Observed and compared the morphological characters of various instars of Encyrtus sasakii Ishii parasitized in Eulecanium kuwanai Kanda. Microphotographs were taken of the bodies. Study shows that： Encyrtus sasakii I...Observed and compared the morphological characters of various instars of Encyrtus sasakii Ishii parasitized in Eulecanium kuwanai Kanda. Microphotographs were taken of the bodies. Study shows that： Encyrtus sasakii Ishii reproduces annually and overwinters as pupa in their host. Besides the individual differences resulting from development, the 1st and 2nd instar larvae have long breath pedicles in the end of abdomen, and with the larva molting during development, the exuvia accumulate at the end of the body, form a hollow sac called caudal sac that cover the breath pedicle during 3rd and 4th instar larvae. The scutulis of females are yellow, and foreside of wings is light fumed with a dark blotch covered by dense black thick hairs. While the males are black brown, the wing is light in color without a dark blotch.展开更多
Many tree planting programmes have long been initiated to increase forest cover to mitigate the effects of global climate change.Successful planting requires careful planning at the project level,including using suita...Many tree planting programmes have long been initiated to increase forest cover to mitigate the effects of global climate change.Successful planting requires careful planning at the project level,including using suitable species with favourable traits.However,there is a paucity of improvement data for tropical tree species.An experimental common garden of Shorea leprosula was established to study traits related to growth performance which are key factors in planting success.Seedlings of S.leprosula were collected from nine geographical forest reserves.To study the effects of genetic variation,seedlings were planted in a common environment following a randomized complete block design.From performance data collected 2017‒2019,one population showed the highest coefficient for relative height growth,significantly higher than most of the other populations.Interestingly,this population from Beserah also exhibited the lowest coefficient for scale insect infestation.This study provides preliminary results on growth performance and susceptibility to scale insect infestation in S.leprosula and the first common garden experiment site conducted on dipterocarp species.It lays a foundation for future genome-wide studies.展开更多
The mitogenome is a double strand molecule that has become an extensively studied molecular marker used in the study of the phylogeny of insects.A recent study investigated the mitogenomes of Planococcus citri(Risso,1...The mitogenome is a double strand molecule that has become an extensively studied molecular marker used in the study of the phylogeny of insects.A recent study investigated the mitogenomes of Planococcus citri(Risso,1813)and Unaspis yanonensis(Kuwana,1923)published by PeerJ(Liu et al.2020).In our study,we determine that the putative“P.citri and U.yanonensis”mitogenomes did not originate from Coccoidea but from parasitic wasps in the Chalcidoidea.These results are based on the genetic distances of the barcoding sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I(COI)and on molecular identifications performed against the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool(BLAST)in NCBI.展开更多
The Chinese white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela, can survive at extremely low temperatures, and some overwintering individuals exhibit supercooling at tempera- tures below -30℃. To investigate the deep supercooling...The Chinese white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela, can survive at extremely low temperatures, and some overwintering individuals exhibit supercooling at tempera- tures below -30℃. To investigate the deep supercooling ability ofE. pela, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to delineate the major gene and protein families responsible for the deep supercooling ability of overwintering females. Gene Ontology （GO） classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） analysis indicated that genes involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase, calcium, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and pathways associated with the biosynthesis of soluble sugars, sugar alcohols and free amino acids were dominant. Proteins responsible for low-temperature stress, such as cold acclimation proteins, glycerol biosynthesis-related enzymes and heat shock proteins （HSPs） were identified. However, no antifreeze proteins （AFPs） were identified through sequence similarity search methods. A random forest approach identified 388 putative AFPs in the proteome. The AFP gene ep-afp was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the expressed protein exhibited a thermal hysteresis activity of 0.97℃, suggesting its potential role in the deep supercooling ability ofE. pela.展开更多
Biological tiny structures have been observed on many kinds of surfaces such as lotus leaves,which have an effect on the coloration of Morpho butterflies and enhance the hydrophobicity of natural surfaces.We investiga...Biological tiny structures have been observed on many kinds of surfaces such as lotus leaves,which have an effect on the coloration of Morpho butterflies and enhance the hydrophobicity of natural surfaces.We investigated the micro-scale and nano-scale structures on the wing surfaces of insects and found that the hierarchical multiple roughness structures help in enhancing the hydrophobicity.After examining 10 orders and 24 species of flying Pterygotan insects,we found that micro-scale and nano-scale structures typically exist on both the upper and lower wing surfaces of flying insects.The tiny structures such as denticle or setae on the insect wings enhance the hydrophobicity,thereby enabling the wings to be cleaned more easily.And the hydrophobic insect wings undergo a transition from Cassie to Wenzel states at pitch/size ratio of about 20.In order to examine the wetting characteristics on a rough surface,a biomimetic surface with micro-scale pillars is fabricated on a silicon wafer, which exhibits the same behavior as the insect wing,with the Cassie-Wenzel transition occurring consistently around a pitch/width value of 20.展开更多
A new armoured scale,Diaonidia litsea sp.nov.,is described and illustrated.It was found on Litsea monopetala(Roxb.)Pers.in Hainan,China.This new species can be easily distinguished by:the anterior spiracles each with ...A new armoured scale,Diaonidia litsea sp.nov.,is described and illustrated.It was found on Litsea monopetala(Roxb.)Pers.in Hainan,China.This new species can be easily distinguished by:the anterior spiracles each with 2–3 discoidal glands;pygidium with 2 pairs of well-developed lobes,and the area around mouthpart strongly sclerotized.An identification key to the adult females in the genus Diaonidia is also provided.展开更多
The soil insect community was studied in grey desert soil district in September 2004. 90 soil samples and 100 pitfalls were collected from 10 treatments, i.e., abandonment （Aband.）, CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK, MNPK （fe...The soil insect community was studied in grey desert soil district in September 2004. 90 soil samples and 100 pitfalls were collected from 10 treatments, i.e., abandonment （Aband.）, CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK, MNPK （fertilizer N：organic N = 3：7）, 1.5MNPK, and SNPK. 4915 soil insects （128 unknown）, as individuals belonging to 9 orders and 33 families, were obtained by pitfall traps and modified Tullgren methods. The results showed that, based on the number of individuals and groups, the macro fauna in total reached their peaks in abandonment, whereas meso and micro fauna in N and PK, respectively. Of the 10 treatments, the most dominant of soil insect composition was in MNPK and most evenness was N. The result by Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that the distribution of the arable soil insect was significantly impacted by different fertilizer treatments （X0.05（9） = 23.38, P 〈 0.005）, and soil insect group of the abandonment was significantly different from that of other fertilizer treatments. The soil insect community was divided into five groups by non-metric- MDS analysis： （1） NPK, MNPK, 1.5MNPK, CK, （2） NP and PK, （3） NK and N, （4） SNPK, and （5） abandonment, which indicated that distribution of soil insect was related to the character of the fertilizer. In the principal component analysis, two factors explained 98.51% of the total variation among the 10 treatments, and the factor one explained that N and SNPK positively affected soil insect community, whereas factor two explained that 1.5MNPK positively affected soil insect community, which showed that the diversified fertilizer did not evenly affect the soil insect community.展开更多
The paper reports 8 species of 7 genera of Encyrtidae, i. e. Anagyrus pseudococci, Cheiloneurus ceroplastis, Dusmetia fascipennis, Homalotylus ephippium associated with scale insects on trees, Isodromus atriventris...The paper reports 8 species of 7 genera of Encyrtidae, i. e. Anagyrus pseudococci, Cheiloneurus ceroplastis, Dusmetia fascipennis, Homalotylus ephippium associated with scale insects on trees, Isodromus atriventris, Isodromus collimaculatus sp. nov., Ooencyrtus kuvanae associated with lacewing insects, and Syrphophagus aeruginosus , a parasitoid of Syrphids. All specimens are deposited in the Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.展开更多
基金This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30471398)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi, China (20051066)
文摘Observed and compared the morphological characters of various instars of Encyrtus sasakii Ishii parasitized in Eulecanium kuwanai Kanda. Microphotographs were taken of the bodies. Study shows that： Encyrtus sasakii Ishii reproduces annually and overwinters as pupa in their host. Besides the individual differences resulting from development, the 1st and 2nd instar larvae have long breath pedicles in the end of abdomen, and with the larva molting during development, the exuvia accumulate at the end of the body, form a hollow sac called caudal sac that cover the breath pedicle during 3rd and 4th instar larvae. The scutulis of females are yellow, and foreside of wings is light fumed with a dark blotch covered by dense black thick hairs. While the males are black brown, the wing is light in color without a dark blotch.
基金supported by the Government of Malaysia under the 10th and 11th Malaysia Plan.
文摘Many tree planting programmes have long been initiated to increase forest cover to mitigate the effects of global climate change.Successful planting requires careful planning at the project level,including using suitable species with favourable traits.However,there is a paucity of improvement data for tropical tree species.An experimental common garden of Shorea leprosula was established to study traits related to growth performance which are key factors in planting success.Seedlings of S.leprosula were collected from nine geographical forest reserves.To study the effects of genetic variation,seedlings were planted in a common environment following a randomized complete block design.From performance data collected 2017‒2019,one population showed the highest coefficient for relative height growth,significantly higher than most of the other populations.Interestingly,this population from Beserah also exhibited the lowest coefficient for scale insect infestation.This study provides preliminary results on growth performance and susceptibility to scale insect infestation in S.leprosula and the first common garden experiment site conducted on dipterocarp species.It lays a foundation for future genome-wide studies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772488)。
文摘The mitogenome is a double strand molecule that has become an extensively studied molecular marker used in the study of the phylogeny of insects.A recent study investigated the mitogenomes of Planococcus citri(Risso,1813)and Unaspis yanonensis(Kuwana,1923)published by PeerJ(Liu et al.2020).In our study,we determine that the putative“P.citri and U.yanonensis”mitogenomes did not originate from Coccoidea but from parasitic wasps in the Chalcidoidea.These results are based on the genetic distances of the barcoding sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I(COI)and on molecular identifications performed against the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool(BLAST)in NCBI.
基金Acknowledgments This work was financially supported through a grant from the Special Fund for Forestry Research in the Public Interest （201304808, 201504302, 201204602）, Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province （Grant No. 2013FA052, 2010ZC235）, National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 31572337, 31000983）, National High Technology Research and Development Program （＂863＂ Program） of China （2014AA021801）, National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of RIRI-CAF （Grant No. riricaf200904M-3, riricaf2011006M）.
文摘The Chinese white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela, can survive at extremely low temperatures, and some overwintering individuals exhibit supercooling at tempera- tures below -30℃. To investigate the deep supercooling ability ofE. pela, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to delineate the major gene and protein families responsible for the deep supercooling ability of overwintering females. Gene Ontology （GO） classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） analysis indicated that genes involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase, calcium, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and pathways associated with the biosynthesis of soluble sugars, sugar alcohols and free amino acids were dominant. Proteins responsible for low-temperature stress, such as cold acclimation proteins, glycerol biosynthesis-related enzymes and heat shock proteins （HSPs） were identified. However, no antifreeze proteins （AFPs） were identified through sequence similarity search methods. A random forest approach identified 388 putative AFPs in the proteome. The AFP gene ep-afp was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the expressed protein exhibited a thermal hysteresis activity of 0.97℃, suggesting its potential role in the deep supercooling ability ofE. pela.
基金supported by the National Research Laboratory Program, Korea Science and Engineering Foundation Grant (Grant No. R0A-2007-000-20012-0)the Korea Research Foundation Grant (Grant No. KRF-2006-005-J03301)+1 种基金J. Hong was partially supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD) (Grant No. KRP-2006-214-D00056)J. R. Lukes acknowledges partial support from the National Science Foundation (Grant No.CBET-0424101)
文摘Biological tiny structures have been observed on many kinds of surfaces such as lotus leaves,which have an effect on the coloration of Morpho butterflies and enhance the hydrophobicity of natural surfaces.We investigated the micro-scale and nano-scale structures on the wing surfaces of insects and found that the hierarchical multiple roughness structures help in enhancing the hydrophobicity.After examining 10 orders and 24 species of flying Pterygotan insects,we found that micro-scale and nano-scale structures typically exist on both the upper and lower wing surfaces of flying insects.The tiny structures such as denticle or setae on the insect wings enhance the hydrophobicity,thereby enabling the wings to be cleaned more easily.And the hydrophobic insect wings undergo a transition from Cassie to Wenzel states at pitch/size ratio of about 20.In order to examine the wetting characteristics on a rough surface,a biomimetic surface with micro-scale pillars is fabricated on a silicon wafer, which exhibits the same behavior as the insect wing,with the Cassie-Wenzel transition occurring consistently around a pitch/width value of 20.
基金supported by Scientific Research Platforms and Projects in Universities in Guangdong,China(2022KCXTD050)Natural Science Innovation Project of Education Department of Guangdong Province(2021KTSCX255)。
文摘A new armoured scale,Diaonidia litsea sp.nov.,is described and illustrated.It was found on Litsea monopetala(Roxb.)Pers.in Hainan,China.This new species can be easily distinguished by:the anterior spiracles each with 2–3 discoidal glands;pygidium with 2 pairs of well-developed lobes,and the area around mouthpart strongly sclerotized.An identification key to the adult females in the genus Diaonidia is also provided.
文摘The soil insect community was studied in grey desert soil district in September 2004. 90 soil samples and 100 pitfalls were collected from 10 treatments, i.e., abandonment （Aband.）, CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK, MNPK （fertilizer N：organic N = 3：7）, 1.5MNPK, and SNPK. 4915 soil insects （128 unknown）, as individuals belonging to 9 orders and 33 families, were obtained by pitfall traps and modified Tullgren methods. The results showed that, based on the number of individuals and groups, the macro fauna in total reached their peaks in abandonment, whereas meso and micro fauna in N and PK, respectively. Of the 10 treatments, the most dominant of soil insect composition was in MNPK and most evenness was N. The result by Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that the distribution of the arable soil insect was significantly impacted by different fertilizer treatments （X0.05（9） = 23.38, P 〈 0.005）, and soil insect group of the abandonment was significantly different from that of other fertilizer treatments. The soil insect community was divided into five groups by non-metric- MDS analysis： （1） NPK, MNPK, 1.5MNPK, CK, （2） NP and PK, （3） NK and N, （4） SNPK, and （5） abandonment, which indicated that distribution of soil insect was related to the character of the fertilizer. In the principal component analysis, two factors explained 98.51% of the total variation among the 10 treatments, and the factor one explained that N and SNPK positively affected soil insect community, whereas factor two explained that 1.5MNPK positively affected soil insect community, which showed that the diversified fertilizer did not evenly affect the soil insect community.
基金Project funded by National Fund of Natural Science P.R.China!No.39970 620
文摘The paper reports 8 species of 7 genera of Encyrtidae, i. e. Anagyrus pseudococci, Cheiloneurus ceroplastis, Dusmetia fascipennis, Homalotylus ephippium associated with scale insects on trees, Isodromus atriventris, Isodromus collimaculatus sp. nov., Ooencyrtus kuvanae associated with lacewing insects, and Syrphophagus aeruginosus , a parasitoid of Syrphids. All specimens are deposited in the Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
