fishing boat. When the boat moves to a fishery location, the station can receive the satellite data to cover the fishery areas. One satellite remote sensing system was once installed in a fishing boat and served fishing in the North Pacific fishery areas when the boat stayed there. The system can provide some oceanic environmental charts such as sea surface temperature (SST) and relevant derived products which are in most popular use in fishery industry. The accuracy of SST is the most important and affects the performance of the operational system, which is found to be dissatisfactory. Many factors affect the accuracy of SST and it is difficult to increase the accuracy by SST retrieval algorithms and clouds detection technology. A new technology of temperature error control is developed to detect the abnormity of satellite-measured SST. The performance of the technology is evaluated to change the temperature bias from -3.04 to 0.05 ℃ and the root mean square (RMS) from 5.71 to 1.75℃. It is suitable for employing in an operational satellite-measured SST system and improves the performance of the system in fishery applications. The system has been running for 3 a and proved to be very useful in fishing. It can help to locate the candidates of the fishery areas and monitor the typhoon which is very dangerous to the safety of fishing boats.

Effects of Aerosol Vertical Inhomogeneity on the Upwelling Radiance and Satellite Remote Sensing of Surface Reflectance

There are two widely used radiative models without consideration of aerosol inhomogeneity for satellite remote sensing application, the Homogeneous Model and the Two-layer Model with aerosol in the lower layer. In this paper, effects of the aerosol vertical inhomogeneity on upwelling radiance and satellite remote sensing of surface reflectance are analyzed through numerical simulations by using two models. As shown in the simulations by using 24 representative aerosol models, there is often a considerably large error in upwel-ling radiance calculated by two models (Homogeneous and Two-layer) for the short wavelength channel with strong molecular scattering, owing to the difference between molecular and aerosol scattering proper-ties. For the long wavelength channel, the error is small if aerosol optical parameters are less variable with height, but it could also be significant if there are aerosol layers with different scattering phase functions and single scattering albedo. The radiance errors by the Homogeneous Model and the Two-layer Model can be up to 31.4% and 31.5% for the clean atmosphere, and in case of turbid atmosphere 67.8% and 59.2%, respectively. The radiance error could result in a large uncertainty of surface reflectance retrievals, especially for the short wavelength channel and the strongly absorbing aerosol. For the turbid atmosphere with strong-ly absorbing aerosol, the Homogeneous Model and the Two-layer Model are not suitable for atmospheric correction application. Key words Satellite remote sensing - Aerosol inhomogeneity - Surface reflectance - Radiance

Satellite remote sensing of sea-ice and its operational monitoring method along the coast of China

Sea-ice is an important operational item for real timely monitoring and forecasting marine environment of China. This paper introduces an operational method of satellite remote sensing to monitor sea- ice using quantitative data of NOAA, and its contents include computer processing of AVHRR sounding data of NOAA and its program design, imagery processing of sea-ice imagery from satellite and their thematic analysis. The sea-ice satellite colour imageries processed via this software system are able to interpret sea-ice pattern, characterizing it by thickness, maximum position of ice boundary, floe concentration and dynamic process of ice changing. At the same time, analyses of the ice condition of the Bohai Sea for the two-year period (1986-1988) as monitored by satellite have been summarized.

SOME KEY ISSUES ON THE APPLICATION OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING TO MINING AREAS

In order to apply Satellite Remote Sensing (RS) to mining areas, some key issues should be solved. Based on an introduction to relative studying background, related key issues are proposed and analyzed oriented to the development of RS information science and demands of mining areas. Band selection and combination optimization of Landsat TM is discussed firstly, and it proved that the combination of Band 3, Band 4 and Band 5 has the largest information amount in all three-band combination schemes by both N-dimensional entropy method and Genetic Algorithm (GA). After that the filtering of Radarsat image is discussed. Different filtering methods are experimented and compared, and adaptive methods are more efficient than others. Finally the classification of satellite RS image is studied, and some new methods including classification by improved BPNN(Back Propagation Neural Network) and classification based on GIS and knowledge are proposed.

Classification of snow cover days in western China and comparison with satellite remote sensing data

The daily snow cover data from 232 meteorological stations to the west of 105°E in China for the period 1951-2004 were used to classify the snow cover and analyze decadal variations of snow cover types in western China, and comparison was made between the observational data and those retrieved from passive microwave remote sensing data （SMMR and SSM/I） in 1980-2004. The results show that stable snow-covered areas included northern Xinjiang, the Tianshan Mountains, and the eastern Tibetan Plateau with more than 60 snow cover days; no snow cover was found in the center of the southern Xinjiang Basin, the Sichuan Basin, and southern Yunnan. In addition to the above-mentioned, there were unstable snow-covered areas in western China. Furthermore, the snow cover types in northern Xinjiang, the Tianshan Mountains, the Hexi Corridor, and the vast areas from Chengdu to Kunming were unchanged. In the 1980s, the south-north dividing line between the major snow-covered area and snow-free area advanced to its most southern position. The snow cover days calculated from satellite remote sensing were generally longer than those from observational data in western China, mainly in the higher-altitude mountains, the Hexi Corridor, and the western Sichuan Plateau.

SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING OF SEA-ICE AND SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE

Sea-ice and Sea Surface Temperature in offshore seas are important terms for operational monitoring and forecasting marine environment in China. The software system of regional marine environmental application designed by author is used for realtime operational monitoring sea-ice, SST, oceanic current and colours and characters of land surface. This software system processes quantitative AVHRR data from NOAA satellite to calculate calibration coefficient, solar angle correction, earth location parameter and atmospheric attenuation correction, then SST field will be produced through calculation using special SST model, and top-quality of colour composite imagery of satellite with variable spacial resolution (1, 2 or 5km) will be produced via image processing. Inside front covor Figure 1 is colour enhanced imagery with 5km resolution of NOAA satellite in offshore

Applications of Satellite Remote Sensing Technology in China's Environmental Monitoring

The environmental conditions in China are still very serious. In the years to come, the mission for environmental treatment and protection, supervision,

RESEARCH ON AUTOMATIC FOG IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY BY METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING

There is an urgent need for the development of a method that can undertake rapid, effective, and accurate monitoring and identification of fog by satellite remote sensing, since heavy fog can cause enormous disasters to China’s national economy and people's lives and property in the urban and coastal areas. In this paper, the correlative relationship between the reflectivity of land surface and clouds in different time phases is found, based on the analysis of the radiative and satellite-based spectral characteristics of fog. Through calculation and analyses of the relative variability of the reflectivity in the images, the threshold to identify quasi-fog areas is generated automatically. Furthermore, using the technique of quick image run-length encoding, and in combination with such practical methods as analyzing texture and shape fractures, smoothness, and template characteristics, the automatic identification of fog and fog-cloud separation using meteorological satellite remote sensing images are studied, with good results in application.

Ocean surface currents estimated from satellite remote sensing data based on a global hexagonal grid

Global ocean surface currents estimated from satellite derived data based on a regular global grid are affected by the grid’s shape and placement.Due to different neighbourhood relationships,the rectangular lat/lon grids lose accuracy when interpolating andfitting elevation data.Hexagonal grids have shown to be advantageous due to their isotropic,uniform neighbourhood.Considering these merits,this paper aims to estimate global ocean surface current using a global isotropic hexagonal grid from satellite remote sensing data.First,gridded satellite altimeter data and wind data with different resolutions are interpolated into the centre of the global isotropic hexagonal grid.Then,geostrophic and Ekman currents components are estimated according to the Lagerlof Ocean currents theory.Finally,the inversion results are verified.By analyzing the results,we conclude that the ocean surface currents estimated based on the global isotropic hexagonal grid have considerable accuracy,with improvement over rectangular lat/lon grids.

Multidisciplinary Modeling and Optimization Method of Remote Sensing Satellite Parameters Based on SysML-CEA

To enhance the efficiency of system modeling and optimization in the conceptual design stage of satellite parameters,a system modeling and optimization method based on System Modeling Language and Co-evolutionary Algorithm is proposed.At first,the objectives of satellite mission and optimization problems are clarified,and a design matrix of discipline structure is constructed to process the coupling relationship of design variables and constraints of the orbit,payload,power and quality disciplines.In order to solve the problem of increasing nonlinearity and coupling between these disciplines while using a standard collaborative optimization algorithm,an improved genetic algorithm is proposed and applied to system-level and discipline-level models.Finally,the CO model of satellite parameters is solved through the collaborative simulation of Cameo Systems Modeler(CSM)and MATLAB.The result obtained shows that the method proposed in this paper for the conceptual design phase of satellite parameters is efficient and feasible.It can shorten the project cycle effectively and additionally provide a reference for the optimal design of other complex projects.

The Austrian node of the natural resources satellite remote sensing cloud service platform:examples of Sino-Austrian cooperation

The Austrian node of the Natural Resources Satellite Remote Sensing Cloud Service Platform was established in 2016 through a cooperation agreement between the Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center(LASAC),Ministry of Natural Resources of the Peoples Republic of China and the University of Vienna,Austria.Under this agreement panchromatic and multi-spectral data of the Chinese ZY-3 satellite are pushed to the server at the University of Vienna for use in education and research.So far,nearly 500 GB of data have been uploaded to the server.This technical note briefly introduces the ZY-3 system and illustrates the implementation of the agreement by the first China-Sat Workshop and several case studies.Some of them are already completed,others are still ongoing.They include a geometric accuracy validation of ZY-3 data,an animated visualization of image quick views on a spherical display to demonstrate the time series of the image coverage for Austria and Laos,and the use of ZY-3 data to study the spread of bark beetle in the province of Lower Austria.An accuracy study of DTMs from ZY-3 stereo data,as well as a land cover analysis and comparison of Austria with ZY-3 and other sensors are still ongoing.

Estimating the Great Lakes net radiation using satellite remote sensing and MERRA reanalysis

The net all-wave radiation of the Great Lakes(GL)is a key to understanding the effects of climate change on the GL.There is a high possibility of underestimating the net all-wave radiation of the GL when using existing methodologies with inputs from near-shore and land-based meteorological data.This study provides the first technique to estimate net all-wave radiation over the GL from July 2001 to December 2014 using a combination of data from satellite remote sensing,reanalysis data sets,and direct measurements.The components of the surface radiation budget estimated from the proposed method showed good statistical agreement.The instantaneous net radiation estimated by our methods was compared with the in situ measurements from June 2008 to April 2012(Stannard Rock Lighthouse:SR)and September 2009–April 2011(Spectacle Reef Lighthouse:SP).The comparisons from SR and SP also showed strong statistic agreement(R^(2)=0.74 and 0.7;RMSE=9.26 and 10.60 W m^(−2) respectively).Monthly spatial variations of net shortwave radiation varied with cloud cover and surface albedo while net longwave radiation varied with the temperature difference between the water surface and the atmosphere.

Meteorological Satellite TIROS-N TOVS Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Property and Cloud

In this paper, a new retrieval method, i.e., the Statistical-Physical Retrieval Method (STPRM) has been developed. It is a combination of both statistical and physical method. On this basis, a retrieval system of temperature-humidity profiles and cloud parameters has been developed. By use of the developed TOVS STPRM the distribution of atmospheric temperature, humidity and geopotential height on isobaric surface can be obtained. In comparison with the statistical method and physical method, the TOVS STPRM system not only has the advantage of convenience in use, quickness in data processing and accuracy in retrieval result, but also can display cloud evolution on screen.

Satellite remote sensing of atmospheric particulate matter mass concentration:Advances,challenges,and perspectives

Mapping the mass concentration of near-surface atmospheric particulate matter(PM)using satellite observations has become a popular research niche,leading to the development of a variety of instruments,algorithms,and datasets over the past two decades.In this study,we conducted a holistic review of the major advances and challenges in quantifying PM,with a specific focus on instruments,algorithms,datasets,and modeling methods that have been developed over the past 20 years.The aim of this study is to provide a general guide for future satellite-based PM concentration mapping practices and to better support air quality monitoring and management of environmental health.Specifically,we review the evolution of satellite platforms,sensors,inversion algorithms,and datasets that can be used for monitoring aerosol properties.We then compare various practical methods and techniques that have been used to estimate PM mass concentrations and group them into four primary categories:(1)univariate regression,(2)chemical transport models(CTM),(3)multivariate regression,and(4)empirical physical approaches.Considering the main challenges encountered in PM mapping practices,for example,data gaps and discontinuity,a hybrid method is proposed with the aim of generating PM concentration maps that are both spatially continuous and have high precision.

SuperView-1- China＇s First Commercial Remote Sensing Satellite Constellation with a High Resolution of 0.5 m

SuperView-I satellite constellation （SuperView-I for short） is the first commercial remote sensing constellation with a resolution down to 0.5 m. It＇s an important part of the national spatial information infrastructure construction. It will play an important role for the global users providing remote sensing data, application solutions and remote sensing value-added services with its highresolution and 24-hour observation capability. At present, 4 satellites of the constellation have been successfully launched and networked on orbit. The services cover surveying and mapping, land resource surveying, urban planning, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, geological mining, environmental monitoring, defense, disaster reduction along with other traditional industries. There are also great potential applications in Mobile Intemet, LBS, Smart city, insurance and other emerging professions. The successful operation of SuperView-I breaks the overseas monopoly for commercial high-resolution remote sensing satellite imagery in the China market. It＇s one of the major achievements in China space science and technology by actively exploring the development of commercial remote sensing markets, which is of strategic significance to the development of China remote sensing satellite business.

Satellite-observed significant improvement in nearshore transparency of the Bohai Sea during pollution control

The Bohai Sea(BS)is the unique semi-closed inland sea of China,characterized by degraded water quality due to significant terrestrial pollution input.In order to improve its water quality,a dedicated action named“Uphill Battles for Integrated Bohai Sea Management”(UBIBSM,2018–2020)was implemented by the Chinese government.To evaluate the action effectiveness toward water quality improvement,variability of the satelliteobserved water transparency(Secchi disk depth,Z_(SD))was explored,with special emphasis on the nearshore waters(within 20 km from the coastline)prone to terrestrial influence.(1)Compared to the status before the action began(2011–2017),majority(87.3%)of the nearshore waters turned clear during the action implementation period(2018–2020),characterized by the elevated Z_(SD)by 11.6%±12.1%.(2)Nevertheless,the improvement was not spatially uniform,with higher Z_(SD)improvement in provinces of Hebei,Liaoning,and Shandong(13.2%±16.5%,13.2%±11.6%,10.8%±10.2%,respectively)followed by Tianjin(6.2%±4.7%).(3)Bayesian trend analysis found the abrupt Z_(SD)improvement in April 2018,which coincided with the initiation of UBIBSM,implying the water quality response to pollution control.More importantly,the independent statistics of land-based pollutant discharge also indicated that the significant reduction of terrestrial pollutant input during the UBIBSM action was the main driver of observed Z_(SD)improvement.(4)Compared with previous pollution control actions in the BS,UBIBSM was found to be the most successful one during the past 20 years,in terms of transparency improvement over nearshore waters.The presented results proved the UBIBSM-achieved remarkable water quality improvement,taking the advantage of long-term consistent and objective data record from satellite ocean color observation.

The Creative Application of DIY Manufacturing Technology in Remote Sensing Satellite

Based on the concept of DIY, this paper demonstrates the essential potential of DIY manufacturing technology in the application of space equipment. According to the future space technology development trends, the future spacecraft DIY idea and system standard are proposed. The standardized, modularized and serialized micro/nano-satellite DIY products are introduced. Finally, a commercial remote sensing satellite system based on spacecraft DIY is designed and its application prospect is analyzed.