Detecting Dementia-Related Wandering Locomotion of Elders by Leveraging Active Infrared Sensors

For elders with dementia, wandering is among the most problematic, frequent and dangerous behavior. Managing wandering behavior has become increasingly imperative due to its high prevalence, negative outcomes and burden on caregivers. We study to propose an active infrared-based method to identify wandering locomotion by monitoring rhythmical repetition of an elder’s indoor motion events. Specifically, we utilize our customized active infrared sensors to collect human indoor motions that will be converted into motion events by using hardware redundancy technique. Each motion event is a directed motion obtained via introducing temporal and dimensions into the spatial motion data. Based on the most cited spatial-temporal patterns of wandering locomotion, a spatiotemporal model is then proposed to identify wandering locomotion from an ongoing sequence of motion events. Experimental evaluation on eight individuals’ real-world motion datasets has shown that our proposed method is able to effectively identify wandering locomotion from repetitive events collected from active infrared sensors with a value over 98% for both accuracy and precision based on properly chosen parameters. Wandering in elders with dementia that follow specific spatiotemporal patterns can be reliably identified by analyzing repetitive motion events collected from active infrared sensors based on the well-known spatiotemporal patterns of wandering locomotion.

Research of Water Response under the Action of the Infrared Human Body Radiation by Water Conductometric Sensors

Non-equilibrium thermal and biothermal radiation generated by heated solid materials and hematothermal living organisms are studied by water conductometric sensors. Engineering aspects and physical features of developed water conductometric sensors are given. Procedure and measuring technique are described. Our experiments show the anomalous behavior of water conductivity and associated differential parameters under water heating by biological objects compared with traditional heating sources. Water response to human action strongly depends on psychophysiological and psychoemotional state of the person. Moreover the responses to the action by left and right human hands are substantially different and as a rule are specific to the gender. The possible physicochemical mechanisms of such anomalous water behavior are studied. It is suggested that the observed effects are associated with resonant excitation of vibration-rotation energy levels of water under the influence of bioradiation generated by human organism consisting of approximately 70% water. The results obtained have good perspectives for future applications in different fields of human activity.

Avoiding obstacles by using a proximity infrared sensor skin

Placement and wiring of vast amount of sensor elements on the 3-dimensionally configured robot sur-face to form soft sensor skin is very difficult with the traditional technology. In this paper we propose a new method to realize such a skin.By implanting infrared sensors array in an elastic body, we obtain an elastic and tough sensor skin that can be shaped freely.The developed sensor skin is a large-area, flexi-ble array of infrared sensors with data processing capabilities.Depending on the skin electronics, it en-dows its carrier with an ability to sense its surroundings.The structure, the method of infrared sensor sig-nal processing, and basic experiments of sensor skin are presented. The validity of the infrared sensor skin is investigated by preliminary obstacle avoidance trial.

Wireless Low Cost CO₂Monitoring System Design and Evaluation Using Non Dispersive Infrared Sensor

This paper presents a new wireless system for the measurement of CO2 gas concentration for indoor and outdoor purposes based on low cost Non Dispersive Infrared sensors. The system has been implemented on a printed circuit board in order to obtain different aspects of the air pollution. Some experiments were achieved to evaluate the total system combined with an android application on a smartphone. Different tests were realized in a closed room nearly filled with students and also directly while driving on the road. Good results were obtained allowing a future use for air pollution mapping using numerous amounts of sensors inside vehicles.

Localization of a Target with Three Degrees of Freedom Using a Low Cost Wireless Infrared Sensor Network

The estimation of the position of a mobile target on a plane as well as its orientation is an important aspect for many applications. The indoor or outdoor localization of such a target has been widely addressed in the literature but if a third degree of freedom like rotation has to be also taken into consideration the difficulty in estimating the target position and orientation is significantly increased. A network consisting of only a small number of low cost infrared transmitters/receivers is used in this paper to estimate the position of a mobile target on a plane as well as its draft orientation with an angular step of 45o or less. The distance and orientation estimation is based on the success rate that infrared patterns are retrieved at the target. This success rate parameter is calculated by simple ultra low cost microcontrollers. The architectural complexity and cost of the overall localization system is significantly lower than other approaches without sacrificing speed and accuracy. An error correction scheme like Turbo decoding is applied in order to increase the reliability and stability of the results by correcting burst errors introduced by real time noise.

Infrared Sensor with Liquid Crystal Chopper

An infrared sensor using the liquid crystal chopper is presented. The infrared sensor is designed to detect infrared rays with a pyroelectric element used as a liquid crystal chopper in such an infrared sensor or the like.

128×128 element PtSi infrared CCD image sensor

A new 128×128 element PtSi Schottky barrier infrared image sensor with ITCCD readout structure and PtSi thin film optical cavity detector structure has been fabricated,which has 50μm×50 μm pixels,a fill factor of 40 percent,the nonuniformity of 5% or less and the dynamic range of over or equal to 50 dB.The noise equivalent temperature difference is 0.2 K with f/1.0 optics at 300 K background. In this paper,the principle of operation,design consideration and fabrication technology for the device are described.

A Novel Multiple Component Gas Infrared Ray Sensor

In this paper, The principle, structure and practical application of a novel multiple component gas infrared ray sensor are discussed. The optical gas sensor, which has infrared radiation impulses input and electric single output, is composed of narrow band light filter, optical taper and pyroelectric detector array. An infrared gas analyzer with multiple component gas tested synchronously consists of the sensor, single middle infrared source, single gas cell and computer data acquire system. As compared with sensor in other infrared gas analyzer, it has many merits such as novel structure, strong anti\|oscillate performance and low cost. Different gas in different measurement area can be analyzed quantitatively by replacing optical filter module easily.

Advantages of QWIP technology in infrared thermal cameras

Standard GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetectors(QWIP)have been seriously considered as atechnological choice for the 3^(rd) generation of thermal imagers in the long wave infrared band(LWIR)for some time.Alternative technology like MCT(HgCdTe)was the technology choice of the 2^(nd) generation because of its high quantum efficiency.In the paper,measurements on the QWIP technology will be presented and a comparison with alternative technology will be done.

Spatial Analysis of Soybean Plant Height and Plant Canopy Temperature Measured with On-the-Go Tractor Mounted Sensors

There is a growing interest in the Open Ag community to use inexpensive sensors controlled by open-source software to measure plant height and plant canopy temperature of agricultural crops. Plant height and plant canopy temperature are key indicators of plant health. This research study reports on an ongoing research initiative to test a compact and inexpensive mobile sensor to measure plant height and plant canopy temperature. The system is controlled by open source software and hardware. The specific objectives for this study were to analyze the relationship between plant height and plant canopy temperature of soybeans (Glycine max L.) measured with the mobile system and to analyze the spatial correlation of the plant height and plant canopy temperature measurements. Data were collected in a soybean plot in 2018 and 2019. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and geostatistical techniques were used to evaluate the data. A negative statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) relationship was observed between the plant height and the plant canopy temperature measurements (r = −0.54, 2018;r = −0.37, 2019). Also, both parameters were spatially correlated;however, plant height had a greater spatial continuity than plant canopy temperature. Furthermore, similar patterns were observed for the in-field variability of the plant height and plant temperature maps derived via kriging. Similarities in plant height and plant canopy temperatures were observed from one year to the next, suggesting that the sensor technologies could be used as a historical record for monitoring growth patterns in soybean fields. The sensors and techniques used in this study can be easily adapted to other crops, thus providing two important layers for monitoring plant growth and potentially plant stress.

Active training sample selection and updating strategy for near-infrared model with an industrial application

Training sample selection is widely accepted as an important step in developing a near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopic model. For industrial applications, the initial training dataset is usually selected empirically. This process is time-consuming, and updating the structure of the modeling dataset online is difficult. Considering the static structure of the modeling dataset, the performance of the established NIR model could be degraded in the online process. To cope with this issue, an active training sample selection and updating strategy is proposed in this work. The advantage of the proposed approach is that it can select suitable modeling samples automatically according to the process information. Moreover, it can adjust model coefficients in a timely manner and avoid arbitrary updating effectively. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by applying the method to an industrial gasoline blending process.

Infrared sensing based sensitive skin

Developed robotics sensitive skin is a modularized, flexible, mini-type array of infrared sensors with data processing capabilities, which can be used to cover the body of a robot. Depending on the infrared sensors and periphery processing circuit, robotics sensitive skin can in real-time provide existence and distance information about obstacles for robots within sensory areas. The methodology of designing sensitive skin and the algorithm of a mass of IR data fusion are presented. The experimental results show that the multi-joint robot with this sensitive skin can work autonomously in an unknown environment.

基于PIR Sensor的单目标跟踪系统的设计与实现

针对基于热释电红外传感器的人体跟踪系统在实际环境中,由于受环境噪声和硬件参数影响而误差较高的问题,本文提出了一种基于热释电红外传感器PIR Sensor(Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor)的高精度人体目标跟踪方案。该方案首先对检测区域内运动人体热辐射的红外信号特征进行了提取,然后利用PIR Sensor定位节点自身几何参数和探测数据,得到初步定位结果。最后通过Kalman滤波算法对初步定位结果进行滤波处理并更新目标的状态信息,实现对检测区域内人体目标的定位与跟踪。实验表明,该系统的跟踪误差与同类跟踪系统相比降低了71.96%,证明了该系统具有较高的跟踪精度。

MEMS-based thermoelectric infrared sensors： A review

In the past decade, micro-electromechanical systems （MEMS）-based thermoelectric infrared （IR） sensors have received considerable attention because of the advances in micromachining technology. This paper presents a review of MEMS-based thermoelectric IR sensors. The first part describes the physics of the device and discusses the figures of merit. The second part discusses the sensing materials, thermal isolation micro- structures, absorber designs, and packaging methods for these sensors and provides examples. Moreover, the status of sensor implementation technology is examined from a historical perspective by presenting findings from the early years to the most recent findings.

A low-cost in-situ CO_(2) sensor based on a membrane and NDIR for long-term measurement in seawater

The multi-point simultaneous long-term measurement of CO_(2) concentration in seawater can provide more-valuable data for further understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of CO_(2).Thus,the requirement for a low-cost sensor with high precision,low power consumption,and a small size is becoming urgent.In this work,an in-situ sensor for CO_(2) detection in seawater,based on a permeable membrane and non-dispersive infrared(NDIR)technology,is developed.The sensor has a small size(Ф66 mm×124 mm),light weight(0.7 kg in air),low power consumption(<0.9 W),low cost(<US$1000),and high-pressure tolerance(<200 m).After laboratory performance tests,the sensor was found to have a measurement range of(0–2000)×10^(-6),and the gas linear correlation R^(2) is 0.99,with a precision of about 0.98%at a sampling rate of 1 s.A comparison measurement was carried out with a commercial sensor in a pool for 7 days,and the results showed a consistent trend.Further,the newly developed sensor was deployed in Qingdao nearshore water for 35 days.The results proved that the sensor could measure the dynamic changes of CO_(2) concentration in seawater continuously,and had the potential to carry out long-term observations on an oceanic platform.It is hoped that the sensor could be applied to field ocean observations in near future.

A Self‑Powered,Highly Embedded and Sensitive Tribo‑Label‑Sensor for the Fast and Stable Label Printer

Label-sensor is an essential component of the label printer which is becoming a most significant tool for the development of Internet of Things(IoT).However,some drawbacks of the traditional infrared label-sensor make the printer fail to realize the high-speed recognition of labels as well as stable printing.Herein,we propose a selfpowered and highly sensitive tribo-label-sensor(TLS)for accurate label identification,positioning and counting by embedding triboelectric nanogenerator into the indispensable roller structure of a label printer.The sensing mechanism,device parameters and deep comparison with infrared sensor are systematically studied both in theory and experiment.As the results,TLS delivers 6 times higher signal magnitude than traditional one.Moreover,TLS is immune to label jitter and temperature variation during fast printing and can also be used for transparent label directly and shows long-term robustness.This work may provide an alternative toolkit with outstanding advantages to improve current label printer and further promote the development of IoT.

Simultaneous observation of keyhole and weld pool in plasma arc welding with a single cost-effective sensor

The dynamic behaviors of the keyhole and weld pool are coupled together in plasma arc welding, and the geometric variations of both the keyhole and the weld pool determine the weld quality. It is of great significance to simultaneously sense and monitor the keyhole and the weld pool behaviors by using a single low-cost vision sensor in plasma arc welding process. In this study, the keyhole and weld pool were observed and measured under different levels of welding current by using the near infrared sensing technology and the charge coupled device （CCD） sensing system. The shapes and relative position of weld pool and keyhole under different conditions were compared and analyzed. The observation results lay solid foundation for controlling weld quality and understanding the underlying process mechanisms.

Design of Energy Saving Lighting System in University Classroom Based on Wireless Sensor Network

In order to reach the objective of intelligence and energy saving for university classroom lighting, energy saving lighting control system in university classroom based on wireless sensor network is designed, including design of sensor node and sink, as well as corresponding development of control program and upper-computer software. The system sets single-chip Ameg16 as control center, realizes communication between nodes via nRF24L01 wireless transceiver module, and realizes communication between sink and upper computer via w5100 wireless internet module. It perceives illumination intensity via photoconductor, detects the human body position via infrared pyroelectric sensor, and places the sensor node on the lamp, so the light can be controlled according to position of human body and current illumination intensity, which can realize energy saving to a large extent on condition that lighting requirement is satisfied. The system has low cost, and there is no need to change the original lighting circuit. The light can be turned off by hand, and when multi-media are used for the class, light can keep off even it is dim. In addition, this system has the function of automatic fault report, which is convenient for property maintenance.

Real-time optimization using gradient adaptive selection and classification from infrared sensors measurement for esterification oleic acid with glycerol

Purpose-The production of glycerol derivatives by the esterification process is subject to many constraints related to the yield of the production target and the lack of process efficiency.An accurate monitoring and controlling of the process can improve production yield and efficiency.The purpose of this paper is to propose a real-time optimization(RTO)using gradient adaptive selection and classification from infrared sensor measurement to cover various disturbances and uncertainties in the reactor.Design/methodology/approach-The integration of the esterification process optimization using self-optimization(SO)was developed with classification process was combined with necessary condition optimum(NCO)as gradient adaptive selection,supported with laboratory scaled medium wavelength infrared(mid-IR)sensors,and measured the proposed optimization system indicator in the batch process.Business Process Modeling and Notation(BPMN 2.0)was built to describe the tasks of SO workflow in collaboration with NCO as an abstraction for the conceptual phase.Next,Stateflow modeling was deployed to simulate the three states of gradient-based adaptive control combined with support vector machine(SVM)classification and Arduino microcontroller for implementation.Findings-This new method shows that the real-time optimization responsiveness of control increased product yield up to 13 percent,lower error measurement with percentage error 1.11 percent,reduced the process duration up to 22 minutes,with an effective range of stirrer rotation set between 300 and 400 rpm and final temperature between 200 and 210℃ which was more efficient,as it consumed less energy.Research limitations/implications-In this research the authors just have an experiment for the esterification process using glycerol,but as a development concept of RTO,it would be possible to apply for another chemical reaction or system.Practical implications-This research introduces new development of an RTO approach to optimal control and as such marks the starting point for more research of its properties.As the methodology is generic,it can be applied to different optimization problems for a batch system in chemical industries.Originality/value-The paper presented is original as it presents the first application of adaptive selection based on the gradient value of mid-IR sensor data,applied to the real-time determining control state by classification with the SVM algorithm for esterification process control to increase the efficiency.

Experimental Study on Near-IR Nonlinear Optical Waveguide Sensor for Refractive Index of Liquids

To determine the refractive index of liquids in near infrared（lR）, a method is presented by measuring the output angle of the visible Cerenkov-radiation-mode when liquids are placed as the cover on a planar lithium niobate waveguide. The system configuration and the principle of the method are analyzed and some experimental results are given out. Both the experimental result and simulation show that this method is simple, rapid and of sufficient precision.