Saturation evaluation of microporous low resistivity carbonate oil pays in Rub Al Khali Basin in the Middle East

To solve the problem that it is difficult to identify carbonate low resistivity pays(LRPs) by conventional logging methods in the Rub Al Khali Basin, the Middle East, the variation of fluid distribution and rock conductivity during displacement were analyzed by displacement resistivity experiments simulating the process of reservoir formation and production, together with the data from thin sections, mercury injection and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. In combination with geological understandings, the genetic mechanisms of LRPs were revealed, then the saturation interpretation model was selected, the variation laws and distribution range of the model parameters were defined, and finally an updated comprehensive saturation interpretation technique for the LRPs has been proposed. In the study area, the LRPs have resistivity values of less than 1 Ω·m, similar to or even slightly lower than that of the water layers. Geological research reveals that the LRPs were developed in low-energy depositional environment and their reservoir spaces are controlled by micro-scale pore throats, with an average radius of less than 0.7 μm, so they are typical microporous LRPs. Different from LRPs of sandstone and mudstone, they have less tortuous conductive paths than conventional reservoirs, and thus lower resistivity value under the same saturation. Archie’s formula is applicable to the saturation interpretation of LRPs with a cementation index value of 1.77-1.93 and a saturation index value of 1.82-2.03 that are 0.2-0.4 lower than conventional reservoirs respectively. By using interpretation parameters determined by classification statistics of petrophysical groups(PGs), oil saturations of the LRPs were calculated at bout 30%-50%,15% higher than the results by conventional methods, and basically consistent with the data of Dean Stark, RST, oil testing and production. The 15 wells of oil testing and production proved that the coincidence rate of saturation interpretation is over 90%and the feasibility of this method has been further verified.

Observer-Based Path Tracking Controller Design for Autonomous Ground Vehicles With Input Saturation

This paper investigates the problem of path tracking control for autonomous ground vehicles(AGVs),where the input saturation,system nonlinearities and uncertainties are considered.Firstly,the nonlinear path tracking system is formulated as a linear parameter varying(LPV)model where the variation of vehicle velocity is taken into account.Secondly,considering the noise effects on the measurement of lateral offset and heading angle,an observer-based control strategy is proposed,and by analyzing the frequency domain characteristics of the derivative of desired heading angle,a finite frequency H_∞index is proposed to attenuate the effects of the derivative of desired heading angle on path tracking error.Thirdly,sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee robust H_∞performance of the path tracking system,and the calculation of observer and controller gains is converted into solving a convex optimization problem.Finally,simulation examples verify the advantages of the control method proposed in this paper.

THE STUDY OF AN ALLOWABLE CALCITE SUPERSATURATION IN LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS

Two geothermal fields with calcite scaling in some wells in Iceland were selected for the study of calcite scaling potential. An allowable supersaturation was found by comparing the degree of calcite supersaturation and actual scaling status in the selected wells.The saturation index,0.37～ 0.48, was the boundary between calcite scaling and no scaling. The information about changes in chloride concentration shows that mixing different waters is the main cause to form calcite scaling in the geothermal wells selected in this study.In this case, the content of chloride can be used as an index of scaling.

Self-triggered Consensus Control for Linear Multi-agent Systems With Input Saturation

In this paper, we study the consensus problem for a class of linear multi-agent systems(MASs) with consideration of input saturation under the self-triggered mechanism. In the context of discrete-time systems, a self-triggered strategy is developed to determine the time interval between the adjacent triggers. The triggering condition is designed by using the current sampled consensus error. Furthermore, the consensus control protocol is designed by means of a state feedback approach. It is shown that the considered multi-agent systems can reach consensus with the presented algorithm. Some sufficient conditions are proposed in the form of linear matrix inequalities(LMIs) to show the positively invariant property of the domain of attraction(DOA). Moreover, some sufficient conditions of controller synthesis are provided to enlarge the volume of the DOA and obtain the control gain matrix. A numerical example is simulated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis results.

The Dynamics of Vector-Host Feeding Contact Rate with Saturation: A Case of Malaria in Western Kenya

In this study, we develop an expression for a saturated mosquito feeding rate in an SIS malaria model to determine its effect on infection and transmission dynamics of malaria in the highlands of Western Kenya. The basic reproduction number is established as a sharp threshold that determines whether the disease dies out or persists in the population. Precisely, if , the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and the disease always dies out and if , there exists a unique endemic equilibrium which is globally stable and the disease persists. The contribution of the saturated contact rate to the basic reproduction number and the level of the endemic equilibrium are also analyzed.

Application value of dexmedetomidine in anesthesia for elderly patients undergoing radical colon cancer surgery

BACKGROUND Colon cancer presents a substantial risk to the well-being of elderly people worldwide.With advancements in medical technology,surgical treatment has become the primary approach for managing colon cancer patients.However,due to age-related physiological changes,especially a decline in cognitive function,older patients are more susceptible to the effects of surgery and anesthesia,increasing the relative risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD).There-fore,in the surgical treatment of elderly patients with colon cancer,it is of pa-ramount importance to select an appropriate anesthetic approach to reduce the occurrence of POCD,protect brain function,and improve surgical success rates.METHODS One hundred and seventeen patients with colon cancer who underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia were selected and divided into two groups:A and B.Group A received Dex before anesthesia induction,and B group received an equivalent amount of normal saline.Changes in the mini-mental state exami-nation,regional cerebral oxygen saturation(rSO2),bispectral index,glucose uptake rate(GluER),lactate production rate(LacPR),serum S100βand neuron-specific enolase(NSE),POCD,and adverse anesthesia reactions were compared between the two groups.RESULTS Surgical duration,duration of anesthesia,and intraoperative blood loss were comparable between the two groups(P>0.05).The overall dosage of anesthetic drugs used in group A,including propofol and remifentanil,was significantly lower than that used in group B(P<0.05).Group A exhibited higher rSO2 values at the time of endotracheal intubation,30 min after the start of surgery,and immediately after extubation,higher GluER values and lower LacPR values at the time of endotra-cheal intubation,30 min after the start of surgery,immediately after extubation,and 5 min after extubation(P<0.05).Group A exhibited lower levels of serum S100βand NSE 24 h postoperatively and a lower incidence of cognitive dysfunction on the 1st and 5th postoperative days(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The use of Dex in elderly patients undergoing radical colon cancer surgery helps maintain rSO2 Levels and reduce cerebral metabolic levels and the incidence of anesthesia-and surgery-induced cognitive dysfunction.

A Delay-Dependent Anti-Windup Compensator for Wide-Area Power Systems With Time-Varying Delays and Actuator Saturation

In this paper, a delay-dependent anti-windup compensator is designed for wide-area power systems to enhance the damping of inter-area low-frequency oscillations in the presence of time-varying delays and actuator saturation using an indirect approach. In this approach, first, a conventional wide-area damping controller is designed by using output feedback with regional pole placement approach without considering time-varying delays and actuator saturation. Then to mitigate the effect of both time-varying delays and actuator saturation, an add-on delay-dependent anti-windup compensator is designed. Based on generalized sector conditions, less conservative delay-dependent sufficient conditions are derived in the form of a linear matrix inequality(LMI) to guarantee the asymptotic stability of the closedloop system in the presence of time-varying delays and actuator saturation by using Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and Jensen integral inequality. Based on sufficient conditions, the LMI-based optimization problem is formulated and solved to obtain the compensator gain which maximizes the estimation of the region of attraction and minimizes the upper bound of-gain. Nonlinear simulations are performed first using MATLAB/Simulink on a two-area four-machine power system to evaluate the performance of the proposed controller for two operating conditions, e.g.,3-phase to ground fault and generator 1 terminal voltage variation. Then the proposed controller is implemented in real-time on an OPAL-RT digital simulator. From the results obtained it is verified that the proposed controller provides sufficient damping to the inter-area oscillations in the presence of time-varying delays and actuator saturation and maximizes the estimation of the region of attraction.

Gas hydrate saturation model and equation for logging interpretation

Since gas hydrate exists in three different forms at the same time such as pore filling,particle support and separate stratification,the calculation method of hydrate saturation using traditional shaly sand formation interpretation models is equivalent to considering only the simple case that hydrate exists as pore filling,and does not consider other complex states.Based on the analysis of hydrate resistivity experimental data and the general form of the resistivity-oil(gas)saturation relationship,the best simplified formula of hydrate saturation calculation is derived,then the physical meaning of the three items are clarified:they respectively represent the resistivity index-saturation relationship when hydrate particles are completely distributed in the pores of formation rocks,supported in the form of particles,and exist in layers,corresponding quantitative evaluation method of hydrate saturation is built.The field application shows that the hydrate saturation calculated by this method is closer to that obtained by sampling analysis.At the same time,it also provides a logging analysis basis for the effective development after hydrate exploration.

Sub-bandgap refractive indexes and optical properties of Sidopedβ-Ga_(2)O_(3) semiconductor thin films

In this article,we present a theoretical study on the sub-bandgap refractive indexes and optical properties of Sidopedβ-Ga_(2)O_(3) thin films based on newly developed models.The measured sub-bandgap refractive indexes ofβ-Ga_(2)O_(3) thin film are explained well with the new model,leading to the determination of an explicit analytical dispersion of refractive indexes for photon energy below an effective optical bandgap energy of 4.952 eV for theβ-Ga_(2)O_(3) thin film.Then,the oscillatory structures in long wavelength regions in experimental transmission spectra of Si-dopedβ-Ga_(2)O_(3) thin films with different Si doping concentrations are quantitively interpreted utilizing the determined sub-bandgap refractive index dispersion.Meanwhile,effective optical bandgap values of Si-dopedβ-Ga_(2)O_(3) thin films are further determined and are found to decrease with increasing the Si doping concentration as expectedly.In addition,the sub-bandgap absorption coefficients of Si-dopedβ-Ga_(2)O_(3) thin film are calculated under the frame of the Franz–Keldysh mechanism due to the electric field effect of ionized Si impurities.The theoretical absorption coefficients agree with the available experimental data.These key parameters obtained in the present study may enrich the present understanding of the sub-bandgap refractive indexes and optical properties of impurity-dopedβ-Ga_(2)O_(3) thin films.

Saturation states of carbonate minerals in a freshwater-seawater mixing zone of small tropical island’s aquifer

Groundwater is a crucial resource on the Manukan Island as it is the only source of freshwater available on the island. The aquifer has deteriorated to a high degree, during the last decade. Nine domestic wells were sampled from March 2006 to January 2007 to probe the hydrochemical components that influence the water quality. Geochemical data on dissolved major constituents in groundwater samples from the Manukan Island revealed the main processes responsible for their geochemical evolution. The results using statistical analyses, graphical method and numerical model output (PHREEQC) showed that the groundwater was chemically highly enriched in Na and Cl, indicative of seawater intrusion into the aquifer as also supported from the Na-Cl signature on the Piper diagram. From the PHREEQC simulation model, calcite, dolomite and aragonite solubility showed positive values of the saturation indices (SI), indicating supersaturation which led to mineral precipitation condition of water by these minerals.

Investigation of Connecting Wind Turbine to Radial Distribution System on Voltage Stability Using SI Index and λ - V Curves

The growth of wind energy penetration level in distribution system raises the concern about its impact on the operation of the power system, especially voltage stability and power loss. Among the major concerns, this paper studied the impact of connecting wind Turbine (WT) in radial distribution system with different penetration levels and different power factor (lead and lag) on power system voltage stability and power loss reduction. Load flow calculation was carried out using forward-backward sweep method. The analysis proceeds on 9- and 33-bus radial distribution systems. Results show that voltage stability enhancement and power loss reduction should be considered as WT installation objective.

具有饱和发生率的SIS传染病模型稳定性

考虑了一类具有易感人群饱和发生率的SIS传染病数学模型,定义了基本再生数,证明了地方病平衡点的存在唯一性、局部和全局渐近稳定性,分析了饱和发生率参数对模型动力学行为的影响,并通过数值模拟验证了所得结论的准确性。

一类具有垂直传染的随机SIS模型的稳定性

研究一类具有饱和发生率和垂直传染的随机SIS传染病模型,分别考虑外部环境对于易感者和染病者出生率、死亡率的扰动,证明了模型存在唯一的全局正解,通过构造Lyapunov函数证明了传染病的灭绝,得到疾病持久的充分条件。

Assessment of Groundwater Stability Using Corrosion and Scaling Tendency Indices on Selected Springs in the Manga Region in Nyamira County, Kenya

We present the result of groundwater stability assessment on three major springs in the Manga region in Nyamira County found in Kenya in 2018. These springs are Kiangoso (SP1), Kerongo (SP2) and Tetema (SP3). The corrosion and scaling tendency indices were obtained using the Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar stability index (RSI), and Puckorius scaling index (PSI). The LSI values obtained for SP1, SP2, and SP3 are −3.93, −4.71, and −4.17, respectively, while using RSI, the values obtained for SP1, SP2, and SP3 are 14.15, 14.53, and 13.74, respectively. Using PSI, the values of SP1, SP2, and SP3 are 5.58, 5.45, and 5.58, respectively. From the interpretation of the indices, the groundwater from the three springs in the Manga region using LSI and RSI showed intolerable corrosion;hence, it is unlikely to scale as obtained from PSI.

基于NDVI-SI特征空间的土壤盐渍化遥感模型

同时考虑植被和土壤信息,构建盐渍化遥感信息提取模型。选取具有长期研究基础的塔里木南缘于田绿洲为研究靶区,综合分析归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)、盐分指数(SI)二者之间的关系,在此基础之上提出NDVI-SI特征空间概念,并构建土壤盐渍化遥感监测指数模型(SDI),结果表明:土壤表层含盐量与SDI相关性较高,其R2=0.8596。非盐渍地、轻度盐渍地、中度盐渍地、重度盐渍地的SDI平均值分别为0.399,0.763,0.974和1.201,差异较大;经差异性矩阵分析,亦表明SDI能够很好的区分研究区内不同盐渍化程度地类的分布范围。SDI能反映盐渍化土壤地表盐量组合及其变化,具有明确的生物物理意义,并且指标简单、易于获取、有利于盐渍化定量分析与监测,对今后干旱区盐渍地信息提取以及动态监测研究具有重要意义。

地下水化学组分存在形式及其SI值计算

地下水化学组分形式主要为络阴离子和单一离子,但络合物也是地下水化学组成不可忽视的存在形式。络合物的存在对饱和指数SI值具有重要影响。

水-岩作用模拟中饱和指数SI的灵敏度分析

以化学热力学的基本原理为基础 ,结合具体工程实例 ,综合分析了水化学分析数据误差的传递及其对饱和指数SI值的影响 ,饱和指数SI反映了水岩系列间的相互作用 .计算结果表明 ,各水化学分析数据误差对SI值的“反应”程度是不同的 ,其中“反应”最为灵敏的是水的pH值 .

Fe_(72.7)Cu_1Nb_2V_(1.8)Si_(13.5)B_9合金的热磁分析

研究了Fe(72.7)Cu1Nb2V(1.8)Si(13.5)B9非晶合金在不同温度（763—883K）退火1h后的热磁曲线（σs－T曲线）借助于碰分析的方法，由σs1/B－T曲线并通过X射线衍射分析确定了合金中α－Fe（Si）相和剩余非晶相的体积分数、饱和磁化强度及Curie温度随退火温度Ta的变化及其相互关系.结果表明，当Ta＜823K时α－Fe（Si）相的饱和磁化强度σsα和Curie温度随Ta的增加略有下降，当Ta≥823K时σsα和TCα保持不变；剩余非晶相的饱和磁化强σsA度和Curie温度在整个退火温度范围内均随Ta的增加而单调下降并且两者之间呈近似直线关系。

基于Si-NPA的BaTiO_3薄膜的电容湿敏性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶和旋涂技术制备了基于Si-NPA的BaTiO_3薄膜(BaTiO_3/Si-NPA).场发射扫描电镜和X射线衍射实验表明,钙钛矿结构BaTiO_3薄膜很好地覆盖了Si-NPA表面.通过蒸镀双面梳状电极,制作了电容型BaTiO_3/Si-NPA湿敏元件并对其湿敏性能进行了测试.结果表明,室温下湿敏元件在11%～95%RH范围内具有很高的灵敏度和较快的响应速度,且电容值的对数对湿度呈现出很好的线性.虽然该薄膜湿敏元件在不同湿度下均存在温度漂移,但分析表明这种漂移有可能通过电极设计或信号补偿加以解决.

基于SIS的实时考核报表系统的开发与应用

基于火电厂厂级监控信息系统(SIS)开发了实时考核报表系统,解决了小指标考核功能按照月度被考核指标的平均值进行考核不能满足实时监测和调整机组主要运行指标的要求,以及生成考核报表的速度较慢,不便于历史数据的查询,不利于机组的全程考核和运行优化等问题。某电厂采用该系统进行实时考核,实现了对机组运行的优化,提高了机组运行的安全性和经济性。