AI for Science:科研应用及其带来的革新与挑战

人工智能驱动的科学研究(AI for Science)被视为科学发现的第五范式的曙光。依循演绎主义的科学研究逻辑,梳理了人工智能在科学假设生成、数据收集以及分析挖掘中的应用。人工智能“数据算法算力”三原则,对科学数据的质量、算法的复杂性以及计算能力提出了更高的要求。AI for Science时代预计会出现科技巨头、AI专家、软硬件工程师、政府以及教育机构等紧密协同的新型科研模式。然而,AI算法的黑箱特性对科学研究的可解释性和可重复性构成潜在威胁。因此,在推进人工智能驱动的科学研究的发展过程中,必须坚持伦理优先的原则,注重科学数据的安全性管理,防范化解大模型分布外泛化带来的解释性弱等问题。

基于跨学科融合的AI for Science多元化投入机制研究

当前,人工智能领域的科技研发与应用,取得了诸多骄人的成果。尤其是生成式人工智能工具的广泛应用,使人工智能驱动的科学研究(AI for Science)范式成为现阶段引领人工智能研究的一种全新科学范式——“第五范式”。对此,科技部和国家自然科学基金委员会正式启动了“人工智能驱动的科学研究”专项部署工作,基于跨学科融合的AI for Science的研究纷纷呈现。本文从此角度切入,对AI for Science理论做了简要概述,分析了跨学科融合的AI for Science多元化投入的现状,并针对其中存在的问题,研究了跨学科融合的AI for Science多元化投入机制。以期通过本文的分析与研究,能够为这种全新范式的成熟与应用提供参考与借鉴。

AI for Science时代下的电池平台化智能研发

在AI for Science时代,电池设计自动化智能研发(battery design automation,BDA)平台通过整合先进的人工智能技术,为电池研发领域带来了革命性进展。BDA平台覆盖了文献调研、实验设计、合成制备、表征测试和分析优化这五个电池研发的关键环节,利用机器学习、多尺度建模、预训练模型等先进算法,结合软件工程开发用户交互友好的工具,加速从理论设计到实验验证的整个电池研发周期。通过自动化的实验设计、合成制备、表征测试和性能优化,BDA平台不仅提升了研发效率,还提高了电池设计的精确度和可靠性,推动了电池技术向更高能量密度、更长循环寿命和更低成本的方向发展。

ChatGPT in transforming communication in seismic engineering: Case studies, implications, key challenges and future directions

Seismic engineering,a critical field with significant societal implications,often presents communication challenges due to the complexity of its concepts.This paper explores the role of Artificial Intelligence(AI),specifically OpenAI’s ChatGPT,in bridging these communication gaps.The study delves into how AI can simplify intricate seismic engineering terminologies and concepts,fostering enhanced understanding among students,professionals,and policymakers.It also presents several intuitive case studies to demonstrate the practical application of ChatGPT in seismic engineering.Further,the study contemplates the potential implications of AI,highlighting its potential to transform decision-making processes,augment education,and increase public engagement.While acknowledging the promising future of AI in seismic engineering,the study also considers the inherent challenges and limitations,including data privacy and potential oversimplification of content.It advocates for the collaborative efforts of AI researchers and seismic experts in overcoming these obstacles and enhancing the utility of AI in the field.This exploration provides an insightful perspective on the future of seismic engineering,which could be closely intertwined with the evolution of AI.

Strategic Study on the Development of Space Science in China and Proposals for Future Missions

Since 2011,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)has implemented the Strategic Priority Program on Space Science(SPP).A series of scientific satellites have been developed and launched,such as Dark Matter Particle Explorer(DAMPE),Quantum Experiments at Space Scale(QUESS),Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory(ASO-S),Einstein Probe(EP),and significant scientific outcomes have been achieved.In order to plan the future space science missions in China,CAS has organized the Chinese space science community to conduct medium and long-term development strategy studies,and summarized the major scientific frontiers of space science as“One Black,Two Dark,Three Origins and Five Characterizations”.Five main scientific themes have been identified for China’s future breakthroughs,including the Extreme Universe,Space-Time Ripples,the Panoramic View of the Sun and Earth,the Habitable Planets,and Biological&Physical Science in Space.Space science satellite missions to be implemented before 2030 are proposed accordingly.

Science and Technology Commissioners Supporting High-Quality Development Project for Hundreds of Counties, Thousands of Towns, and Myriads of Villages in the Context of Rural Revitalization

This paper discusses the important role of science and technology commissioners in the high-quality development of hundreds of counties,thousands of towns,and myriads of villages in the context of rural revitalization,including building bridges,accelerating the transformation of achievements,promoting the value-added of the whole agricultural industry chain,and promoting the rapid development of rural industrial economy.It also discusses the working achievements of science and technology commissioners,in order to promote further development of rural revitalization in Guangdong Province.

Professional Cognitive Education Model for Agricultural Water Conservancy Engineering under the Background of New Agricultural Science

The construction of new agricultural science requires the use of modern scientific and technological means to transform and enhance current agricultural related majors.The agricultural water conservancy engineering major,with its inherent disciplinary advantages,plays an indispensable and important role in the construction of new agricultural science.In recent years,the lack of professional cognitive education has gradually become a significant problem in the training of talents in agricultural water conservancy engineering.Therefore,this paper deeply analyzes the problems and reasons faced by professional cognitive education,and proposes specific educational strategies for several key aspects such as enrollment promotion,freshman enrollment education,construction of teacher team,combination of scientific research and teaching,and strengthening professional cognition through competition activities.It aims to provide reference for improving the quality of professional cognitive education and exploring effective ways.

Multi-disciplinary Pathways to Computing:A Scalable and Col aborative Approach to Capitalize on the Demand for Computer Science Education

The number of students demanding computer science(CS)education is rapidly rising,and while faculty sizes are also growing,the traditional pipeline consisting of a CS major,a CS master’s,and then a move to industry or a Ph.D.program is simply not scalable.To address this problem,the Department of Computing at the University of Illinois has introduced a multidisciplinary approach to computing,which is a scalable and collaborative approach to capitalize on the tremendous demand for computer science education.The key component of the approach is the blended major,also referred to as“CS+X”,where CS denotes computer science and X denotes a non-computing field.These CS+X blended degrees enable win-win partnerships among multiple subject areas,distributing the educational responsibilities while growing the entire university.To meet the demand from non-CS majors,another pathway that is offered is a graduate certificate program in addition to the traditional minor program.To accommodate the large number of students,scalable teaching tools,such as automatic graders,have also been developed.

Reform and Practice of the Course“Introduction to Computer Science”in Universities Based on the Cultivation of Computational Thinking and Systematic Abilities

Introduction to Computer Science,as one of the fundamental courses in computer-related majors,plays an important role in the cultivation of computer professionals.However,traditional teaching models and content can no longer fully meet the needs of modern information technology development.In response to these issues,this article introduces the concept of computational creative thinking,optimizes course content,adopts exploratory teaching methods,and innovates course assessment methods,aiming to comprehensively enhance students’computational thinking and innovative abilities.By continuously improving and promoting this teaching model,it will undoubtedly promote computer education in universities to a new level.

The Research on the Paths of Popular Science Education about Myopia Prevention and Control among College Students in the Context of Shifting the Focus Forward

Currently, the number of myopic people in China has reached as high as 600 million, and it shows a trend of “early onset, high incidence, and a high degree of severity”. The issue of myopia among children and adolescents has attracted widespread attention from all sectors of society. Comprehensive myopia prevention and control efforts have been launched nationwide. Popular science education, vision screening, and improving visual environments are effective measures for preventing myopia. However, among the target audience for comprehensive myopia prevention and control, the preschool children group has been neglected, and the work of myopia prevention and control for this group has been significantly weakened and marginalized. Due to insufficient awareness of prevention and control, the hyperopia reserve in the preschool children group is being continuously depleted, leading to the early onset of myopia. In light of this situation, the focus of myopia prevention and control needs to shift forward, and it is worth exploring and pondering how college students with a background in optometry can develop entertaining and engaging popular science education materials and methods.

Exploration on Teaching Reform of Medical Functional Experimental Science for International Students

Medical Functional Experiment Science, a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine, integrates classical experimental teaching contents of three courses including physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. This course not only helps students to verify and reinforce theoretical knowledge, but also cultivates their capability of scientific thinking to discover and solve problems. Based on the characteristics of international students and current situation of the teaching platform in the laboratory at Yangtze University, this paper discusses a series of problems in the Medical Functional Experiment Science teaching for international students and puts forward some measures for teaching reform including optimizing experimental content, innovating experimental teaching methods and establishing effective experimental evaluation mode, in order to cultivate more international medical students with innovative ability.

基于Web of Science对土壤胶体影响重金属行为研究的计量分析

为全面了解土壤胶体影响重金属行为方向的研究现状和前沿动态,基于Web of Science(WoS)核心合集数据库,利用WoS自带分析工具、HistCite引文图谱分析软件、VOSviewer和Citespace可视化分析软件对1990—2021年间土壤胶体影响重金属行为的文献进行了计量分析。结果表明,在世界范围内该方向的发文量逐年稳步增长,我国相关研究起步较晚,但近些年呈现迅猛发展的势头。目前土壤胶体影响重金属行为研究发文量最多的国家和研究机构分别是美国和中国科学院,发文量最高的期刊为Environmental Science&Technology,主要研究学科为环境科学与生态学的交叉学科。关键词聚类分析显示“土壤胶体颗粒粒径分级与重金属的形态分布”、“土壤胶体的释放、沉积及对重金属的吸附作用”和“土壤胶体颗粒的迁移机制与迁移模型研究”为主要的研究主题,人工纳米颗粒在土壤中的行为、迁移转化以及生物有效性是现阶段的研究热点。利用场流分离技术结合单粒子电感耦合等离子体质谱等技术,探讨土壤胶体与人工纳米颗粒之间发生的复杂相互作用及其对人工纳米颗粒迁移归趋与环境命运的影响,是未来的主要研究方向。

基于Web of Science数据库的淀粉多酚相互作用研究的可视化分析

为了解淀粉多酚相互作用的研究现状和发展趋势,采用文献计量学方法,以Web of Science核心合集数据库出版日期为2010-01-01至2024-04-18的论文为研究对象,进行可视化分析,为相关学科的研究提供参考。结果显示:淀粉多酚相互作用研究领域的年发文量总体呈上升趋势;中国研究机构在该领域发文数量优势明显,但在影响力方面与新西兰、澳大利亚和西班牙等国的研究机构相比还有一定差距;该领域研究热点主要集中在食品科学技术与化学学科方向,但同时也展示出多学科交叉融合的发展趋势。消化、特性、相互作用、生物利用度、抗菌活性、分子对接、复合物、纳米颗粒、活性膜等方面是该领域的研究前沿。

基于Web of Science全球小麦低温逆境的研究态势分析

低温逆境已成为限制全球小麦稳产丰产与优质的主要农业气象灾害之一。为客观全面地了解全球小麦低温逆境领域的研究现状和发展趋势,基于Web of Science核心数据库中2000-2020年发表的以“小麦”和“低温”为研究主题的相关文献为数据源,利用CiteSpace可视化分析软件对检索到与主题密切相关的475篇文献从发文数量、发文国家、发文作者、研究机构、研究热点等方面进行统计分析。结果表明:自2000年以来,小麦低温逆境领域年发文数量总体呈波动上升趋势;以中国、美国和加拿大等国家为代表的农业大国均致力于该领域的研究;美国学者Skin⁃ner是该领域发文量最多的作者,与其他学者合作密切的有李向楠和Fowler;该领域文献多发表于《Molecular Genetics and Genomics》和《Annual Review of Plant Biology》等优质期刊上;俄罗斯科学院是该领域发文量最多的科研机构;耐低温小麦新品种培育、耐寒分子生物学研究以及提高小麦产质量等方面成为该领域的研究热点。

基于Web of Science数据库的副凋亡研究文献计量分析

目的分析近20年来副凋亡研究现状、热点和发展趋势,为今后的研究提供参考。方法以副凋亡为主题在Web of Science数据库中检索并筛选于2003年1月1日至2023年12月31日发表的语言为英语的论著和综述,利用CiteSpace和VOSviewer软件生成知识图谱。结果共纳入305篇文献,副凋亡研究的发文量呈逐年递增趋势。中国(106篇)和亚洲大学(韩国)分别是发文量最多的国家和机构,美国与其他国家合作更频繁。刊文量较多的期刊为《Cell death disease》《Photochemistry and Photobiology》《Oncotarget》。关键词的热度分析显示线粒体功能障碍、内质网自噬、乳腺癌和肝细胞癌是该领域的研究热点。结论国内外副凋亡研究发展迅速,尤其在肿瘤学领域,信号通路将成为未来研究的重点。

基于Web of Science数据库的水稻土土壤微生物研究态势分析

为进一步了解水稻土土壤微生物领域的研究进展和未来发展趋势,基于Web of Science数据库,采用文献计量学的分析方法,分析了2014-2023年水稻土土壤微生物领域文章。结果表明,2014-2023年全球范围内关于水稻土土壤微生物发表文章数量共计768篇,其中美国、印度、中国发文量排在前3位;研究机构中法国国家科学研究中心位居首位,发文量达36篇;中国科学院位列第二,发文量为33篇。该领域研究论文主要发表在Frontiers in Microbiology、Microorganisms和Frontiers in Plant Science;研究学科包括微生物学、农学、分子生物学等相关学科。

基于Web of Science的战争旅游研究综述

以2000—2023年“Web of Science核心合集”中111篇与战争旅游研究高度相关的论文为基础,对战争旅游研究现状及成果进行系统性总结和梳理。研究发现:按照文献发表数量,战争旅游的发展可分为萌芽期(2000—2009年)、缓慢增长期(2010—2015年)和快速增长期(2016年至今)3个阶段;战争旅游研究的方法主要采用定性研究,但定量研究和混合研究方法也逐渐受到研究者的重视;战争旅游的相关研究内容主要集中在战争旅游概念界定、战争旅游体验、战争旅游动机、战争旅游游客类别、战争旅游的功能、战争旅游目的地管理6个方面。最后,结合国外的研究经验,立足于中国的实际情况,就中国战争旅游地的实践发展提出建议,并对该领域的未来研究进行展望。

Practical operation and theoretical basis of difference-in-difference regression in science of science:The comparative trial on the scientific performance of Nobel laureates versus their coauthors

Purpose:In recent decades,with the availability of large-scale scientific corpus datasets,difference-in-difference(DID)is increasingly used in the science of science and bibliometrics studies.DID method outputs the unbiased estimation on condition that several hypotheses hold,especially the common trend assumption.In this paper,we gave a systematic demonstration of DID in the science of science,and the potential ways to improve the accuracy of DID method.Design/methodology/approach:At first,we reviewed the statistical assumptions,the model specification,and the application procedures of DID method.Second,to improve the necessary assumptions before conducting DID regression and the accuracy of estimation,we introduced some matching techniques serving as the pre-selecting step for DID design by matching control individuals who are equivalent to those treated ones on observational variables before the intervention.Lastly,we performed a case study to estimate the effects of prizewinning on the scientific performance of Nobel laureates,by comparing the yearly citation impact after the prizewinning year between Nobel laureates and their prizewinning-work coauthors.Findings:We introduced the procedures to conduct a DID estimation and demonstrated the effectiveness to use matching method to improve the results.As a case study,we found that there are no significant increases in citations for Nobel laureates compared to their prizewinning coauthors.Research limitations:This study ignored the rigorous mathematical deduction parts of DID,while focused on the practical parts.Practical implications:This work gives experimental practice and potential guidelines to use DID method in science of science and bibliometrics studies.Originality/value:This study gains insights into the usage of econometric tools in science of science.

Study on the estimation of Euler angles for Macao Science Satellite-1

The Euler angle estimation is a calibration method for vector data measured by the magnetometer on a satellite.It is used to find the relative rotation between the coordinate system of the magnetometer and the satellite(usually determined by Star Imagers).Before launch of the low-orbit,low-inclination Macao Science Satellite-1(known as MSS-1),we simulated the estimation of Euler angles by using the magnetic measurements of the in-orbit Swarm and China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(noted as CSES),with various data combinations.In this study,11 data sets were designed to analyze the estimation results for the MSS-1 orbit by using a joint estimation method of the geomagnetic field model parameters and Euler angles.For the model results,we found that all the spatial power spectral lines showed behavior consistent with that of the CHAOS-7.8 model at low degrees(corresponding to large-scale magnetic signals).The spectra of models without global data coverage deviated much more(by a maximum of~10^(4) nT^(2))from those of the CHAOS-7.8 model at higher degrees.For models with global data coverage and with various data combinations,the spectral lines were distributed similarly.Moreover,the models with accordant power spectral distributions demonstrated different Euler angle estimations.As more vector data at higher latitudes were included,the estimated Euler angles varied monotonically in all three directions.The models with vector data in the same latitude range showed similar Euler angle results,regardless of whether the poleward scalar data were included.The largest value difference was found between the models using vector data within±40°latitudes and those using vector data within±60°latitudes,which reached to~28″.Therefore,we concluded that the inversion of the spherical harmonic Gauss coefficients in our tests was mainly affected by the spatial coverage range of the data,whereas the estimation of Euler angles largely depended on the latitude range where the vector data could be obtained.These results can be used for future in-flight data testing.We expect the estimation of Euler angles to improve as other methods are adopted.

Design of the solar X-ray detector for the Macao Science Satellite-1B

The solar X-ray detector(SXD)onboard the Macao Science Satellite-1B was designed to monitor solar flare bursts and to study the solar activity in the 25th solar cycle.The SXD includes two parts:a soft X-ray detection unit and a hard X-ray detection unit.Both the soft X-ray detection unit and the hard X-ray detection unit include two collimators,two X-ray detectors(a silicon drift detector and a cadmium-zinc-telluride detector),and a processing circuit.Compared with similar instruments,the energy range of the SXD is wider(1–600 ke V)and the energy resolution is better(150 e V at 5.9 ke V,12%at 59.5 ke V,and 3%at 662 keV).