CHIP FORMATION MODEL OF TITANIUM ALLOYS

The chip deformation of titanium alloys is typical shear localization from low cutting speed, which is general phenomenon in machining of difficult to cut material at high cutting speed. This paper investigates the chip formation process in machining titanium alloys, and puts forward a three stage model describing formation process of shear localized chip. This model explains how the shear localized chip segments initiate, become trapezoid and form serrated chips.

ANALYTICAL CHIP FORMATION MODEL OF MICRO-END-MILLING

A new analytical chip formation model is proposed for micro-end-milling operations. The model calculates an instantaneous uncut chip thickness by considering the combination of exact trochoidal trajectory of the tool tip and tool run-out, while the simplified circular trajectory and the neglected run-out create negligible change in conventional-scale chip formation models. Newton-Raphson iterative method is employed during the calculation to obtain quadratic convergence. The proposed approach allows the calculation of instantaneous uncut chip thickness to be done accurately and rapidly, and the prediction accuracy of this model is also verified by comparing the simulation results to experimental cutting forces.

Chip Formation Mechanism of Inconel 718: A Review of Models and Approaches

Inconel 718,a nickel,chrome and iron alloy,has special advantages,such as high-temperature strength,thermal resistance and corrosion resistance,which facilitate wide usage in the aerospace industry,especially in the hot sections of gas turbine engines.However,machining this alloy is correlated closely with the material’s inherent properties such as excellent combination of strength,hardness and toughness,low thermal conductivity and the tendency to adhere to cutting tools.This nickel alloy also contains inclusions of hard abrasive carbide particles that lead to work-hardening of the workpiece material and thus abrasive wear of the cutting tool.That is,the machining of Inconel 718 is always influenced by high mechanical and thermal loads.This article reviews the chip formation mechanism of Inconel 718.One of the main characteristics in machining of Inconel 718 is that it will produce serrated or segmented chips in a wide range of cutting speeds and feeds.Existing studies show that the chip serration or segmentation by shear localization affects the machined surface integrity,and also contributes to the chip’s evacuation and the automation of machining operations.Thus,research conclusion indicates that the serrated or segmented chip phenomenon is desirable in reducing the level of cutting force,and detailed analysis of models and approaches to understand the chip formation mechanism of Inconel 718 is vital for machining this alloy effectively and efficiently.Therefore,this article presents some summaries on the models and approaches on the chip formation in machining of Inconel 718.

Chip formation in high speed milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under nitrogen-oil-mist

High speed milling experiments using nitrogen-oil-mist as the cutting medium were carried out to investigate the characteristics of chip formation for Ti-6Al-4V alloy.Within the range of conditions employed(cutting speed,vc=190-300 m/min;cutting depth of axial,ap=5,7 mm),saw-tooth chips were produced in these experiments.During the macro and micro analysis of the Ti-6Al-4V chips,an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope(SEM)were used to study the microstructure and the morphology of the chips,and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)was employed for chemical analysis.Comparisons were made to study the influence of different cutting media(nitrogen-oil-mist,air-oil-mist and dry cutting condition)on chip formation.Results indicate that cutting media have significant effects on chip formation.Nitrogen-oil-mist is more suitable for improving the contact condition at chip-tool interface and increasing the tool life in high speed milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy than air-oil-mist and dry cutting.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR CHIP FORMATION IN HIGH SPEED TURNING OPERATIONS BY ARBITRARY LAGRANGIAN EULERIAN METHOD

A two-dimensional finite element （FE） model for the high speed turning operations when orthogonally machining AISI H13 tool steel at 49HRC using poly crystalline cubic boron nitride （PCBN） is described. An arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian （ALE） method has been adopted which does not need any chip separation criteria as opposed to the traditional Lagrangian approach. Through FE simulations temperature and stresses distributions are presented that could be helpful in predicting tool life and improving process parameters. The results show that high temperatures are generated along the tool rake face as compared to the shear zone temperatures due to high thermal conductivity of PCBN tools.

Finite element simulation of chip formation in peripheral milling mild carbon steel

A two-dimensional coupled thermo-mechanical model is used to simulate the progress of milling mild carbon steel with continuous chip formation. Deformation of the workpiece is treated as elastic-plastic with isotropic strain-hardening. An analysis of the properties of temperature-dependent materials is employed. The chip separation is achieved by the adaptive remeshing strategy module found in commercial finite element code Marc. In order to increase the computational efficiency and accuracy, we implement a customized subroutine into the Marc code to define local refinement at the tool tip. Measurements are taken of the shape of the chip, the temperature, stress, strain and strain-rate fields. The values of the cutting forces obtained from the simulations agree well with those obtained from the cutting experiments.

Chip Formation in Micro-cutting

The miniaturisation context leads to the rise of micro-machining processes. Micro-milling is one of the most flexible and fast of them. Although it is based on the same principles as macro-cutting, it is not a simple scaling-down of it. This down-sizing involves new phenomena in the chip formation, such as the minimum chip thickness below which no chip is formed. This paper presents a review of the current state of the art in this field from an experimental and a numerical point of view. A 2D finite element model is then developed to study the influence of the depth of cut on the chip formation. After the model validation in macro-cutting, it highlights the phenomena reported in literature and allows to perform a minimum chip thickness estimation.

超声振动辅助车削SiCp/Al切屑形成机理及表面粗糙度研究

目的研究切屑形成机理对加工过程的影响。方法超声振动辅助车削技术通过刀具振动的拟间歇切削特征控制切屑尺寸和切屑形态,从而提高了加工表面质量。针对SiCp/Al复合材料的切屑形成机理,探究常规车削和超声振动辅助车削的切屑形成过程。研究了颗粒分布对第一变形区变形阶段的影响,以及不同加工方式下切削参数对切屑形态的影响。最后,描述了切屑自由表面和刀-屑接触界面的颗粒损伤形式,以直观地描述常规车削与超声振动辅助车削SiCp/Al复合材料加工中切屑的形成过程。结果通过测试加工后工件表面形貌发现超声振动辅助车削的切屑更加连续、切屑尺寸较小的加工表面粗糙度更小,常规车削的表面粗糙度为0.805μm,超声振动辅助车削的表面粗糙度为0.404μm,超声振动辅助车削比常规车削的表面粗糙度降低了49.8%。结论与常规车削相比,超声振动辅助车削有利于减小切屑厚度。超声振动辅助车削得到的切屑更加连续,避免了切屑碎裂,促进了切屑的顺利排出。通过对切屑形态进行研究,选择最优切削参数可以有效提高工件表面质量。

碳纤维单向层合板切削损伤形成机制及加工表面质量评价

为提高复合材料切削加工质量,通过正交切削试验从切削力、推力、加工表面粗糙度和切屑形成等多方面研究了纤维切削角、切削速度、切削深度对复合材料切削加工性、亚表面微观损伤及加工质量的影响规律。研究表明,纤维切削角是影响复合材料切削加工性的主要因素,逆纤维切削(θ>90°)产生的切削力比顺纤维切削(θ<90°)产生的切削力平均高7.58倍。θ=90°时纤维弯曲变形和纤维扭结使切削参数对切削力和推力的影响最显著。观察亚表面损伤形态可知,切削机理分为四种:θ=0°为界面脱黏,0°<θ<90°为剪切滑移,θ=90°为剪切断裂,90°<θ<180°为弯曲断裂。加工表面质量与切削力相关,然而,小切削深度(h=0.02mm)和中等切削速度(v=7mm/s)的耦合作用使得切削过程极不稳定,加工表面粗糙度与切削力无关。高切削速度和中等切削深度是复合材料正交切削时推荐使用的切削参数。

Large Chip Production Mechanism under the Extreme Load Cutting Conditions

There has existed a great deal of theory researches in term of chip production and chip breaking characteristics under conventional cutting and high speed cutting conditions,however,there isn＇t sufficient research on chip formation mechanism as well as its influence on cutting state regarding large workpieces under extreme load cutting.This paper presents a model of large saw-tooth chip through applying finite element simulation method,which gives a profound analysis about the characteristics of the extreme load cutting as well as morphology and removal of the large chip.In the meantime,a calculation formula that gives a quantitative description of the saw-tooth level regarding the large chip is established on the basis of cutting experiments on high temperature and high strength steel2.25Cr-lMo-0.25V.The cutting experiments are carried out by using the scanning electron microscope and super depth of field electron microscope to measure and calculate the large chip produced under different cutting parameters,which can verify the validity of the established model.The calculating results show that the large saw-toothed chip is produced under the squeezing action between workpiece and cutting tools.In the meanwhile,the chip develops a hardened layer where contacts the cutting tool and the saw-tooth of the chip tend to form in transverse direction.This research creates the theoretical model for large chip and performs the cutting experiments under the extreme load cutting condition,as well as analyzes the production mechanism of the large chip in the macro and micro conditions.Therefore,the proposed research could provide theoretical guidance and technical support in improving productivity and cutting technology research.

基于嵌入式Linux平台的数字化视频格式转换系统设计

大体量的多媒体数字化视频在传统的格式转换系统中转码耗时时间长,转换效率低,设计一种基于嵌入式Linux平台的数字化视频格式转换系统。系统硬件设计中,对嵌入式Linux平台SOC芯片进行了优化,选择的芯片型号为HD920F,对芯片内部架构以及主要功能区域进行了功能设计和参数调整。软件设计中,使用线性滤波实现去隔行操作,分析过程,并提升帧率,设计插帧流程,最后优化HDMI信号解码方案,对其中的两条IIC控制链的功能和控制过程进行设计。为验证系统有效性,设计单视频格式转换和多视频格式转换测试,结果表明,设计的系统在不同视频条件下,格式转换单位大小耗时均低于三种传统方法,验证了系统有效性。

Ti_(2)AlNb切削切屑形成过程近场动力学仿真及试验研究

利用非局部作用思想的近场动力学理论,可以通过求解空间积分方程描述物质点运动规律,准确描述切削过程材料剧烈塑性变形导致的裂纹扩展和断裂破坏行为。本文基于常规态基近场动力学方法构建Ti_(2)AlNb弹塑性本构模型,融合材料失效和接触准则,求解离散处理的近场动力学基本运动方程,建立了适用于Ti_(2)AlNb切削仿真研究的态型近场动力学数值模型,模拟分析了Ti_(2)AlNb直角切削切屑形成过程。通过试验验证,表明近场动力学仿真可以准确模拟Ti_(2)AlNb切削切屑形成过程中材料变形和损伤演化规律。本方法预测的切屑形成剪切角40.23°与试验结果38.89°相比,误差为3.45%;定义损伤空间分布的半峰宽值(FWHM)为切削第1变形区宽度,其预测值为0.06mm,预测误差小于7%。

单晶铜在不同温度下的纳米切削机理研究

目的虽然纳米切削是21世纪超精密加工技术的重要发展方向之一,但现有的纳米切削机理仍不完善。因此,采用数值模拟方法,从晶体结构、力学和粒子运动等方面对纳米切削机理进行补全。方法首先,基于分子动力学方法对纳米尺度下的单晶铜进行了拉伸模拟,总结其在不同温度下的韧脆性特征;其次,对纳米尺度下的单晶铜进行了切削模拟,系统性地研究了切削过程中晶体结构、切削力、应力应变分布,以及原子运动特征在不同材料韧脆性下的变化规律。结果拉伸模拟结果表明,低温下单晶铜脆性特征显著,但仍具有一定的韧性。随着温度的升高,单晶铜脆性减弱,韧性增强。切削模拟结果表明,靠近工件自由面的材料沿主剪切方向发生持续的剪切滑移和周期性的长距离错动,形成多种晶体结构有序分布的块状切屑。靠近刀具的材料在推挤作用下由晶体结构变为非晶结构,之后持续流动形成切屑。随着切削温度的升高,块状切屑中的长距离错动频率提高,通过剪切形成的块状切屑尺寸减小,而通过推挤形成的流动状切屑厚度增加。结论切屑的形成方式包括剪切和推挤2种类型。低温下,剪切切屑形成过程占据主导地位,切屑呈现明显的块状。随着温度升高,切屑形成机理从剪切向推挤转变。

家具常用木材铣削性能研究

为改善杉木、橡胶木与榉木的铣削性能,通过正交试验,研究了杉木、橡胶木和榉木在不同铣削方式和方向的切削力、表面质量、切屑形成的变化规律。结果表明:切削力大小排序为榉木>橡胶木>杉木,螺旋铣削>锥形铣削>直齿铣削,切削方向X_3>X_2>X_1,影响切削力的主效应顺序为铣削方式>木材种类>铣削方向。表面粗糙度R_a大小排序为榉木>橡胶木>杉木,直齿铣削>锥形铣削>螺旋铣削,X_3>X_2>X_1,影响R_a的主效应顺序为木材种类>铣削方式>铣削方向。此外,根据已加工表面形貌特征,木材螺旋铣削后表面无明显崩边,锥形铣削后表面局部崩边,直齿铣削的表面有崩边和凹坑等异常损伤。木材直齿铣削的切屑形态为薄片状或长条状,螺旋铣削的切屑形态为螺旋状,锥形铣削的切屑形态为片状。家具材料进行粗加工时,建议采用直齿铣刀沿X_1方向进行加工,其切削力最小,机床能耗最小;当精加工时,建议采用螺旋铣刀沿X_1方向进行加工,其表面粗糙度最小,加工质量最好。

锯齿形切屑形成过程根切试验研究

通过根切试验获得了大量锯齿形切屑根部样本,对样本进行金相处理之后得到了清晰的锯齿形切屑根部组织图片,基于切屑根部组织的变形特征,分析了锯齿形切屑的形成过程及机理,并建立了锯齿形切屑形成过程模型。研究结果表明:锯齿形切屑形成过程可分为第1变形区内剪切挤压变形积累和初步剪切面的形成阶段、切屑自由表面与切削层自由表面分离即剪切面的形成阶段、第1和第2变形区内锯齿单元发生整体集中剪切滑移阶段;锯齿形切屑的形成是由于第1变形区内靠近刀尖处材料发生热塑性失稳导致;绝热剪切带内部和切削层表面处有裂纹产生,裂纹产生于锯齿单元整体剪切滑移阶段,并且靠近切削层表面处更容易产生裂纹。

Chip formation dependence of machining velocities in nano-scale by molecular dynamics simulations

In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the effect of machining velocities on the mechanism of chip formation in nano-metric copper. A wide range of cutting velocities was performed from 10 to 2000 m/s, and the microstructure's evolution from a crystalline state to an amorphous state was studied. At the low machining velocity, dislocations were generated from the surface in front of the tool, and the immobile dislocation deduced by the cross slip of dislocation was observed. At the high machining velocity, no crystal dislocation nucleated, but instead disorder atoms were found near the tool. Temperature near the tool region increased with the increasing machining velocities, and the temperature had an important effect on the phase transition of the crystal structure.

3D finite element prediction of chip flow, burr formation, and cutting forces in micro end-milling of aluminum 6061-T6

Abstract Predictive models for machining operations have been significantly improved through numerous methods in recent decades. This study proposed a 3D finite element modeling （3D FEM） approach for the micro end-milling orAl6061-T6. Finite element （FE） simulations were performed under different cutting conditions to obtain realistic numerical predictions of chip flow, burr formation, and cutting forces. FE modeling displayed notable advantages, such as capability to easily handle any type of tool geometry and any side effect on chip formation, including thermal aspect and material property changes. The proposed 3D FE model considers the effects ofmiU helix angle and cutting edge radius on the chip. The prediction capability of the FE model was validated by comparing numerical model and experimental test results. Burr dimension trends were correlated with force profile shapes. However, the FE predictions overestimated the real force magnitude. This overestimation indicates that the model requires further development.

Experimental Investigation of Material Removal in Elliptical Vibration Cutting of Cortical Bone

To benefit tissue removal and postoperative rehabilitation,increased efficiency and accuracy and reduced operating force are strongly required in the osteotomy.A novel elliptical vibration cutting(EVC)has been introduced for bone cutting compared with conventional cutting(CC)in this paper.With the assistance of high-speed microscope imaging and the dynamometer,the material removals of cortical bone and their cutting forces from two cutting regimes were recorded and analysed comprehensively,which clearly demonstrated the chip morphology improvement and the average cutting force reduction in the EVC process.It also revealed that the elliptical vibration of the cutting tool could promote fracture propagation along the shear direction.These new findings will be of important theoretical and practical values to apply the innovative EVC process to the surgical procedures of the osteotomy.

Experimental investigation of tool wear and chip formation in cryogenic machining of titanium alloys

Titanium alloys are one of the most important design materials for the aircraft industry. The high strength-to-density-ratio and the compatibility with carbon fibre reinforced plastic are the reasons for a raising application in this field. The outstanding properties lead to challenging machining processes. High strength and low heat conductivity affect high mechanical and thermal loads for the cutting edge. Thus, the machining process is characterized by a rapid development of tool wear even at low cutting parameter. To reach a sufficient productivity it is necessary to dissipate the resulting heat from the cutting edge by a coolant. Therefore the cryogenic machining of two different titanium alloys is investigated in this work. The results point out the different behavior of the machining processes under cryogenic conditions because of the reduced thermal load for the cutting tool. According to this investigation, the cryogenic cooling with COa enables an increase of the tool life in comparison to emulsion based cooling principles when machining the α＋β-titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The machining process of the high strength titanium alloy Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo requires an additional lubrication realized by a minimum quantity lubrication （MQL） with oil. This combined cool- ing leads to a smoother chip underside and to slender shear bands between the different chip segments.

拟间歇振动辅助偏摆车削钛合金的切削力与切屑形成研究

钛合金近年来被广泛应用在航空航天、医疗器械和军事工业等领域中,然而钛合金所固有的低导热系数、低弹性模量和高化学反应性使其可加工性能较差。为深入了解拟间歇振动辅助偏摆车削钛合金的切削机理,建立了拟间歇振动辅助偏摆车削和普通切削加工钛合金的三维仿真模型,分析在不同切削速度(30mm/s,40mm/s,50mm/s)下钛合金加工的切削力与切屑形态。从试验结果可以看出:拟间歇振动辅助偏摆车削钛合金的切削力与切屑形成和刀具摆动有关,切削力存在摩擦力逆转和进给力逆转现象,有利于切屑排出,但随着切削速度的增加而逐渐减弱;拟间歇振动辅助偏摆车削钛合金的切屑形态为波浪形,切屑形成复印了刀具摆动的轨迹,切屑的波浪形随着切削速度的增加而逐渐衰退。本研究可以为难加工材料拟间歇振动辅助偏摆车削技术的完善提供理论指导。