This paper examines the significance of spatial externalities for youths’ school-to-training transitions in Germany. For this purpose, it is necessary to address the methodological question of how an individual’s sp...This paper examines the significance of spatial externalities for youths’ school-to-training transitions in Germany. For this purpose, it is necessary to address the methodological question of how an individual’s spatial context has to be operationalized with respect to both its extent and the problem of spatial autocorrelation. Our analyses show that the “zone of influence” comprises of the whole of Germany, not only close-by districts, and that these effects differ between structurally weak and strong regions. Consequently, assuming that only close proximity affects individual outcomes may disregard relevant contextual influences, and for spatial models that require an a priori definition of the weights for spatial units, it may be erroneous to make a decision based on this assumption. Concerning spatial autocorrelation, we found that neglecting local spatial autocorrelation at the context level causes considerable bias to the estimates, especially for districts that are close to the home district.展开更多
In many real world planning domains, some observation information is optional and useless to the execution of a plan, and the information acquisition may require some kind of cost. So it is significant to propose a fr...In many real world planning domains, some observation information is optional and useless to the execution of a plan, and the information acquisition may require some kind of cost. So it is significant to propose a framework for planning with extended goals under partial observability, which can adapt to the idea of observation reduction. In this paper, a method was proposed to solve the problem. The definition of structured plans was given, which can encode sequential, conditional and iterative behaviors, and are expressive enough for dealing with incomplete observation information and with extended goals. In order to express extended goals over sub-plans and observation information, the interpretation of basic propositions in K-CTL and EAGLE (two important languages for expressing temporal requirements in nondeterministic domains) was extended.展开更多
Industrial structure can be divided into different levels, which in this paper isdivided into five main physical production departments. With the aid of goalprogramming, this peper puts forward a kind of optimizing me...Industrial structure can be divided into different levels, which in this paper isdivided into five main physical production departments. With the aid of goalprogramming, this peper puts forward a kind of optimizing method forindustrial structure, and makes a positive analysis of Deyang city.展开更多
Depressive symptoms in adolescents are an increasing public health issue in Sweden and in most Western countries. Aim: To explore how individual, psychosocial, and structural determinants are associated with depressiv...Depressive symptoms in adolescents are an increasing public health issue in Sweden and in most Western countries. Aim: To explore how individual, psychosocial, and structural determinants are associated with depressive symptoms in Swedish adolescents. Methods: A web-based questionnaire was answered by 1193 13- to 16-year-old boys (n = 566) and girls (n = 627). Stepwise logistic regressions were employed to analyse the association between depressive symptoms and various determinants at the individual level (self-efficacy), the psychosocial level (parental, peer, and teacher support, school demands, sexual harassment, and bullying) and the structural level (family affluence, having less money than friends, and parental foreign background). Results: Determinants at the individual, psychosocial, and structural levels were independently associated with high levels of depressive symptoms in both boys and girls. The full model explained a high proportion of the variance in depressive symptoms in both genders;34.1% in boys and 36.8% in girls. The psychosocial level contributed the most to explaining the variance in depressive symptoms in boys. In girls, when harassment variables were separated from psychosocial variables, the harassment variables contributed as much to the full model as the rest of the psychosocial variables combined. Conclusions: Addressing psychosocial determinants provides the greatest benefits for preventing depressive symptoms in adolescents. Acknowledging the association between sexual harassment and depressive symptoms for girls and having less money than their friends for boys and girls are particularly important.展开更多
文摘This paper examines the significance of spatial externalities for youths’ school-to-training transitions in Germany. For this purpose, it is necessary to address the methodological question of how an individual’s spatial context has to be operationalized with respect to both its extent and the problem of spatial autocorrelation. Our analyses show that the “zone of influence” comprises of the whole of Germany, not only close-by districts, and that these effects differ between structurally weak and strong regions. Consequently, assuming that only close proximity affects individual outcomes may disregard relevant contextual influences, and for spatial models that require an a priori definition of the weights for spatial units, it may be erroneous to make a decision based on this assumption. Concerning spatial autocorrelation, we found that neglecting local spatial autocorrelation at the context level causes considerable bias to the estimates, especially for districts that are close to the home district.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No.60773201Guangdong Natural Science Foundation under grant No. 07006474Guangdong Scientific and Technological Project Foundation under grant No.2007B01020044
文摘In many real world planning domains, some observation information is optional and useless to the execution of a plan, and the information acquisition may require some kind of cost. So it is significant to propose a framework for planning with extended goals under partial observability, which can adapt to the idea of observation reduction. In this paper, a method was proposed to solve the problem. The definition of structured plans was given, which can encode sequential, conditional and iterative behaviors, and are expressive enough for dealing with incomplete observation information and with extended goals. In order to express extended goals over sub-plans and observation information, the interpretation of basic propositions in K-CTL and EAGLE (two important languages for expressing temporal requirements in nondeterministic domains) was extended.
文摘Industrial structure can be divided into different levels, which in this paper isdivided into five main physical production departments. With the aid of goalprogramming, this peper puts forward a kind of optimizing method forindustrial structure, and makes a positive analysis of Deyang city.
文摘Depressive symptoms in adolescents are an increasing public health issue in Sweden and in most Western countries. Aim: To explore how individual, psychosocial, and structural determinants are associated with depressive symptoms in Swedish adolescents. Methods: A web-based questionnaire was answered by 1193 13- to 16-year-old boys (n = 566) and girls (n = 627). Stepwise logistic regressions were employed to analyse the association between depressive symptoms and various determinants at the individual level (self-efficacy), the psychosocial level (parental, peer, and teacher support, school demands, sexual harassment, and bullying) and the structural level (family affluence, having less money than friends, and parental foreign background). Results: Determinants at the individual, psychosocial, and structural levels were independently associated with high levels of depressive symptoms in both boys and girls. The full model explained a high proportion of the variance in depressive symptoms in both genders;34.1% in boys and 36.8% in girls. The psychosocial level contributed the most to explaining the variance in depressive symptoms in boys. In girls, when harassment variables were separated from psychosocial variables, the harassment variables contributed as much to the full model as the rest of the psychosocial variables combined. Conclusions: Addressing psychosocial determinants provides the greatest benefits for preventing depressive symptoms in adolescents. Acknowledging the association between sexual harassment and depressive symptoms for girls and having less money than their friends for boys and girls are particularly important.
