Impacts of changing scale on Getis-Ord Gi* hotspots of CPUE:a case study of the neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii)in the northwest Pacific Ocean

We examined the scale impacts on spatial hot and cold spots of CPUE for Ommastrephes bartramii in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The original fishery data were tessellated to 18 spatial scales from 5′×5′ to 90′×90′ with a scale interval of 5′ to identify the local clusters. The changes in location, boundaries, and statistics regarding the Getis-Ord Gi＊ hot and cold spots in response to the spatial scales were analyzed in detail. Several statistics including Min, mean, Max, SD, CV, skewness, kurtosis, first quartile（Q1）, median, third quartile（Q3）, area and centroid were calculated for spatial hot and cold spots. Scaling impacts were examined for the selected statistics using linear, logarithmic, exponential, power law and polynomial functions. Clear scaling relations were identified for Max, SD and kurtosis for both hot and cold spots. For the remaining statistics, either a difference of scale impacts was found between the two clusters, or no clear scaling relation was identified. Spatial scales coarser than 30′ are not recommended to identify the local spatial patterns of fisheries because the boundary and locations of hot and cold spots at a coarser scale are significantly different from those at the original scale.

Responses of Tree Species to Climate Warming at Different Spatial Scales

Tree species respond to climate change at multiple scales,such as species physiological response at fine scale and species distribution (quantified by percent area) at broader spatial scale.At a given spatial scale,species physiological response and distribution can be correlated positively or negatively.The consistency of such correlation relationships at different spatial scales determines whether species responses derived from local scales can be extrapo-lated to broader spatial scales.In this study,we used a coupled modeling approach that coupled a plot-level ecosystem process model (LINKAGES) with a spatially explicit landscape model (LANDIS).We investigated species physio-logical responses and distribution responses to climate warming at the local,zonal and landscape scales respectively,and examined how species physiological response and distribution correlated at each corresponding scale and whether the correlations were consistent among these scales.The results indicate that for zonal and warming-sensitive species,the correlations between species physiological response and distribution are consistent at these spatial scales,and therefore the research results of vegetation response to climate warming at the local scale can be extrapolated to the zonal and landscape scales.By contrast,for zonal and warming-insensitive species the correlations among different spatial scales are consistent at some spatial scales but at other scales.The results also suggest that the results of azonal species at the local scale near their distribution boundaries can not be extrapolated simply to broader scales due to stronger responses to climate warming in those boundary regions.

Calibration of local magnitude scale for Hindukush continental subduction zone

Hindukush is an active subduction zone where at least one earthquake occurs on daily basis.For seismic hazard studies,it is important to develop a local magnitude scale using the data of local seismic network.We have computed local magnitude scale for Hindukush earthquakes using data from local network belonging to Center for Earthquake Studies(CES)for a period of three years,i.e.2015–2017.A total of 26,365 seismic records pertaining to 2,683 earthquakes with magnitude 2.0 and greater,was used with hypocentral distance less than 600 km.Magnitude scale developed by using this data comes to be M_(L)=logA+0.929logr+0.00298r-1.84.The magnitude determined through formulated relation was compared with that of standard relation for Southern California and relation developed by the same authors for local network for Northern Punjab.It was observed that Hindukush region has high attenuation as compared to that of Southern California and Northern Punjab which implies that Hindukush is tectonically more disturbed as compared to the said regions,hence,seismically more active as well.We have calculated station correction factors for our network.Station correction factors do not show any pattern which probably owes to the geological and tectonic complexity of this structure.Standard deviation and variance of magnitude residuals for CES network determined using Hutton and Boore scale and scale developed in this study were compared,it showed that a variance reduction of 44.1%was achieved.Average of magnitude residuals for different distance ranges was almost zero which showed that our magnitude scale was stable for all distances up to 600 km.Newly developed magnitude scale will help in homogenization of earthquake catalog.It has been observed that b-value of CES catalog decreases when magnitude is calculated by using newly developed magnitude scale.

Advanced Method for Forecasting and Warning of Severe Convective Weather and Local-scale Hazards

Hurricane Ida ferociously affected many south-eastern and eastern parts of the United States,making it one of the strongest hurricanes in recent years.Advanced forecast and warning tool has been used to track the path of the ex-Hurricane,Ida,as it left New Orleans on its way towards the northeast,accurately predicting significant supercell development above New York City on September 01,2021.This advanced method accurately detected the area with the highest possible level of convective instability with 24-h lead time and even Level 5,devised in the categorical outlooks legend of the system.Therefore,an extreme level implied a very high probability of the local-scale hazard occurring above the NYC.Cloud model output fields(updrafts and downdrafts,wind shear,near-surface convergence,the vertical component of relative vorticity)show the rapid development of a strong supercell storm with rotating updrafts and a mesocyclone.The characteristic hook-shaped echo signature visible in the reflectivity patterns indicates a signal for a highly precipitable(HP)supercell with the possibility of tornado initiation.Open boundary conditions represent a good basis for simulating a tornado that evolved from a supercell storm,initialized with initial data obtained from a real-time simulation in the period when the bow echo and tornado-like signature occurred.Тhe modeled results agree well with the observations.

Site-specific and seasonal variation in habitat use of Eurasian otters(Lutra lutra)in western China:implications for conservation

As a top predator,the Eurasian otter(Lutra lutra)is an indicator of healthy freshwater ecosystems and a flagship species for conservation.Once widespread in China,the species is now distributed mainly in the upper reaches of the great rivers of western China.However,a lack of knowledge on local otter populations continues to hinder their conservation in China.Here,we conducted a detailed study on habitat use of Eurasian otters in Yushu City and Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve in western China using transect surveys.At both study sites,otters preferred to defecate on large rocks close to or protruding from the river and about 50 cm above the waterline.In Yushu,no spraints were found along the 5 km river bank section in the downtown area,with otters preferring sprainting sites with natural banks,riparian zones,and lower human population density.However,this pattern was not obvious at Tangjiahe,where river transformation and human disturbance are minor.Otter river use intensity was negatively correlated with elevation and human population density in Yushu in both seasons.In Tangjiahe,otter river use intensity was positively correlated with prey mass and flow rate and negatively correlated with human population in spring,but positively correlated with human population and negatively correlated with flow rate in autumn.These results reflect the flexible habitat use strategies of otters at different sites,underlining the necessity to study otters living in different regions and habitat types.We provide suggestions for river modification and call for more site-specific studies to promote otter conservation in China.

Granite deformation and behavior of acoustic emission sequence under the temperature and pressure condition at different crust depths

Results of triaxial compression experiment results show that granite rock strength increases with the depth until 30 km. In shallow crust, rock failure exhibits abrupt or quasi-abrupt instability under lower pressure. Acoustic Emission (AE for short) distributed almost uniformly before and after failure. Go through downwards into the depth range with progressive failure feature, there are no or only a few number of AE before and after failure. In deeper range, rock failure shows some feature of quasi-abrupt instability under high pressure. There are still few AE before failure, but with the stick-slip, much more An events were detected after failure. Under the temperature and pressure condition of more deep crust (about 26 km), rock failure takes abrupt instability under high pressure as main feature, there are dense AE activities before failure and cumulated frequency of AE increases exponentially before the failure. In about 35 km depth range, rock strength decreases quickly with the depth and sample exhibits semi-ductile or ductile progressive fails, there are no AE being detected before and after failure. The b value of AE sequence before failure seems a little smaller than that after failure, and b value roughly decreased with depth. The numerical range of index α is the widest in about 18 km depth and becomes narrow in the condition of more shallow or more deep crust. So, when the temperature and pressure condition simulating the real environment of focal depth changes from shallow to deep in the crust, the range of a of microfracture sequence would undergo such an evolvement process that a changes from narrow to wide and then to narrow again.

Key Refractories Application in Hazelett Strip-casting Process

As one of the most mature aluminum sheet continuous strip-casting processes,Hazelett strip-casting has been successfully industrially applied.This work introduced the key refractory materials for Hazelett strip-casting process,including large-scaled Al_2O_3 ceramic foam filters,wide-feed head boxes,monolithic strip-stream nozzles,and coatings on twin-belt.Besides,the localization of the refractory materials was discussed.

Local Debts on a National Scale

Local governments’ reliance on borrowed money to spur economic development ignites worries Recently proposed Ministry of Finance measures to supervise the financing platforms of local governments and to regulate and avert risks in managing local debts have met with

Functional traits of tree species with phylogenetic signal co-vary with environmental niches in two large forest dynamics plots

Aims While using phylogenetic and functional approaches to test the mechanisms of community assembly,functional traits often act as the proxy of niches.However,there is little detailed knowledge regarding the correlation between functional traits of tree species and their niches in local communities.We suggest that the co-varying correlation between functional traits and niches should be the premise for using phylogenetic and functional approaches to test mechanisms of community assembly.Using functional traits,phylogenetic and environmental data,this study aims to answer the questions:(i)within local communities,do functional traits of co-occurring species covary with their environmental niches at the species level?and(ii)what is the key ecological process underlying community assembly in Xishuangbanna and Ailaoshan forest dynamic plots(FDPs)?Methods We measured seven functional traits of 229 and 36 common species in Xishuangbanna and Ailaoshan FDPs in tropical and subtropical China,respectively.We also quantified the environmental niches for these species based on conditional probability.We then analyzed the correlations between functional traits and environmental niches using phylogenetic independent contrasts.After examining phylogenetic signals of functional traits using Pagel’sλ,we quantified the phylogenetic and functional dispersion along environmental gradients within local tree communities.Important Findings For target species,functional traits do co-vary with environmental niches at the species level in both of the FDPs,supporting that functional traits can be used as a proxy for local-scale environmental niches.Functional traits show significant phylogenetic signals in both of the FDPs.We found that the phylogenetic and functional dispersion were significantly clustered along topographical gradients in the Ailaoshan FDP but overdispersion in the Xishuangbanna FDP.These patterns of phylogenetic and functional dispersion suggest that environmental filtering plays a key role in structuring local tree assemblages in Ailaoshan FDP,while competition exclusion plays a key role in Xishuangbanna FDP.

Cluster-in-molecule local correlation method for large systems

A linear scaling local correlation method,cluster-in-molecule(CIM)method,was developed in the last decade for large systems.The basic idea of the CIM method is that the electron correlation energy of a large system,within the M ller-Plesset perturbation theory(MP)or coupled cluster(CC)theory,can be approximately obtained from solving the corresponding MP or CC equations of various clusters.Each of such clusters consists of a subset of localized molecular orbitals(LMOs)of the target system,and can be treated independently at various theory levels.In the present article,the main idea of the CIM method is reviewed,followed by brief descriptions of some recent developments,including its multilevel extension and different ways of constructing clusters.Then,some applications for large systems are illustrated.The CIM method is shown to be an efficient and reliable method for electron correlation calculations of large systems,including biomolecules and supramolecular complexes.

Magnetic Tile Surface Defect Detection Based on Texture Feature Clustering

In the field of magnetic tile surface detection, artificial detection efficiency is low, and the traditional image segmentation algorithm cannot show good performance when the gray scale of the magnetic tile itself is small, or the image is affected by uneven illumination. In view of these questions, this paper puts forward a new clustering segmentation algorithm based on texture feature. This algorithm uses Gabor function spectra to represent magnetic tile surface texture and then uses a user-defined local product coefficient to modify Gabor energy spectra to get the center number of fuzzy C-means(FCM) clustering. Moreover, the user-defined Gabor energy spectra image is segmented by clustering algorithm. Finally, it extracts the magnetic tile surface defects according to the changes of regional gray characteristics. Experiments show that the algorithm effectively overcomes the noise interference and makes a good performance on accuracy and robustness, which can effectively detect crack,damage, pit and other defects on the magnetic tile surface.

ON SIMILARITY AND THE TURBULENT STRUCTURE IN THE STABLE BOUNDARY LAYER

In the stably stratified boundary layer,the vertical flux profiles for momentum and heat can be obtained from an atmospheric boundary layer model which includes parameterization of the long-wave radiation,In addi- tion,the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory can be extended to the whole boundary layer by using the local tur- bulent scales L(z),U_*(z)and 0_*(z)in place of surface layer scales.The similarity predictions are in good agreement with observational data.