Molecular Ecology of Lower Subtropical Species, Schima superba and Castanopsis chinensis in Three Succession Series Communities

Amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP)was used to analyze 2 populations: Schima superba Gardn. et Champ. and Castanopsis chinensis Hance. across three different communities representing three succession stages, in Dinghu Mountain, China. These two were middle succession species in the lower subtropical broad_leaved forest. Four AFLP primer combinations using total 48 individuals of S. superba provided 24, 40, 27 and 27 reliable bands, of which 15, 23, 23 and 16 were polymorphic, respectively. Similarly, total 48 individuals of C. chinensis provided 27, 20, 33 and 39 reliable bands, of which 12, 5, 15 and 13 were polymorphic respectively. These bands were used as presence/absence data to assess the levels of genetic variation and population structure of those species. From average heterozygosity, S. superba possessed higher molecular variation than C. chinensis . Analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)indicated that most of the genetic variation of S. superba was due to the differences within population(95.99%, P <0.001), with 4.01% ( P <0.001)genetic variation among population. Similarly, AMOVA indicated the most of the genetic variation of C. chinensis was due to the differences within population(75.36%, P <0.001), with 24.64%( P <0.001)genetic variation among communities(24.64%). DCA(Detrended Correspondence Analysis) analysis showed that the individuals of S. superba from the same community did not cluster together, while the individuals of C. chinensis from the same community roughly cluster together. The above results reflected the biological characteristics of the two different species suggesting the significant effect of microenvironment of different community on population differentiation and its relationship of which to forest succession resulted in genetic divergence.

鼎湖山木荷(Schima Superba)粗死木质残体的分解研究

以鼎湖山国家自然保护区季风常绿阔叶林优势种之一木荷的粗死木质残体为研究对象,采用目前国际较认可的腐解等级划分方法,对木荷粗死木质残体3个腐解等级(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)的密度及养分含量进行测定分析。结果表明:①木荷粗死木质残体的密度随腐解等级的增加从0.58 g/cm3下降到0.16 g/cm3,分解速率常数K值为0.144 7/a,在自然状态下,木荷粗死木质残体分解95%所需时间约为21 a;②粗死木质残体C/N比值随分解的进行先降后升而N/P则相反;③K、Ca、Na、Mg离子浓度随腐解等级的增加出现不同程度的增加,但增幅不明显。研究结果旨在为系统评估粗死木质残体的分解行为在生态系统养分循环中的作用提供基础数据。

Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow from Schima superba and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations in subtropical China

Despite growing attention to the role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in forest nutrient cycling, their monthly concentration dynamics in forest ecosystems, especially in subtropical forests only were little known. The goal of this study is to measure the concentrations and monthly dynamics of DOC and DON in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow for two planta- tions of Schima superba (SS) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata, CF) in Jianou, Fujian, China. Samples of precipitation, throughfall and stemflow were collected on a rain event base from January 2002 to December 2002. Upon collection, all water samples were analyzed for DOC, NO3 -N, NH4 -N and total dissolved N (TDN). DON was calculated by subtracting NO3 -N and NH4 -N from TDN. The results - + - + showed that the precipitation had a mean DOC concentration of 1.7 mg·L-1 and DON concentration of 0.13 mg·L-1. The mean DOC and DON concentrations in throughfall were 11.2 and 0.24 mg·L-1 in the SS and 10.3 and 0.19 mg·L-1 in the CF respectively. Stemflow DOC and DON concentrations in the CF (19.1 and 0.66 mg·L-1 respectively) were significantly higher than those in the SS (17.6 and 0.48 mg·L-1 respectively). No clear monthly variation in precipitation DOC concentration was found in our study, while DON concentration in precipita- tion tended to be higher in summer or autumn. The monthly variations of DON concentrations were very similar in throughfall and stemflow at both forests, showing an increase at the beginning of the rainy season in March. In contrast, monthly changes of the DOC concentrations in throughfall of the SS and CF were different to those in stemflow. Throughfall DOC concentrations were higher from February to April, while relatively higher DOC concentrations in stemflow were found during September-November period.

Temporal Variation in Sap-Flux-Scaled Transpiration and Cooling Effect of a Subtropical Schima superba Plantation in the Urban Area of Guangzhou

Agriculture could suffer the water stress induced by climate change. Because climate warming affects global hydrological cycles, it is vital to explore the effect of tree transpiration, as an important component of terrestrial evapotranspiration, on the environment. Thermal dissipation probes were used to measure xylem sap flux density of a Schima superba plantation in the urban area of Guangzhou City, South China. Stand transpiration was calculated by mean sap flux density times total sapwood area. The occurrence of the maximum sap flux density on the daily scale was later in wet season than in dry season. The peak of daily sap flux density was the highest of 59 g m-2 s^-1 in July and August, and the lowest of 28 g m-2 s-1 in December. In the two periods （November 2007-October 2008 and November 2008-October 2009）, the stand transpiration reached 263.2 and 291.6 ram, respectively. During our study period, stand transpiration in wet season （from April to September） could account for about 58.5 and 53.8% of the annual transpiration, respectively. Heat energy absorbed by tree transpiration averaged 1.4×10s and 1.6×10s kJ per month in this Schima superba plantation with the area of 2 885 m2, and temperature was reduced by 4.3 and 4.7℃ s^-1 per 10 m3 air.

Effects of simulated acid rain on root growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba saplings planted in acidified soil

Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO3- fertilization effect was discovered.

荷木(Schima superba)水力导度的干湿季变化及个体差异

通过对不同个体水力导度(KL)的研究,揭示水力导度在树木水分利用中的关键作用,可为深入研究森林水分循环提供理论依据.采用热消散探针液流测定系统连续监测广州地区6棵不同大小荷木(Schima superba)样树的液流密度(JS),结合树木的叶片水势(ΨL)、土壤湿度、树高、边材面积(AS)、冠幅等参数,分析整树水力导度的日变化和干湿季变化,揭示不同大小样树水力导度的变化规律.结果显示:不同胸径大小的6棵样树液流密度差别明显,液流密度最大值未出现在胸径最大的样树中,而是在胸径略小的树木中.通过测定6棵样树的液流密度值可以进一步求算出样树的整树水力导度,总体上讲,6棵树的日均水力导度表现出明显的起伏波动;其中干季水力导度(0.017 g m-2s-1 M Pa-1)略低于湿季(0.019 g m-2 s-1 M Pa-1),但差异并不明显.样树土壤/叶片水势差与平均液流密度显著相关(P<0.0 01),而样树树形特征和水力导度之间关系表现为水力导度与树高呈现明显相关性(P=0.016),与胸径、冠幅相关性均不显著.上述结果表明,荷木水力导度表现出明显的日变化,其大小在一定程度上受到树形指标的影响.

The biomass and aboveground net primary productivity of Schima superba-Castanopsis carlesii forests in east China

The biomass and productivity of Schima superba-Castanopsis carlesii forests in Tiantong,Zhejiang Province,were determined using overlapping quadrants and stem analyses.The total community biomass was(225.3±30.1) t hm-2,of which the aboveground parts accounted for 72.0% and the underground parts accounted for 28.0%.About 87.2% of biomass existed in the tree layer.The resprouting biomass was small,of which over 95.0% occurred in the shrub layer.The productivity of the aboveground parts of the community was(386.8±98.9) g m-2a-1,in which more than 96.0% was present at the tree level.The trunk's contribution to productivity was the greatest,while that of leaves was the smallest.In China,the community biomass of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests differs significantly with the age of the forest.The community biomass of the 52-year-old S.superba-C.carlesii forests in this study was lower than the average biomass of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests in China,and was lower than the biomass of other subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests elsewhere in the world.Moreover,its productivity was lower than the model estimate,indicating that without disturbance,this community has great developmental potential in terms of community biomass and productivity.

Study on Effect of Schima superba Fuelbreak

Schima superba is widely used for shaded fuelbreaks in southern China. Experiments were done in the laboratory and wild for testing the effects of the shaded fuelbreaks. The cone calorimeter test results indicated that China red pine (Pinus massoniana) needles are easy to burn under the condition of the incident radiant flux at 75 kW/m^2 and ignition source, the peak value of heat release rate of pine needles appears earlier (22 s) and higher (146 kW/m^2). S. superba leaves burnt slowly and had a lower total heat release. The mass loss curves present that the peak value of pine needle is higher than that of S.superba leaves, which is 0.14 g/s versus S.superba 0.08 g/s. A fire experiment has been done in a suburb of Guangzhou City. It was measured that the fuel loads and their distribution of the stand of pine and fuelbreak before and after the fire experiment. There was almost no grass and litter on the ground of the fuelbreak due to clearing litter every year at the beginning of fire season. In the pine forest, there were shrubs, grasses and litter under the story.During the burning experiment, most of the pine forest has swept by surface fire at a spread speed of 2.2 m/min and fire intensity of 168-2961 kW/m. But in some area along the outside fire line, there occurred crown fire due to the high fuel load on the ground. The flame got 8.0-8.5 m high and fire intensity 24 881～28 379 kW/m. Part crown of several trees of the fuelbreak burnt because the crown fire spread. But the fire had not across the fuelbreak and no spotting fire happened. The fire experiment results indicated that the fuelbreak has effects on mitigating fire intensity and depress fire spread in some degree. The shaded fuelbreak has the ability of fire resistance and its dense crown can block spotting fire resources.

Investigation on Effect of Forestation by Mixing Pinus massoniana with Schima superba

Since forestation of pure forest of Pinus massoniana is liable to suffer from pest calamity, soilerosion, decrease of soil fertility, and difficulty in wood production in the hilly areas of southern China, weconducted an investigation on the three types of forests in Gaoan County of Jiangxi Province, namely, thepure forest of Pinus massoniana, the pure forest of Schima superba, and the mixed forest consisting of thetwo species, setting up standard stand, measuring and studying the growing stock, biomass, leaf area, roots,soil, vegetation, pests, litters, soil erosion, microclimate, etc., with the following results. ① The averageheight, diameter at chest height, and volume of the mixed forest are higher than those of the pure forest ofPinus massoniana by 30.9%, 31.7% and 10.6%, respectively. ② The biomass of the mixed forest is 2.24times as much as that of the pure forest of Pinus massoniana. ③ The litters of the mixed forest is 3.37 timesand 1.96 times as much as the litters of the pure forest of Pinus massoniana and the pure forest of Schimasuperba respectively. ④ The occurrence of pest calamity per tree is lower and the conditions of soil erosionand microclimate are better than those of the pure forest of Pinus massoniana. ⑤ The mixed forest of the twospecies is an excellent mixed type of needle-leaf and deciduous forest worth being popularized in Chinassubtropical areas, especially in the low hilly areas. It is recommended in plantation that the mixed patterns bebetween trees, lines, small blocks, or scattered-dots, the ratio of mixture of Pinus massoniana and Schimasuperba be 5 to 1, or 3 to 1, and the initial space between trees be 1.2, 1.5, or 2.0 m while the initial densitybe 6 944 to 4 440 trees per square hectare.

闽楠-木荷混交林空间结构及其养分利用

【目的】为探讨混交林中闽楠和木荷的种间关系,确定木荷能否作为闽楠的伴生树种营建健康高效的闽楠-木荷混交林。【方法】以金洞林场16年生的闽楠-木荷混交林以及闽楠纯林、木荷纯林为研究对象,通过分析闽楠-木荷混交林的根系分布特性与林分空间结构特性来探讨闽楠-木荷混交林地上与地下部分的种间关系;通过分析不同物候期下3种林分的闽楠与木荷叶片养分的动态规律来阐明闽楠与木荷之间的养分利用关系。【结果】1)在16年生闽楠-木荷混交林中,在闽楠周围1.5 m内闽楠和木荷的根系分布虽有部分重叠,但闽楠仍占据优势地位,闽楠和木荷在地下生长空间和养分吸收利用方面存在竞争但竞争不激烈;2)整体林分空间结构上,闽楠、木荷纯林略优于闽楠-木荷混交林,说明混交林的树种不同,树种之间的生长特性和生态特性不一样,林分的均一性会差一些,对其调整结构的难度要大于纯林。混交林中,木荷已对闽楠形成了一定的竞争优势;3)闽楠-木荷混交林中,对养分吸收利用在物候期上部分不同步,存在相对有利的互补关系;从所有的物候期来看,闽楠叶片的N、P、K含量在大部分时期都高于木荷,表明闽楠-木荷混交更有利于闽楠对养分的吸收利用,木荷对养分的需求更低;4)16年生混交林中闽楠、木荷的生长速度要优于相应的纯林,表明前期竞争促进了林分的生长。【结论】闽楠与木荷混交有利于闽楠获得更多的养分,适度竞争促进了林木的生长,木荷是闽楠较好的伴生树种。

不同基质配方对木荷容器苗生长的影响

按不同体积比例配制了11种基质配方,研究不同配方基质的理化性质及其对木荷容器苗生长的影响,综合评价不同基质配方对木荷容器苗的育苗效果,并筛选出适宜木荷容器苗的最佳基质配方。结果表明:11种基质配方的容重均低于0.50 g·cm^(-3),均为轻基质,配方5、6、7、8和9总孔隙度超过了60%,配方10总孔隙度不足40%。配方4有最大的有机质含量,各基质配方的营养元素含量也不相同,配方4、6和8分别有最高的总氮含量、全磷含量和全钾含量。随着培育的进行,不同基质配方木荷苗高、地径及高径比的分化程度逐渐增强,显示了基质配方逐渐增加对其容器苗生长的影响。综合评价结果显示,配方9(树皮∶谷壳∶珍珠岩=5∶2.5∶2.5)是最适宜木荷容器苗生长的基质配方。使用树皮和谷壳等替代泥炭,有良好的育苗效果,且成本更低,为林业生产提供经济可持续的育苗方案。

两个种源木荷幼苗对干旱-复水的生理生态响应

为探讨不同种源树木对干旱-复水的生理生态响应,该研究以广东与福建种源木荷为对象,通过盆栽控水方式模拟干旱及复水条件,研究两个种源木荷的水力及碳生理特征、脯氨酸(Pro)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)对干旱-复水的响应。结果表明:(1)对照情况下,广东种源木荷的茎木质部水势(Ψ_(xylem))、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、光合速率(A_(sat))与气孔导度(G s)均低于福建种源木荷的。(2)两个种源木荷的水力特征、Pro与SOD对干旱-复水的响应呈一致趋势,其中Ψ_(xylem)、RWC与Pro均能较快恢复至对照水平,而茎木质部栓塞程度与SOD未恢复至对照水平。(3)福建种源木荷叶片的A_(sat)对干旱的敏感性较广东种源的高且复水后恢复至对照水平需要更长时间。(4)复水后福建种源木荷非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的恢复速率高于广东种源木荷。综上认为,福建与广东两个种源木荷均不能通过短期复水(30 d)来修复被栓塞的木质部。尽管广东种源木荷的光合速率能够更快地恢复至对照水平,但其光合速率低于福建种源木荷,并且其NSC的恢复能力较福建种源荷的低。因此,在未来干旱加剧背景下,广东种源木荷的生长及存活可能受到更大威胁。该研究结果有助于了解种源地气候条件对树木抗旱性的影响,为未来森林的经营与管理提供了理论参考。

基于三维点云的木荷幼苗表型参数自动测量方法

本文提出了一种基于Azure Kinect传感器无损测量三维点云的表型参数测量方法。该方法包括预处理、茎叶分割和表型参数计算3个步骤。首先通过预处理将植株点云从场景点云中提取出来,在茎叶分割步骤历经骨架化、骨架修剪、茎线识别和叶片分割几个分步骤将木荷植株的茎干和叶片分离,最后得到株高、茎长、茎的方向、叶长和叶角等表型参数。实验结果表明,每个参数的决定系数(R~2>0.85)和均方根误差(RMSE)均达到了精度要求,说明了该方法是稳健和准确的。

热浪频次及间隔时间对闽楠和木荷苗木水力结构和非结构性碳水化合物的影响

近年来亚热带地区极端气候事件热浪发生频率增加,热浪频次及间隔时间的变化使热浪发生的模式及其对植物的胁迫方式更加多样化。高频热浪不仅通过热胁迫影响植物的碳固持速率,还会间接形成水分胁迫造成植物水力结构发生障碍,影响碳水化合物的运输。然而,目前亚热带树木水力结构和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)对复杂热浪的模式的响应仍不明确。以亚热带主要阔叶树种闽楠(Phoebe bournei)和木荷(Schima superba)苗木为研究对象进行了热浪模拟试验,关注不同热浪频次(单次,两次)及重复热浪间隔时间(短间隔、中间隔、长间隔)对苗木茎部水力结构特征及NSC的影响,使用冲洗法测定水力结构中的导水率(Kh)、最大导水率(K_(max))、比导率(K_(s))、木质部栓塞百分数(PLC),使用蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定茎段非结构性碳水化合物含量。结果表明,(1)闽楠和木荷的水力结构和非结构性碳水化合物在树种间存在显著差异;(2)不同热浪频次对闽楠和木荷的K_(max)和PLC影响存在显著差异;(3)重复热浪间隔时间变长,木荷茎栓塞减轻,而闽楠茎栓塞增加,且植株栓塞越严重,茎NSC含量越少。总体上,闽楠的水力传输系统对热浪抗性较弱,在热浪后栓塞严重,导水率下降且无法完全恢复,且NSC含量与栓塞程度相关性较弱;而木荷水力传输系统抗性较强,在热浪后导水能力可能恢复至未受干扰水平,且其恢复程度与NSC含量紧密相关。该研究结果表明,高频热浪的发生会显著影响闽楠和木荷苗木茎部的导水能力,且不同间隔时间的重复热浪事件对植物水力结构的影响存在差异性,并且两个亚热带阔叶树种对热浪伴随的高温和水分胁迫的耐受性和耐受机制存在差异。

模拟氮沉降对木荷和卷荚相思种子萌发的影响

【目的】研究氮沉降对2种林木种子萌发的影响,为南方森林的经营管理提供参考。【方法】以木荷和卷荚相思种子为试验材料,采用室内试验,选择2,6和12 g/L硝态氮(KNO 3)、铵态氮((NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4))、混合氮(NH 4NO 3)进行氮沉降模拟试验,以蒸馏水为对照(CK),测定各处理木荷和卷荚相思种子的发芽率、相对发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和发芽抑制率,在此基础上采用主成分分析综合评价不同处理对种子萌发的影响。【结果】随着KNO 3、(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)、NH 4NO 3质量浓度的升高,木荷和卷荚相思种子的发芽率、相对发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均呈下降趋势,而发芽抑制率逐渐提高。由上述5种发芽指标可知,同一氮源下,其不同质量浓度对木荷和卷荚相思种子萌发的促进作用均表现为2 g/L>6 g/L>12 g/L;同一质量浓度下,3种氮源中以(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)对木荷和卷荚相思种子萌发的促进作用最佳。主成分分析结果显示,木荷和卷荚相思均以主成分1能够反映原始变量80%以上的信息,因此选择主成分1对不同处理进行综合排名,结果在木荷和卷荚相思种子各处理中综合排名第1的均为2 g/L(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)处理。【结论】当质量浓度为2~12 g/L时,3种氮源对木荷和卷荚相思种子萌发的影响有差异,但最适宜的处理均为2 g/L(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)。

黔中马尾松木荷混交林树高-胸径模型

【目的】建立马尾松Pinus massoniana-木荷Schima superba混交林树高-胸径模型,将树种作为哑变量引入模型,考虑模型残差空间自相关和异质性,为混交林树高-胸径模型构建和科学经营提供理论依据。【方法】基于贵州省开阳县马尾松-木荷混交林727组树高-胸径调查数据,构建普通最小二乘法模型(OLS)、广义可加模型(GAM)、线性混合模型(LMM)、地理加权回归模型(GWR)和地理加权回归克里格模型(GWRK)的树高-胸径全林木模型,在此基础上,将树种作为哑变量引入,选择全局莫兰指数(Moran’I)、局域Moran’I和组内方差分析5种模型残差空间自相关与空间异质性,并采用决定系数(R 2)、均方误差(MSE)和赤池信息准则(AIC)对模型进行评价。【结果】①马尾松-木荷混交林全林木基础模型的拟合精度从低到高依次为OLS、GAM、LMM、GWR、GWRK。②将树种作为哑变量引入模型后,各模型拟合精度均高于全林木基础模型。③OLS和GAM模型残差的全局Moran’I在α=0.05水平下显著(Z>1.96),局域Moran’I分布图中存在较多热点,表现出强烈的空间自相关。而LMM、GWR和GWRK模型残差全局Moran’I在α=0.05水平下不显著(−1.96≤Z≤1.96),且在局域Moran’I分布图中存在较多冷点,说明模型残差空间自相关已被消除。④5种模型残差的组内方差均表现随着滞后距离增大而增大的趋势,但GWR和GWRK模型具有更小的组内方差,能较好地降低模型残差空间的异质性。【结论】OLS和GAM模型拟合精度不高,并且不能消除模型残差空间自相关和异质性,因此不是用来建立树高-胸径模型的最佳选择。LMM、GWR和GWRK模型在提高模型拟合精度和降低空间自相关性方面表现良好,但GWR和GWRK模型在降低空间异质性方面显著,是最适合的树高-胸径模型。

初植和补植阔叶树对红壤丘陵区湿地松养分获取和转运的影响

【目的】探究初植(同龄混植)和补植(异龄混植)阔叶树对湿地松养分获取和利用策略的影响,为湿地松林的科学管理提供参考。【方法】以种植于我国亚热带红壤丘陵区的湿地松林为对象,基于长期单种和混交试验平台,分别在林龄30年且立地条件相似的湿地松纯林、湿地松-木荷初植混交林、湿地松-木荷补植混交林(补植木荷14年)中构建5块20 m×20 m标准样地(共15块样地),采集湿地松标准木的根际土壤、细根、枝、新鲜叶和凋落叶样品,测定土壤和植物各器官的氮(N)、磷(P)含量,评估不同混交模式对根养分捕获能力、叶养分回收和树木养分转运的影响,揭示养分获取策略变化的驱动因素。【结果】混交阔叶树显著提高湿地松根际土壤的NH_4~+-N和矿质氮含量(P<0.05),但根际土壤养分含量在初植和补植混交林之间无显著差异(P>0.05);整体看,混交阔叶树提高湿地松各器官的N、P含量,其中初植混交效应比补植好。与纯林相比,初植混交林中湿地松根氮和磷捕获能力分别显著提高14.04%和46.16%,叶氮回收效率显著降低6.07%,磷回收效率显著提高15.49%。尽管补植阔叶树降低根养分捕获成本,但阔叶树根系抑制湿地松根系的养分捕获能力,导致补植混交林中湿地松根养分捕获能力和叶养分回收效率均无显著变化。此外,与纯林相比,初植混交林中湿地松运输根向枝、叶的N转运分别提高36.05%和15.61%,P转运分别降低35.13%和36.52%;补植混交林中N转运无显著变化,但运输根向枝、叶的P转运比在纯林分别降低53.21%和40.17%。【结论】混交阔叶树提高红壤丘陵区湿地松根际土壤和植株各器官的养分含量,改变湿地松养分获取策略,其中初植比补植更能促进湿地松的养分获取和利用。此外,养分在植物体内的转运过程可被检测,且反映根捕获和叶回收的权衡关系。

栽培基质pH和铵硝氮比对杉木木荷氮代谢酶及氮含量的影响

【目的】探究栽培基质pH和铵硝态氮配比对亚热带主要针叶树杉木和阔叶树木荷幼苗叶片氮代谢酶活性及植株氮含量的影响。【方法】设置栽培基质为2个pH水平(pH_(1)=4.5和pH_(2)=6.5)和3个铵硝态氮配比(NH_(4)^(+)-N∶NO_(3)^(-)-N分别为10∶0、0∶10、5∶5),分析和比较2个树种幼苗叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、硝酸还原酶(NR)和亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性及各器官氮含量差异。【结果】(1)与基质pH=6.5相比,pH=4.5抑制了杉木和木荷叶中氮代谢酶GS、GOGAT、NR和NiR的活性,增加了杉木根、茎、叶中的铵态氮含量,降低了杉木各器官中的硝态氮含量和总氮素积累量,降低了0∶10配比下木荷叶的氮素积累量。(2)10∶0配比显著增加杉木叶中的氮代谢酶活性和pH=4.5处理下木荷叶中的氮代谢酶活性、增加pH=6.5处理下木荷根和叶中的铵态氮含量、木荷根的硝态氮含量及杉木茎叶及总的氮素积累量。5∶5配比显著增加pH=4.5处理下木荷根中硝态氮含量。0∶10配比显著增加pH=4.5处理下杉木叶中的铵态氮含量,增加pH=6.5处理下木荷叶的NiR活性,木荷茎叶和总氮积累量。(3)在同一处理下,杉木叶中的氮代谢酶活性均低于木荷,表明木荷具有比杉木更强的同化氮素的能力。(4)相关性分析表明,杉木总氮素积累量与氮代谢酶活性、根的硝态氮含量呈显著正相关,与器官铵态氮含量呈显著负相关,木荷总氮素积累量与叶铵态氮含量呈显著负相关。【结论】栽培基质pH为4.5的栽培环境不利于杉木和木荷幼苗对氮素的吸收,铵态氮添加可促进杉木的氮素积累,而硝态氮添加可促进木荷的氮素积累。故在生产中应综合考虑栽培基质的pH和树种特性等因素选择适宜的铵硝态氮比例进行杉木和木荷幼苗及林地的氮素营养管理。

木荷适生区分析及未来气候下在中国潜在适生区预测

目的:木荷(Schima superba)是植被演替过程中的先锋树种,构建森林防火带的理想树种。研究木荷的生态特征及预测未来气候下木荷在中国的潜在适生区,为我国培育大径级储备林、增加森林碳储量、助力碳中和提供理论依据。方法:基于375个木荷分布点,以气候、土壤、地形为环境因子,采用MaxEnt模型结合GIS技术进行研究。结果:模型测试集AUC平均值0.952,训练集AUC平均值0.957,模型预测精度较高,可以准确预测环境因子对木荷分布区的影响。气候因子对木荷的分布影响最大,其中最冷季度的降雨量是影响我国木荷适生区分布最主要的环境因子,模型贡献率达76.3%,其次是年降雨量、高程、土壤类别、季节性温度变化标准差,以上5个因子贡献率累计达98.9%,对木荷的分布起决定性作用。结论:木荷在我国的潜在适生区面积约为1.818×10^(6) km^(2),约占国土陆地面积的18.94%,主要集中在长江以南地区的第三阶梯及第二阶梯,主要包括浙江、江西、福建、湖南、广东、广西、台湾地区、海南、贵州等地。在未来气候不同路径下,2060s、2080s木荷极高、高、中、低适生区的分布范围均发生变化,呈现出“南退、西扩”趋势,逐渐向高海拔地区迁移;极高适生区则有逐渐向“西南”迁移的趋势。

南酸枣和木荷的生长过程及其与相邻木的竞争关系研究

研究林木生长规律及其与相邻木间的竞争关系,有助于制定科学有效的林木经营措施。本文以南方两种典型的材用树种南酸枣和木荷为对象木,分析树干性状随年龄的变化趋势,并通过Hegyi简单竞争指数(SCI)和基于树冠因子的林木竞争指数(CCI)分析两种对象木受相邻木的竞争压力,旨在为两种树种的经营提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)两种对象木的胸径和树高总生长量呈快→慢趋势,而材积生长量呈慢→快趋势。(2)曲线拟合结果表明,二次曲线表征两种对象木的总生长量与树龄间的关系效果最佳(R^(2)>0.985)。(3)随着树龄的增加,两种对象木胸径、树高连年生长量和平均生长量变化差异较大,材积连年生长量和平均生长量曲线分别在45a和65a内均未相交。(4)由SCI和CCI分析可知,木荷材积性状受邻近木的竞争程度高于南酸枣。此外,相关性系数的显著性反映了SCI较CCI更能体现对象木与相邻树种的竞争关系。本研究为估算两种材用树种的总生长量提供了模型参考,并认为在该地区造林时可优先选择南酸枣,在林木经营中应及时疏伐以促进目标树快速生长。