[Objective] This paper was to improve the current status that the fungicide carbendazim as the single agent was largely applied in the control against wheat scab. [ Method] Five kinds of fungicides on sales and new ag...[Objective] This paper was to improve the current status that the fungicide carbendazim as the single agent was largely applied in the control against wheat scab. [ Method] Five kinds of fungicides on sales and new agents against wheat scab were selected for field trials. [ Result] 25% JS399 - 19 SC, 30% te- buconazoh · thiram WP, 75% trifloxystrobin · tebuconasole WDG and 10% ZJ0712 JG could effectively control wheat scab, and the control effects of one time or two times application were better than control agent carbendasim; the control efficacy of two times application was improved in different degrees against one time ap- vlication. [ Conclusion] The naner vrevided basis for the control atminst wheat scab.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to select different fungicides for field efficacy test against pear scab in summer.[Method] Five treatments were designed in the test,including 10% difenoconazole WDG 6 000 times dilution,50%...[Objective] The paper was to select different fungicides for field efficacy test against pear scab in summer.[Method] Five treatments were designed in the test,including 10% difenoconazole WDG 6 000 times dilution,50% captan WP 600 times dilution,30% pyraclostrobin SC 2 000 times dilution,430 g/L tebuconazole 4 000 times dilution,and water(control).[Result] 10% Difenoconazole WDG 6 000 times dilution,50% captan WP 600 times dilution,30% pyraclostrobin SC 2 000 times dilution,430 g/L tebuconazole SC 4 000 times dilution had good control effects against pear scab,and the efficacies were 89.13%-93.51%.[Conclusion] The results will provide the theoretical basis for field control of pear scab in summer.展开更多
The cucumber scab caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. is one of the most important diseases of cucumber in the PR. of China and elsewhere. Recently, wider acceptance of under glas culture exacerbates the problem. ...The cucumber scab caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. is one of the most important diseases of cucumber in the PR. of China and elsewhere. Recently, wider acceptance of under glas culture exacerbates the problem. Both in greenhouses and in free fields in the Northern China pose a challenge in the control of this disease, because there are no effective fungicide to be used. Induced resistance with chemicals may be an ideal way to protect cucumber against this disease , if there are no resistant cultivars to be used. This paper reports the effect of BION, a new activator of SAR, on the induction of resistance to cucumber scab using two treatment methods (seed treatment and foliar spray) at different concentrations (10,20,40, 80, 160 mg. mL- 1). The results showed that the number of diseased plants was decreased drastically in BION - treated plants, the disease incidence was 35 %, whereas it was 75 % in control plants. The disease severity of plant with BION treatment by foliar spray was 2 and it was 1.5 if used as seed treatment, whereas it was 3 and 3.1 in control plants respectively. Moreover it has no phytotoxic effect to be observed at concentrations used in the experiment.展开更多
Based on the survey of observation, the factors afffecting prevalence degree of wheat scab （ Gibberella zeae） were analyzed through coupling method. The results showed that the average diseased ear rate before harve...Based on the survey of observation, the factors afffecting prevalence degree of wheat scab （ Gibberella zeae） were analyzed through coupling method. The results showed that the average diseased ear rate before harvest （disease index） was associated with the average relative humidity from April to early May, the average temperature from April to early May, and the interval from peak maturity stage of perithecium to full heading stage of wheat. The interval was used to measure the coincidence degree between release period of ascospore and ear period （ heading to grouting stage）. The prevalence of wheat scab was determined by coincidence degree and meteorological conditions of ear period. Quantitative prediction should be conducted, to improve prediction and control levels.展开更多
With the increasing prevalence frequency and aggravating harm degree in the 21st century, wheat scab had become a recurrent disease in eastern wheat area of Jiangsu Province. This paper reviewed general occurrence si...With the increasing prevalence frequency and aggravating harm degree in the 21st century, wheat scab had become a recurrent disease in eastern wheat area of Jiangsu Province. This paper reviewed general occurrence situation of wheat scab in eastern Jiangsu, and summarized its occurrence characteristics in last decade. The disease prevalence was elaborated from the aspects of fungal source quantity, chmatic conditions, cultivation modes, variety resistance and pesticide resistance. The author put forward a series of measures and countermeasures, including strengthening resistance monitoring and early warning, promoting and cultivating disease-resistant varieties, compressing planting area of direct seeding rice, canting out chemical control scientifically, and realizing unified prevention and control, in order to provide a scientific basis for the control of wheat scab.展开更多
Among the most economically important fruit crops in South and North Kyrgyzstan affected by scab disease are apples (Malus domestica). Natural isolates of Venturia inaequalis were isolated from diseased parts of apple...Among the most economically important fruit crops in South and North Kyrgyzstan affected by scab disease are apples (Malus domestica). Natural isolates of Venturia inaequalis were isolated from diseased parts of apple trees, selected from different regions, through sedimentation of air microflora on the crowns of fruit trees. Two biocontrol agents as Trichoderma viride and Streptomyces sр. were tested for apple scab control in vitro and field conditions. Two applications of Trichoderma viride within 35 days completely stopped the scab disease in seedling leaves. Within 40 days, the seedlings were recovered;the new leaves have blossomed on branches. The Streptomyces sp. antagonists were inferior in effectiveness compared to Trichoderma viride;nevertheless, they prevented progression of the disease in the leaves. Seedlings grew new shoots and leaves around 50 days after the second treatment. Orchard experiment results provide great hope that a biological product based on Trichoderma viride could work as an effective agent to suppress the development of the pathogen in the early spring, when leaves start to show scab disease symptoms.展开更多
The pathogenic characteristics of scab-anthracnoge of Fatsia japonica was introduced,and the infection cycle,occurrence regularity and main harmful symptoms of the disease were elaborated.Prevention is the main method...The pathogenic characteristics of scab-anthracnoge of Fatsia japonica was introduced,and the infection cycle,occurrence regularity and main harmful symptoms of the disease were elaborated.Prevention is the main method to prevent scab-anthracnoge of F.japonica,and disease-free seedlings should be cultivated.Meantime,cultivation management should be strengthened to improve disease resistance of plant,and chemical agents must be timely sprayed in the early incidence stage,in order to achieve the purpose of comprehensive control.展开更多
During the last century, as the area of wheat grown under advanced grain husbandry has increased worldwide, so too has the importance of Fusarium ear scab (FES) (synonym, Fusarium head blight) caused by several specie...During the last century, as the area of wheat grown under advanced grain husbandry has increased worldwide, so too has the importance of Fusarium ear scab (FES) (synonym, Fusarium head blight) caused by several species of the fungus Fusarium. Yield losses due to FES can total 20%-40% and more depending on climatic conditions. During the last twenty years epidemics of FES in cereals have become chronic all over the world, including the United States and Russia. The most destructive of these were observed in 1982, 1986, 1990-1996 in USA and in the south of Russia in 1982, 1984, 1988, 1992. The harmful effect of FES is manifested not only in reduced grain yields, but also in the contamination of grains and grain products with mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives (3-alfa acetyl-DON, 15-alfa acetyl-DON), T-2 toxin and zearalenone. Standard means to control FES (cultural control methodologies, chemical pesticides, and FES resistant varieties) have little effect or are not practical and rarely reduce the accumulation of mycotoxins in grain. We have developed a new technique to reduce FES using biological preparations. The technique utilizes wheat seed pretreatment with a biofungicide “Mycol” in combination with spraying wheat plants during flowering with a yeast preparation. Technology for production of Mycol on the basis of Trichoderma asperellum strain GJS 03-35 (systematics by Samuels) has been developed. This strain shows hyperparasitic activity against a wide spectrum of plant pathogens, including Fusarium graminearum, a causative agent of FES in wheat. Experiments conducted in the United States demonstrated that spraying wheat plants during flowering with the patented yeast Cryptococcus nodaensis OH 182.9 (NRRL Y-30216) reliably reduces FES development. Tests of the Mycol preparation and the yeast OH 182.9 (EOD) have been performed on the spring wheat “Ivolga” in greenhouse conditions (the Moscow region) and on the winter wheat “Kupava” in field trials in the North Caucasian region. An isolate of F. graminearum was used to insure adequate levels of disease development in greenhouse and field experiments. FES disease severity and incidence, as well as mycotoxin accumulation in wheat grains was studied for single or combination treatments with the biological preparations. Mycol (in concentrations 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 kg/t of seeds) was used for wheat seed pretreatment. The yeast preparation EOD (2.0×107 cfu/mL) was applied by spraying wheat plants during flowering. Chemical pesticides (Raxyl, TMTD) and a biological preparation Agat-25K were used as alternative control seed treatments. In greenhouse experiments, inoculations of heads with either biological preparation 4 h prior to inoculation with conidia of F. graminearum significantly reduced FES severity. Application with Mycol reduced DON in wheat grains by 6 to 11 fold. EOD alone or, to a lesser extent, in combination was also highly effective in reducing DON content. For treatments consisting of Mycol and EOD, 1000 grain weights were equivalent or higher than for control plants (both infected, and not infected). Wheat seeds obtained from the plants protected by these biological preparations germinated rapidly and possessed high germination rates compared to the FES control. In field trials, Mycol treatments clearly reduced FES symptoms, apparently providing an immunizing effect against FES. Mycol reduced FES severity and enhanced yield of the wheat varieties used. The effect of Mycol used at a minimum test-dose (0.1 kg/t) was not so pronounced. The greatest reduction of FES development was observed at a dose of Mycol of 1.0 kg per 1 t of seeds used in combination with EOD spraying. Experimental results support the contention that the offered technology has good prospects in controlling wheat Fusarium ear scab.展开更多
Little is written on the management of an innocuouslooking skin scab over an autogenous arteriovenous fistula(AVF)used for haemodialysis.The seriousness of the underlying pathology can be under-estimated,and this may ...Little is written on the management of an innocuouslooking skin scab over an autogenous arteriovenous fistula(AVF)used for haemodialysis.The seriousness of the underlying pathology can be under-estimated,and this may lead to early loss of the AVF,and majorlife-threatening haemorrhage.We describe the management of a 78-year-old patient presenting with an innocuous-looking scab over an AVF and review the pertinent literature on this subject.展开更多
A new method was proposed to extract sensitive features and to construct a monitoring model for wheat scab based on in situ hyperspectral data of wheat ears to achieve effective prevention and control and provide theo...A new method was proposed to extract sensitive features and to construct a monitoring model for wheat scab based on in situ hyperspectral data of wheat ears to achieve effective prevention and control and provide theoretical support for its large-scale monitoring.Eight sensitive features were selected through correlation analysis and wavelet transform.These features were as follows:three original bands of 350-400 nm,500-600 nm,and 720-1000 nm;three vegetation indices of modified simple ratio(MSR),normalized difference vegetation index,and structural independent pigment index;and two wavelet features of WF01 and WF02.By combining the selected sensitive features with support vector machine(SVM)and SVM optimized by genetic algorithm(GASVM),a total of 16 monitoring models were built,and the monitoring accuracies of the two types of models were compared.The ability of the monitoring models built by GASVM to identify scab was better than that of SVM algorithm under the same characteristic variables.Among the 16 models,MSR combined with GASVM had an overall accuracy of 75%and a Kappa coefficient of 0.47.GASVM can be used to monitor wheat scab and its application can improve the accuracy of disease monitoring.展开更多
基金Supported by Science and Technology Support Project for Functional Areas of Food Production in Ningbo City (200903C1011009)
文摘[Objective] This paper was to improve the current status that the fungicide carbendazim as the single agent was largely applied in the control against wheat scab. [ Method] Five kinds of fungicides on sales and new agents against wheat scab were selected for field trials. [ Result] 25% JS399 - 19 SC, 30% te- buconazoh · thiram WP, 75% trifloxystrobin · tebuconasole WDG and 10% ZJ0712 JG could effectively control wheat scab, and the control effects of one time or two times application were better than control agent carbendasim; the control efficacy of two times application was improved in different degrees against one time ap- vlication. [ Conclusion] The naner vrevided basis for the control atminst wheat scab.
基金Supported by Youth Fund Project of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(2018020101)Science and Technology Plan of Hebei Province (16246327D)Special Financial Project of Hebei Province (F18R1908,2019-3-5-2)。
文摘[Objective] The paper was to select different fungicides for field efficacy test against pear scab in summer.[Method] Five treatments were designed in the test,including 10% difenoconazole WDG 6 000 times dilution,50% captan WP 600 times dilution,30% pyraclostrobin SC 2 000 times dilution,430 g/L tebuconazole 4 000 times dilution,and water(control).[Result] 10% Difenoconazole WDG 6 000 times dilution,50% captan WP 600 times dilution,30% pyraclostrobin SC 2 000 times dilution,430 g/L tebuconazole SC 4 000 times dilution had good control effects against pear scab,and the efficacies were 89.13%-93.51%.[Conclusion] The results will provide the theoretical basis for field control of pear scab in summer.
文摘The cucumber scab caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. is one of the most important diseases of cucumber in the PR. of China and elsewhere. Recently, wider acceptance of under glas culture exacerbates the problem. Both in greenhouses and in free fields in the Northern China pose a challenge in the control of this disease, because there are no effective fungicide to be used. Induced resistance with chemicals may be an ideal way to protect cucumber against this disease , if there are no resistant cultivars to be used. This paper reports the effect of BION, a new activator of SAR, on the induction of resistance to cucumber scab using two treatment methods (seed treatment and foliar spray) at different concentrations (10,20,40, 80, 160 mg. mL- 1). The results showed that the number of diseased plants was decreased drastically in BION - treated plants, the disease incidence was 35 %, whereas it was 75 % in control plants. The disease severity of plant with BION treatment by foliar spray was 2 and it was 1.5 if used as seed treatment, whereas it was 3 and 3.1 in control plants respectively. Moreover it has no phytotoxic effect to be observed at concentrations used in the experiment.
文摘Based on the survey of observation, the factors afffecting prevalence degree of wheat scab （ Gibberella zeae） were analyzed through coupling method. The results showed that the average diseased ear rate before harvest （disease index） was associated with the average relative humidity from April to early May, the average temperature from April to early May, and the interval from peak maturity stage of perithecium to full heading stage of wheat. The interval was used to measure the coincidence degree between release period of ascospore and ear period （ heading to grouting stage）. The prevalence of wheat scab was determined by coincidence degree and meteorological conditions of ear period. Quantitative prediction should be conducted, to improve prediction and control levels.
基金Supported by Independent Innovation Project of Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu Province[CX(14)2126]
文摘With the increasing prevalence frequency and aggravating harm degree in the 21st century, wheat scab had become a recurrent disease in eastern wheat area of Jiangsu Province. This paper reviewed general occurrence situation of wheat scab in eastern Jiangsu, and summarized its occurrence characteristics in last decade. The disease prevalence was elaborated from the aspects of fungal source quantity, chmatic conditions, cultivation modes, variety resistance and pesticide resistance. The author put forward a series of measures and countermeasures, including strengthening resistance monitoring and early warning, promoting and cultivating disease-resistant varieties, compressing planting area of direct seeding rice, canting out chemical control scientifically, and realizing unified prevention and control, in order to provide a scientific basis for the control of wheat scab.
文摘Among the most economically important fruit crops in South and North Kyrgyzstan affected by scab disease are apples (Malus domestica). Natural isolates of Venturia inaequalis were isolated from diseased parts of apple trees, selected from different regions, through sedimentation of air microflora on the crowns of fruit trees. Two biocontrol agents as Trichoderma viride and Streptomyces sр. were tested for apple scab control in vitro and field conditions. Two applications of Trichoderma viride within 35 days completely stopped the scab disease in seedling leaves. Within 40 days, the seedlings were recovered;the new leaves have blossomed on branches. The Streptomyces sp. antagonists were inferior in effectiveness compared to Trichoderma viride;nevertheless, they prevented progression of the disease in the leaves. Seedlings grew new shoots and leaves around 50 days after the second treatment. Orchard experiment results provide great hope that a biological product based on Trichoderma viride could work as an effective agent to suppress the development of the pathogen in the early spring, when leaves start to show scab disease symptoms.
文摘The pathogenic characteristics of scab-anthracnoge of Fatsia japonica was introduced,and the infection cycle,occurrence regularity and main harmful symptoms of the disease were elaborated.Prevention is the main method to prevent scab-anthracnoge of F.japonica,and disease-free seedlings should be cultivated.Meantime,cultivation management should be strengthened to improve disease resistance of plant,and chemical agents must be timely sprayed in the early incidence stage,in order to achieve the purpose of comprehensive control.
文摘During the last century, as the area of wheat grown under advanced grain husbandry has increased worldwide, so too has the importance of Fusarium ear scab (FES) (synonym, Fusarium head blight) caused by several species of the fungus Fusarium. Yield losses due to FES can total 20%-40% and more depending on climatic conditions. During the last twenty years epidemics of FES in cereals have become chronic all over the world, including the United States and Russia. The most destructive of these were observed in 1982, 1986, 1990-1996 in USA and in the south of Russia in 1982, 1984, 1988, 1992. The harmful effect of FES is manifested not only in reduced grain yields, but also in the contamination of grains and grain products with mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives (3-alfa acetyl-DON, 15-alfa acetyl-DON), T-2 toxin and zearalenone. Standard means to control FES (cultural control methodologies, chemical pesticides, and FES resistant varieties) have little effect or are not practical and rarely reduce the accumulation of mycotoxins in grain. We have developed a new technique to reduce FES using biological preparations. The technique utilizes wheat seed pretreatment with a biofungicide “Mycol” in combination with spraying wheat plants during flowering with a yeast preparation. Technology for production of Mycol on the basis of Trichoderma asperellum strain GJS 03-35 (systematics by Samuels) has been developed. This strain shows hyperparasitic activity against a wide spectrum of plant pathogens, including Fusarium graminearum, a causative agent of FES in wheat. Experiments conducted in the United States demonstrated that spraying wheat plants during flowering with the patented yeast Cryptococcus nodaensis OH 182.9 (NRRL Y-30216) reliably reduces FES development. Tests of the Mycol preparation and the yeast OH 182.9 (EOD) have been performed on the spring wheat “Ivolga” in greenhouse conditions (the Moscow region) and on the winter wheat “Kupava” in field trials in the North Caucasian region. An isolate of F. graminearum was used to insure adequate levels of disease development in greenhouse and field experiments. FES disease severity and incidence, as well as mycotoxin accumulation in wheat grains was studied for single or combination treatments with the biological preparations. Mycol (in concentrations 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 kg/t of seeds) was used for wheat seed pretreatment. The yeast preparation EOD (2.0×107 cfu/mL) was applied by spraying wheat plants during flowering. Chemical pesticides (Raxyl, TMTD) and a biological preparation Agat-25K were used as alternative control seed treatments. In greenhouse experiments, inoculations of heads with either biological preparation 4 h prior to inoculation with conidia of F. graminearum significantly reduced FES severity. Application with Mycol reduced DON in wheat grains by 6 to 11 fold. EOD alone or, to a lesser extent, in combination was also highly effective in reducing DON content. For treatments consisting of Mycol and EOD, 1000 grain weights were equivalent or higher than for control plants (both infected, and not infected). Wheat seeds obtained from the plants protected by these biological preparations germinated rapidly and possessed high germination rates compared to the FES control. In field trials, Mycol treatments clearly reduced FES symptoms, apparently providing an immunizing effect against FES. Mycol reduced FES severity and enhanced yield of the wheat varieties used. The effect of Mycol used at a minimum test-dose (0.1 kg/t) was not so pronounced. The greatest reduction of FES development was observed at a dose of Mycol of 1.0 kg per 1 t of seeds used in combination with EOD spraying. Experimental results support the contention that the offered technology has good prospects in controlling wheat Fusarium ear scab.
文摘Little is written on the management of an innocuouslooking skin scab over an autogenous arteriovenous fistula(AVF)used for haemodialysis.The seriousness of the underlying pathology can be under-estimated,and this may lead to early loss of the AVF,and majorlife-threatening haemorrhage.We describe the management of a 78-year-old patient presenting with an innocuous-looking scab over an AVF and review the pertinent literature on this subject.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41571354,41871339)Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Provincial Education Department(KJ2019A0030)+2 种基金Anhui Provincial Science and Technology Project(16030701091,201904f06020038)supported by Hainan Provincial Key R&D Program of China(ZDYF2018073)National special support program for high-level personnel recruitment(Wenjiang Huang).
文摘A new method was proposed to extract sensitive features and to construct a monitoring model for wheat scab based on in situ hyperspectral data of wheat ears to achieve effective prevention and control and provide theoretical support for its large-scale monitoring.Eight sensitive features were selected through correlation analysis and wavelet transform.These features were as follows:three original bands of 350-400 nm,500-600 nm,and 720-1000 nm;three vegetation indices of modified simple ratio(MSR),normalized difference vegetation index,and structural independent pigment index;and two wavelet features of WF01 and WF02.By combining the selected sensitive features with support vector machine(SVM)and SVM optimized by genetic algorithm(GASVM),a total of 16 monitoring models were built,and the monitoring accuracies of the two types of models were compared.The ability of the monitoring models built by GASVM to identify scab was better than that of SVM algorithm under the same characteristic variables.Among the 16 models,MSR combined with GASVM had an overall accuracy of 75%and a Kappa coefficient of 0.47.GASVM can be used to monitor wheat scab and its application can improve the accuracy of disease monitoring.
