Low-Temperature Soft-Cover-Assisted Hydrolysis Deposition of Large-Scale TiO_2 Layer for Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules

Perovskite solar cells with TiO_2 electron transport layers exhibit power conversion efficiency(PCE) as high as 22.7% in single cells. However, the preparation process of the TiO_2 layer is adopted by an unscalable method or requires high-temperature sintering, which precludes its potential use for mass production of flexible devices. In this study, a scalable low-temperature softcover-assisted hydrolysis(SAH) method is presented,where the precursor solution is sandwiched between a soft cover and preheated substrate to form a closed hydrolysis environment. Compact homogeneous TiO_2 films with a needle-like structure were obtained after the hydrolysis of a TiCl_4 aqueous solution. Moreover, by careful optimization of the TiO_2 fabrication conditions, a high PCE of 14.01% could be achieved for a solar module(4 × 4 cm^2) prepared using the SAH method. This method provides a novel approach for the efficient scale-up of the low-temperature TiO_2 film growth for industrial applications.

Theoretical Modelling of Water-Rock δD-δ^(18)OIsotopic Exchange System and Source of Ore-Forming Fluid:A Case Study on Jinduicheng Superlarge-Scale Molybdenum Deposit,Central China

Based on the theoretical modelling of water-rock δD-δ18O isotopic exchange process,the evolution and sources of ore-forming fluid in four metallogenic epochs of the Jinduicheng su-perlarge-scale porphyry-type molybdenum deposit were investigated. It was revealed that in thepre-metallogenic and early-metallogenic epehs, the ore-forming fluid was a residual fluid derived from magmatic water-wall rock interaction at middle to high temperatures (T = 250 -500℃) and lower W/R ratios (0. 1 > = W/R >0.001 ), while in the metallogenic and Post-metallogenic epochs, the ore-forming nuid was a residual fluid derived from meteoric water-wallrock interaction at midd1e to lower temperatures (T = 150 - 310℃ ) and relatively high W/Rratios (0. 5 >W/R≥0.1 ). The meteoric water played an important role in molybdenum min-eralization, and at the main metallogenic epoch the W/R ratio reached its maximum value.

Ballistic Deposition模型孔洞生长标度行为的数值模拟

为研究表面界面粗化生长中孔洞的标度行为,在对Ballistic Deposition(BD)模型进行数值模拟的基础上,对模型中孔洞的模拟生长情况进行统计和分析.结果表明,BD模型中孔洞数目随模型生长时间的变化从初始阶段的高于线性而渐趋近于线性,并对该规律进行理论分析.

Research and development on cutting scale machine in the coal mine shaft

The deposit scale in the coal mine shaft usually causes serious accidents, such as making rope broken, cage seized or dropped. To solve this kind of problems, the re-search of the cutting scale mechanism was made, and a new type of removal scale equipment was made with using imported hard alloy material. The cutting experiment and actual cutting show that it can adapt to abominable condition in the shaft, such as narrow space, wet and excessive shaft crevice water and so on, and can work safely and reliably, and has high cutting scale efficiency. It can also cut out the deposit scale in the circular section of shaft.

Temporal Periods and Duration of Formation of Cu-Mo Porphyry Deposits(Siberia and Mongolia)

Copper-molybdenum porphyry deposits of Russia (Sib eria) and Mongolia were formed within the interaction zone of the Siberian conti nent with Paleo-As ian (Pt 2-Pz 2), Paleo-Tethys (Pz 3) and Mongolo-Okhotsk (Pz 2-Mz) ocean s. Ore-beari ng magmatic (porphyry) complexes, which are closely associated in time and space with Cu-Mo mineralization, are represented by small stocks (up to 1 km 2) and numerous dikes of basic to acid composition. Rb-Sr and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating fix three temporal periods of activity o f ore-form ing process within Siberia and Mongolia which resulted in a wide appearance of C u-Mo porphyry mineralization. A series of large-scale deposits was formed at t ha t time: 1) Early Devonian (Mo-porphyry Sora deposit, Kuznetsk-Alatau; Cu-Mo- porp hyry Aksug deposit, Tuva), 2) Triassic (Cu-Mo-porphyry Erdenetuin-Obo, Northe rn Mongolia), 3) Late Jurassic (Cu-Mo-porphyry Zhireken and Shakhtama deposits, Eastern Transbaikalia). The deposits of small size were formed between these periods (Cu-Mo-porphyry Tsagan-Suburga, Cu-porphyry Kharmagtai deposits in Southern Mongolia, etc.). C u- Mo-porphyry deposits within Siberia and Mongolia as a whole were formed with a regular periodicity at 20～30 Ma intervals. Large copper-molybdenum porphyry deposits are characterized by the manifestat ion of multiple ore-forming processes which are related to separate pulses of o r e-bearing magmatism. Three pulses of ore-bearing magmatism are established at th e large scale Erdenetuin-Obo deposit: I-250～240 Ma, II-225～220 Ma, III-225 ～195 M a. Every magmatic pulse is accompanied by ore mineralization. The Erdenet ore di strict includes three deposits of different sizes. Large-scale deposits are in principle multi-stage formations. They are charac terized by the repeated manifestation of ore-bearing magmatism and the ore-for mi ng processes during the long period of geological time within a relatively limit ed space.

Feature Scale Simulation of PECVD of SiO_2 in SiH_4/N_2O Mixture

In this paper, to simulate the process of PECVD （plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition） of SiO2, the plasma chemistry and plasma density of SiH4/N2O mixture have been studied with an inductive coupled plasma model, and the level set methodology has been used to obtain the feature scale variation during the process. In this simulation, the goal is to fill a trench. We studied how ion sputtering and chamber pressure affect the feature scale model. After the simulation, we found that the trench will close up at the top after a few steps, and if we add the ion sputtering into the surface reactions, the trench top will close up a little later. When the chamber pressure is improved, the plasma density will increase, so the trench top will close up earlier. In semiconductor device manufacture, people can control the trench＇s feature scale through adjusting these two parameters.

Mineral Evaluations for Small Scale Miners:A Case for Zimbabwe and South Africa

Since the establishment of geological surveys in Southern Africa a lots of geological information has been systematically stored.Due to the vast amounts of data generated one of the main functions of

Preparation of Large-Scale Double-Side BDD Electrodes and Their Electrochemical Performances

Boron doped diamond(BDD)performs well in electrochemical oxidation for organic pollutants thanks to its wide electrochemical window and superior chemical stability.We presented a method to obtain well-adherent large-scale BDD/Nb electrode by the modified hot filament chemical vapor deposition system(HFCVD).SiC particles were sand blasted to enhance the adhesion of BDD coating.The BDD coating was then deposited on both sides of Nb which was placed vertically and closely with filament grids on both sides.The BDD/Nb electrodes had no deformation because the thermal deformations of the BDD films on both sides of the Nb substrate conteracted each other during cooling process after deposition.The surface morphology and purity of the BDD/Nb electrode were analyzed by Raman and scanning elestron microscope(SEM)techniques.Scratch test was used to investigate the adhesion of BDD films.The electrochemical performances were measured by cyclic voltammetry test.The BDD electrode at the B/C ratio of 2 000×10^(-6) held a higher oxygen evolution potential thanks to its high sp3 carbon content.Accelerated life test illustrated that the sandblasting pretreatment obviously enhanced the adhesion of BDD coating which resulted in a longer service duration than the un-sandblasted one.

中国北方盆地大规模铀成矿作用:地层篇

“红黑”耦合沉积建造是中国北方中—新生代盆地(简称北方盆地)砂岩型铀矿的重要控矿要素之一,在勘查实践中得到了广泛证实和应用,指导发现找矿靶区和矿产地300余处,在成矿理论方面取得重要进展。本文系统总结了北方产铀盆地的60万余米铀矿岩芯钻探成果,通过典型矿床赋矿层沉积学、地球化学等对比研究,系统分析了北方盆地侏罗系、白垩系、新近系等赋矿层形成的沉积环境、物质组成等,进一步明确了制约成矿流体运移、铀矿物沉淀的赋矿层条件。结果显示:①北方盆地自侏罗纪以来,发育了Ⅰ中侏罗世—晚侏罗世早期(Bathonian-Oxfordian)、Ⅱ早白垩世早期(Valanginian)、Ⅲ早白垩世晚期(Aptian)、Ⅳ晚白垩世早期(Cenomanian)、Ⅴ晚白垩世晚期—早古近纪(Campanian-Thanetian)、Ⅵ早新近纪(Aquitanian-Burdigalian)和Ⅶ晚新近纪(ZancleanPiacenzian)7期红层,与下伏富还原性组分的黑色层构成了典型的对偶沉积建造,为北方盆地大规模成矿奠定了赋矿层基础。②地球化学指标显示:红层中Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)比值介于0.29~1.47(n=78),黑层Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)比值介于0.57~53.96(n=223),赋矿层Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)比值介于1.00~26.45(n=52)。赋矿层、黑层Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)比值一般大于1,以发育黄铁矿、炭屑、油斑为特征,为相对较还原的环境。红层Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)比值一般小于1,以发育钙质结核为特征,为相对较强氧化的环境。③总有机碳含量显示红层为0~0.16%(n=107),含矿层为0.01%~2.65%(n=137),黑层为0.01%~2.66%(n=339),含矿层总有机碳含量略低于黑层,与铀矿的富集沉淀有密切关系。④砂岩型铀矿体呈“板状”或“楔状”产出于黑层顶部的灰色、灰绿色砂岩和细砂岩,甚至泥岩,红层为含氧含铀流体的运移通道,黑层为含氧含铀流体的富集沉淀的化学屏障。因此,北方盆地红层和黑层对偶沉积、旋回充填是大规模铀成矿必要的地层条件,这些认识打破常规思维,“红黑”旋回叠加导致了北方盆地多层成矿的现象,矿体一般呈板状就位于红层和黑层的过渡带,这对深入理解砂岩型铀矿成矿环境、成矿规律及成矿机理等工作和勘查工作部署具有重要实践意义。

油井内波纹板表面结垢规律及预测模型

针对油田开发过程中井下抽油泵结垢问题,采用波纹板作为泵前预结垢装置的结垢元件,分析其结垢规律。基于Kern-Seaton结垢速率模型,推导了结垢沉积的半经验公式;运用湍流-化学相互作用模型和DPM模型模拟了CaCO_(3)颗粒在管道内波纹板表面的结垢过程,定量分析了温度、流速和颗粒质量浓度的倍数对结垢速率的影响规律;复配井下产出液,进行了室内结垢试验。试验结果表明:数值模拟和室内试验有着较好的一致性,温度上升颗粒质量浓度增加,对碳酸钙的结垢沉积具有促进作用;而流速的升高则能抑制碳酸钙的结垢沉积。在实际生产过程中,井内温度和结垢离子的质量浓度不可控,可以通过适当降低产出液的流速,增加波纹板表面的结垢量,以此达到减轻抽油泵结垢的目的。所得结论可为油田防垢、除垢提供理论依据和新思路。

富钴黄铁矿中钴微-纳米尺度赋存状态:以大横路铜钴矿为例

黄铁矿是重要的载钴矿物,自然界钴矿床中富钴黄铁矿的Co含量可达10%~20%,明显超出实验岩石学和理论计算获得的黄铁矿溶解Co的能力。目前,这些富钴黄铁矿溶解过饱和Co的机制以及Co过饱和黄铁矿是否出溶方硫钴矿尚不清楚。为探讨以上问题,本文选取吉林大横路Cu-Co矿中富钴黄铁矿为研究对象。能谱元素面扫描和电子探针分析结果显示,大横路富钴黄铁矿中Co呈不均匀分布且无规律,单颗粒Co含量变化范围较大(Py108为4.31%~9.74%、Py110为4.54%~8.83%),Co的不均匀很可能与黄铁矿的生长过程和结晶环境有关。透射电镜和原子探针分析结果显示,纳米尺度富钴黄铁矿中Co呈均匀分布,未见富Co的包裹体和方硫钴矿出溶体,Co以类质同象的形式替换Fe存在于富钴黄铁矿中。根据以上结果,我们认为大横路富钴黄铁矿中溶解过饱和的Co很可能与微晶尺寸效应有关,亚稳态Co过饱和FeS_(2)-CoS_(2)固溶体可以长期保持不变。

南非铀矿资源特征及我国企业投资建议

南非铀资源量位居世界前列,研究南非铀资源特征与投资环境可以为我国铀矿勘查开发“走出去”战略提供参考。笔者等以IAEA等权威机构发布的数据为基础,综合分析南非铀资源量、铀矿床类型、铀矿床规模及投资环境。目前,南非主要存在6种类型的铀矿床,铀矿床主要分布于太古宙地盾金—铀、铜—铂族元素—金刚石成矿区和古生代—中、新生代卡鲁盆地铀—金刚石—砂金成矿区。综合勘查开发现状、国家政治稳定性、社会经济和基础设施等因素,笔者等认为南非铀矿投资环境属“一般”等级水平。但近年来,南非投资环境总体趋势在向好发展,而且维特瓦斯兰德盆地金(铀)矿床一直在开采,潜力巨大,因此南非铀资源值得中国企业关注,及时抓住投资机遇。

松辽盆地乾安地区上白垩统四方台组天文旋回识别及对铀矿化砂岩沉积时代的限定

旋回地层学广泛应用于高精度层序地层格架和天文年代标尺的建立,是沉积学量化研究的重要领域。本文对松辽盆地乾安地区上白垩统四方台组自然伽马测井数据进行了详细的旋回地层学分析。频谱分析结果显示,四方台组具有40.2、10.6~13.1、3.6~3.8、1.79~2.4 m的沉积旋回,旋回周期之比近似晚白垩世天文轨道周期之比20∶5∶2∶1,对应沉积旋回周期依次为405 ka长偏心率、约106 ka短偏心率、约38 ka斜率和约21 ka岁差。相关系数法(COCO)统计检验结果显示,四方台组地层沉积速率约为9.78 cm/ka,与该天文周期相吻合。对应于405 kyr长偏心率周期的沉积旋回进行滤波,识别出8个沉积旋回,利用405 kyr长偏心率周期对GR数据序列进行天文调谐进而建立浮动天文年代标尺,获得四方台组的沉积持续时间为3.23 Myr。以盆地北部松科-1井白垩纪明水组和四方台组年代地层格架为参考,确定了研究区含铀砂体的沉积时限,乾安地区铀矿化砂岩发育在四方台组下部,砂体沉积时限约为((75.36~76.09)±0.40)Ma。研究结果表明,旋回地层学分析可以有效应用于砂岩型铀矿勘探层系,并可准确圈定含铀矿砂岩层系沉积时限,是区域目的层系识别与对比、勘探靶区圈定的有效手段。

清净分散剂对高密度燃料热氧化安定性的影响

高密度燃料的热氧化安定性对其换热安全性乃至高超音速飞行器的飞行安全至关重要。在燃料中加入清净分散剂可减少热氧化沉积前驱体及沉积物的生成,有助于提高燃料的热氧化安定性。采用快速小型热氧化安定仪研究了不同清净分散剂结构对高密度燃料JP-10热氧化安定性的影响规律,结果表明:在140℃,700 kPa氧气压力下氧化5 h后,当高分子量聚异丁烯基丁二酰亚胺T161(分子量>1000)在JP-10(5 mL)中添加量为100 mg/L时,氧化沉积物的质量减少了56%(94.5 mg),且适当增加分散剂中非极性基团的链长和极性基团的体积,有利于提高JP-10的热氧化安定性;此外,当清净分散剂中极性基团位于分子中部时,对沉积物的抑制效果则更加显著。

电化学法处理循环冷却水的研究进展

循环冷却水系统已广泛应用于工业生产的冷却过程,其显著提高水资源的利用效率。然而,结垢问题直接影响循环冷却系统的稳定性。电化学法可以有效缓解结垢带来的负面问题。因此,本文从两个方面(调控阴极面积,高效分离氢离子和氢氧根)详细阐述电化学法处理循环冷却水的最新研究进展,以更好地利用电化学法处理循环冷却水。

火电机组凝汽器不锈钢管泄漏原因分析

135 MW机组凝汽器泄漏现象时有发生,为找到泄漏原因,进行停机检修。对凝汽器不锈钢管进行宏观和微观形貌检查,发现汽机侧不锈钢管存在多处泄漏点,泄漏不锈钢管大致分为刮痕状与凹陷穿孔状两种;对该机组凝汽器管管材和循环水水质进行检验,并对管内垢样进行微观形貌及能谱分析。结果表明:凝汽器泄露的主要原因为微生物粘泥的沉积作用加速点蚀的形成并导致垢下腐蚀;纽带的有效旋转在一定程度上使管内壁产生机械磨损。

垢对蜡沉积物强度及聚乙烯管道清管特性的影响

油井采出原油中含有泥沙、垢等颗粒物,在管输过程中颗粒物与原油中的蜡分子协同沉积,导致管道输量降低,严重时可能造成管道堵塞,影响原油管道安全输送。对掺垢蜡沉积物进行了屈服应力测试实验和显微特性实验;对室内聚乙烯管道进行了清管实验;基于清管实验结果,利用π定理建立了清管效率预测模型。结果表明,碳酸钙垢对蜡沉积物强度的影响存在临界垢质量分数;沉积物中含垢,会提高清管器的蜡层破坏力和清管效率;通过室内实验和第三方文献实验数据,验证了所建立的模型。

保偏光纤制备及其参数测试原理

为了研制工作波长为1310 nm的保偏光纤,采用改进的化学气相沉积工艺制备了保偏光纤预制捧和应力棒,经加工、拼接、清洗、拉丝工艺后,得到几何尺寸精确的高质量保偏光纤;同时搭建了高效测试系统,采用折射近场法、远场扫描法、视频灰度技术(传输近场),分别测量了预制棒的折射率分布和几何尺寸,保偏光纤模场直径、数值孔径、几何尺寸等关键参数。结果表明,此标准化测试系统操作流程简单、结果精确;模场直径为6.26μm,数值孔径为0.23,包涂直径80μm/135μm/165μm(精度±0.7μm);终检测试合格的光纤成品随机抽样16.25%,高低温老化实验后拍长、串音变化小。所研制的保偏光纤性能稳定,几何尺寸精确、结构均匀、损耗低,具有优良保偏性能,已广泛应用于实际生产中。

试论中亚造山带东部多宝山矿田斑岩铜浅成低温金系统成矿特征与矿床模型

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