The Final Imperial Examination Paper of the No.1 Scholar

WHAT is real politics?It means to establish theguiding principles and promulgate the nationallaws.These principles and laws should be hungon both sides of the front gate of the imperial palace andissued with dominant legal status.The laws and decreesmust first be enforced inside the cour,then they can becarried out in cities and countryside through governmentofficials at various levels,to as far as the frontier regions.The laws must be ample and in great detail,well organizedand without omission of any possible aspect.

An Analysis of the Shi Clan Connections in the Wei-Jin and North-South Dynasties Based on the Character Network of Shishuoxinyu

Shishuoxinyu is a collection of anecdotal stories about the words and deeds of Wei and Jin characters. In this paper, we build a complex network with characters in Shishuoxinyu to analyze the scholarly connections in the Wei-Jin and North-South dynasties. The ER random graph, WS small-world network, BA scale-free network, and experimental network are constructed for comparison. The network properties of the experimental network were analyzed using the average degree, average clustering coefficient, and average path length. Degree centrality, mesoscopic centrality, and proximity centrality were selected to understand the importance of the experimental network nodes, and it was found that the king guide had the highest importance in the whole experimental network. Then, through the observation of network degree distribution, this experimental network is considered as a scale-free network with robustness and vulnerability, which is in line with the political characteristics of the Wei-Jin and Northern Dynasties. Finally, ten larger-scale Shi clans are selected to construct a new network for inter-clan linkage analysis. This study helps to uncover the reasons for the rise and fall of the Shi clans during the Wei-Jin and North-South dynasties.

Bringing the Map of the World to China

IN the old days.when theworld was strictly agricul-tural and communicationsbetween various parts of it werenon-existent,people knew ittleor nothing about world geogra-phy.The earliest map of theworld found so far is one ofBabylon depicted on a clayPlate.The map is round andBabylon is the center of theworld,encircled by rivers.

Knowledgs Corridor:How Many No.1 Scholars Were There in China?

FEUDAL Cina selected people of talent through atrilevel imperial examination system.Scholars tookexams at provincial,national and imperial courtlevels(the final exam was taken inside the imperial palace),and the writer of the best final exam was named zhuangyuan,or No.1 scholar.

The Influence of Thesis Writing of Imperial Examinations on Prose in Tang and Song Dynasty

The imperial examination system not only has profound influence on prose development in Tang and Song Dynasty, but also has an important influence on the whole Tang and Song Dynasty and even the later literature and cultural development. In the feudal autocratic rule, any system implemented by the state will have an important influence on all aspects of the whole society~ especially it is related with the imperial examination system of education and talents. Once it becomes a ＂basic national policy＂ , the role in social development is incalculable. This paper takes the relationship between imperial examination system and Tang and Song prose development as the breakthrough point, analyzing the influence of thesis writing of imperial examination on the prose in Tang and Song Dynasty and ＂Eight great men in Tang and Song Dynasty＂ .

The Personality Beauty Thought in New Accounts of Old Episodes

“New Accounts of Old Episodes”is a classic handed down in China,which reflects the personality image and charm of the scholars in the Wei and Jin dynasties with the original ecological narrative technique.The scholars of the Wei and Jin Dynasties were detached,facing the world with an aesthetic attitude beyond secular utilitarianism,etiquette,and real life,establish a graceful social stage of vulgarity,create a unique personality beauty,providing valuable ideological wealth for the cultivation of poetic spirit,poetic dwelling,aesthetic style,transcend personality,and wisdom.

明代地方公共典礼的庙堂设计

明代地方公共典礼不同于庙堂典礼和庶民礼仪,是指在各府州县乡、都司卫所等地方的公共领域内公开举行的,由地方政府官员主导、官民共同参与的仪式活动。地方公共典礼以仪式展演的方式表达对地方公共事务的关注,于润物无声中指向地方社会秩序的建构。明代的官方礼书、典制类史籍,以及大量官箴书中关于地方公共典礼的集中记载,展现了庙堂设计视角下公共典礼的形成及其内容。具体来讲主要包含3类:一类是官署公式,包括新官到任典礼、朝廷遣使各处开读诏敕典礼、进春鞭春仪、庆典朝贺仪与进表笺仪、日月食救护仪;一类是崇教化类礼仪,包括庙学释奠、释菜与行香礼,以及乡饮酒礼、乡射礼;一类是公共祀典,主要指各级各类坛庙祭祀。这些典礼仪式举行于开放的公共空间,以地方公共事务为内容,体现了地方社会的公共权力,推进了地方公共礼仪文化的形成。对明代地方公共典礼的研究,是理解明代地方社会礼仪秩序建构的重要内容。

“士大夫之学”视野下的曾国藩“奇偶互用”说

曾国藩在奠定“士大夫之学”学术规模的过程中,根植《易传·系辞》的宇宙观和张载的辩证观,依据韩愈“孔墨相用”说而提出“奇偶互用”说。相较清中叶以来“奇偶相生”“奇偶相杂迭用”“骈散相成”“奇偶相间”“奇偶相参错综”等说,“奇偶互用”说确立“奇”为本位、以“奇”兼“偶”的体用关系,主要从行气运辞、天授人事的角度记述奇偶,重塑韩愈古文在学术分途中的连接作用与在文体演变中的典范价值。该说完善并发展了姚鼐“文分阴阳”说,试图纠正桐城理论阴阳分判、偏于阳刚,而创作失之阴柔的流弊。曾国藩大胆接受富有争议的“孔墨相用”说,体现了其在晚清大变局中,借助韩愈归本经子、博学于文的“大贤君子之道”,复兴修己治人、经世致用的大人之学的淑世情怀。

臣服蒙古后高丽精英的阶层分野与认同分化——兼论他们对元朝法态度的分歧

蒙古建立与主导的秩序是“帝国秩序”,高丽臣服于蒙古是武力征服的结果。帝国强权在半岛的持续影响,促发了高丽精英阶层的分化。在他们中的不少人看来,本国国王的权力已非源自传统的合法性,而是来自帝国的任命,二重君臣关系出现了。但与此同时,帝国体制下的二元制,亦使传统认同保留了下来,作为传统精英集团的世家大族是其代表。这些因素又导致了省吏与国臣的分野,表现于对帝国法律的不同态度。

清代公文书作伪原因、辨伪方式及处理实态

从档案文本探究清代伪造公文书问题,是从历史取中华民族优秀法治文化的过程,有助于充分发掘历史档案的应用价值和社会功能。通过整理和分析中国第一历史档案馆馆藏相关档案,发现清代伪造公文书行为多与钱财、身份、情感等因素有关。面对此类案件时,官员会根据公文书制度、内容、外形等细节辨别公文书真伪,随后将案件分为伪造皇帝文书案件和伪造官文书案件。相同的是,二者判定过程中都要依照律例规定,但不得与皇帝决定相抵触。不同的是,伪造皇帝文书案件实际判定过程中所考虑的量刑因素要多于律例规定,却不需考虑盗用印信问题,合依“诈伪制书”条文拟罪;而伪造官文书案件实际判定过程中则主要考虑盗用印信或伪造印信两种情况,致使案件处理实态更为复杂。

新出秦简“县官田”与秦代地方公田经营

新出秦简所见“县官田”是秦代地方公田经营的一种重要方式。“县官田令”中“县官”指的是“县廷”,“县官田”应是属于县廷的公田。从里耶秦简所见迁陵县的情况分析,“县官田”的具体经营机构不是县属“田官”或“田”,而是直属于县廷的“左田”“右田”。秦统一后迅速在新占领地建立统治秩序,地方官营农业提供的物质支撑助力较大。

昆剧《诗宴·唐才子传》的主题意蕴与审美意象

江苏省演艺集团昆剧院创作的《诗宴·唐才子传》是一部案头场上兼善的昆剧作品,在主题未更改的前提下艺术质量经打磨不断提升。《诗宴·唐才子传》在主题意蕴上,通过三个维度阐释了富有哲理性的“如何相逢”;在审美意象上,主要表现为凉秋冷冬,而在此意象之下,该作品揭示的是人生勇敢向前的正确取向和优秀诗作皆是诗人心血之凝结的道理。

宋代帝后、内外命妇、宫人女官官衔研究

宋代官衔,是目前宋代制度史研究中新开拓的领域。从宋代帝后、内外命妇、宫人女官的官衔制度这一视角,可以看出宋代官制的复杂性、多样性。皇帝,通常不视为官,实际某种意义上,皇帝也是官,且居于官僚机构的顶端,所以皇帝也有官衔,只是名号比较特殊,显示其至高无上的地位。“皇帝”本身就是一个官号,其生前有尊号或圣号,死后有谥号、庙号。唐宋史称皇帝多用庙号,这就是法定官衔。皇后有官号,尊号有无,视其是否曾垂帘听政而定,死后谥号有二字、四字之别。内命妇,为皇帝姬妾名号之总称,其官衔有等级之分、秩品之差。外命妇官衔可分为公主官衔、卿大夫妻母官衔两类。内外命妇官衔亦特旨移用于宫人女官官衔。皇后、内外命妇、宫人女官的官衔,与文武百官相类,其名号等级分明,官衔成为其特殊身份的标志。

宋代官修方书中脏腑病证研究进展

宋代官修方书是宋代医学成就的集中体现,也是在医学门户未大量分化之前最系统、最全面的中医学术总结。脏腑学说是中医理论体系的核心,而脏腑病证是中医认识疾病的核心,宋代官修方书中记载有大量脏腑病证相关内容,近年来学者们对其中各个脏腑的病证大都有所讨论,但仍不够系统与精深,宋代官修方书的系统性、权威性、实用性及承上启下作用为脏腑病证提供了一个良好的研究样本,值得系统挖掘与研究。

从官府主导到官绅共治:清代江西书院文化权力格局的演变

江西自古文教兴盛,书院数量多、分布广、类型丰。清代江西官绅积极创办和修复各级书院,提供多种形式的经济援助。他们通过监管书院事务、担任书院山长等方式参与书院的日常管理,并兴办地方助学组织。其背后的儒家正统观、行善福报观和宗族孝道观,包含官绅对声名利益的渴望和关照社会公共事务的自觉。随着社会环境的变化,清代江西书院经历内部权力格局的变化,即由官府主导向官绅共治的演变,一方面反映争夺地方文教资源、文化权力对于官绅的重要意义;另一方面反映清代地方士绅力量的发展,并力图掌握书院等地方公共资源的现象。

北齐后期发敕、发诏授官及其影响——以《文馆词林·敕上·除授》为中心

《文馆词林》保存的北齐后期皇帝除授官员职务的“敕”分为两类:一为“件授如右”敕,是北齐皇帝对吏部上奏官职拟选名单的批复,它是吏部铨选运作的一个重要环节;二为以皇帝名义发布的除授官员职务敕,它与发诏授官同属官职除授的重要形式,但各有对应的官职除授范围。北齐后期皇帝发诏、发敕授官和“件授如右”敕,不仅与唐代“册授”“制授”“敕授”和“旨授”存在渊源关系,是唐代选授之法的重要来源,而且对唐代制敕授官文书产生了重要影响。

金代皇家仪仗初探

金朝通过战争掠夺和机构修造建立起本朝皇家仪仗体系,包含了车舆、伞扇、旗帜、鼓吹和兵器等诸多种类。与此同时,金朝设置了有关仪仗保存、管理和使用的职官机构,既涉及殿前都点检司和宣徽院等机构,也涉及内廷宫官系统。金代皇家仪仗具有昭示统治阶级威仪的作用,同时还蕴含着与金朝政治生态变化相关的辅政以及宣示正统的内涵。可以说,金代皇家仪仗是金朝明制度、建礼制的标志之一,也是宋辽金时期北朝政权典制建设的一个重要表现。

唐代士宦矛盾发展态势与士人选择

唐代士宦矛盾始于玄宗朝,后世将高力士为李白“脱靴”这一虚构情节具象化,成为士人厌弃宦官干政的经典标本。安史之乱后,宦官为维护皇权立下功劳,逐渐成为帝王宠信对象,掌控军权便是最切实的奖赏。中唐时士人与宦官之间的交往和碰撞是双方矛盾发展态势不同时期的反映,甘露之变则导致了双方彻底走向决裂。这样,士人的选择除传统的恐惧和疏离外,还多了一份投机式的攀附,虽然这种行为遭到士林口诛笔伐,但由于宦官权势强大,对这类士子的仕途影响并不明显。

明清回儒人性概念阐释与伊儒会通

明清时期中国社会涌现出一批“学通四教”的回儒学者,他们积极介入中国传统思想和伊斯兰哲学议题的讨论,生产出了一套风格独特的社会知识体系。就人性的内涵而言,明清回儒学者将人性界定为人生而为人的本质,这一本质体现为人所具有的智慧、理智之性;在人性的类型上,回儒们认为人性具有丰富的外延,除人之特性,还有人之物性。在人性概念的讨论上,明清回儒学者既有对伊斯兰灵魂观和儒学人性观的借鉴吸收,也有与二者的不同创新,体现出当时中国社会不同文化的融会贯通,以及文化融会贯通中的和而不同。

汉代循吏治政生态考察——以《汉书·循吏传》为中心

汉代循吏多出自宣帝朝,循吏建树地方善政,与其所处“自然—社会—政治”三位一体的治政生态息息相关。汉宣帝时期天灾较少,偃武修文的政策促使环境优化,为地方善政奠定基础。循吏富民治平,化民以礼,移风易俗,使民众回归理性,营造良好的社会生态以为善政核心。汉宣帝选贤任能,给予地方官久任制、自治权,并严格监察,奖励务实,惩罚伪诈,成为实现地方善政的关键与保障。历史经验可以为当代如何营造良好政治生态提供借鉴,保护环境,构建和谐社会秩序,正确选人用人,理顺央地关系,循吏善政启示良多。