Characteristics of Scour and Deposition in Front of Breakwaters Under Irregular Broken Clapotis

First the scour and deposition patterns of the sandy seabed in front of a vertical breakwater under the action of irregular broken clapotis are investigated experimentally and classified into five types: scour typeⅠ, scour typeⅡ, scour type Ⅲ, deposition typeⅠ, and deposition typeⅡ. Secondly, the processes of formation of scour and deposition patterns are probed in comparison with those induced by regular broken clapotis and standing waves. Thirdly, the criteria for distinguishing scour and deposition patterns under irregular broken clapotis are presented.

The analysis on reservoir sediment deposition and downstream river channel scouring after impoundment and operation of TGP

According to the measured data after impoundment and operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir,the reservoir sediment deposition and downstream river channel scouring are described briefly and compared with the research results achieved in the demonstration stage.It is indicated through analysis that the reservoir sediment deposition and downstream river channel scouring during 8-year impoundment and operation are still within the original forecast,so the original forecasting results are feasible.The further observation and comparison should be conducted because the comparison between the observed data and the original forecast is not so sufficient in time and the prototype observation and related research work should be strengthened in the future.

清水冲刷下顺直河道交错边滩演变过程试验研究

为进一步认识清水冲刷下顺直河道交错边滩的演变过程,基于长江中游典型边滩形态参数,采用概化水槽试验对不同流量条件下的交错边滩纵向、横向和平面冲淤变化进行了研究。结果表明:试验工况下,纵向上,沿程呈冲刷态势,流量越大,冲深越大(流量为215 L/s的深泓平均冲深约是流量为46.71 L/s的2.1倍),且大流量下深泓纵向比降变缓;横向上,边滩侧以冲刷为主,冲刷最大的位置在滩边附近,其它部位则呈冲刷—淤积—冲刷的变化规律(如流量为215 L/s时,2#断面边滩以外部分(0,2]h平均冲深约3.5 cm、(2,12]h平均淤高约0.5 cm、(12,21]h平均冲深约0.7 cm);平面上,边滩整体下移,变得细长,淤积主要发生在边滩下游1m范围内。此外,上游异岸边滩的存在初期会促使下游边滩淤积,而后加深下游边滩的冲刷,且对边滩坡脚影响最大。

SCOURS IN FRONT OF A BREAKWATER BY BROKEN WAVES AND THEIR SIMILARITY LAW

The sea bottom in front of a breakwater is scoured under the action of broken waves,and this will affect the stability of the breakwater.In this paper,the scours of sandy seabed in front of a breakwater under the action of broken waves are investigated experimentally.The depth and range of the scouring trough at the foot of a breakwater are studied,and the influence of open foundation-bed on scouring and depositing is also discussed.In order to apply the research results to practical projects,the scale of model sediment and the scale of scours and depositions are suggested.

基于FLOW3D的集成式水下基盘泥沙冲淤三维数值模拟

泥面下集成式水下基盘是为开采渤海通航区等海域油气资源而提出的新型基盘,其基坑周围局部冲淤是工程实践关注的问题之一。基于不可压缩粘性流体运动的Navier-Stokes方程建立泥面下集成式水下基盘基坑周围三维水动力数学模型,对不同粒径和不同流速情况下的局部冲淤进行了模拟。结果表明:泥沙粒径为0.005 mm时,由于泥沙较难起动,基坑附近局部冲淤较小。粒径分别为0.05 mm和0.1 mm时,在典型流速作用下,基盘附近可分别形成1 m左右和4 m左右的淤积。

Linkage between riverbed scouring or deposition and the evolution of central bars:Case study in the Yangzhong reach of the Yangtze River

Understanding the relationship between unbalanced riverbed scouring or deposition and the evolution of central bars in natural conditions and human activity is useful for river regime control and waterway improvement projects.Toward this end,we utilized the Yangzhong reach in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River as a case study and evaluated runoff,sediment content,and topographical data measured over the past 70 years(1951–2021).With the decrease in the amount of incoming sediment in the river basin,the Yangzhong reach exhibited a continuous state of scouring.The cumulative riverbed scouring volumes of the low-water and flood channels from 1981 to 2021 were 3.97×10^(8)and 4.14×10^(8)m^(3),respectively,with the riverbed scouring volume of the low-water channel accounting for 95.9%of that of the flood channel.Under quasi-natural runoff–sediment conditions,the evolution of the central bars in the Yangzhong reach was highly correlated with the amount of scouring or deposition.In particular,the Luochengzhou reach could be characterized as a meandering river with scouring on concave riverbanks and deposition on convex riverbanks.In the context of reduced incoming sediment,the beach area of the Yangzhong reach decreased by approximately 9.9%(from 2003 to 2021)and the central bars of the straight section areas decreased.Moreover,following operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir,both the Luocheng central bar and Jiangyin beach areas could be characterized as meandering rivers with convex riverbanks and beaches.In the quasi-natural period before the implementation of the waterway improvement project,the trend of high scouring intensity and increased fluid diversion ratio in the right branch of the Luocheng central bar was in accordance with the law that the short branch of the length is in a developing state under the condition of decreasing river sediment volume.With the control of riverbank protection and the construction of waterway improvement projects in the Yangzhong reach,the shapes of the riverbanks and central bars were effectively stabilized,and the linkage relationship formed in the quasi-natural period was interrupted.Overall,these findings provide a strong foundation for understanding riverbed scouring or deposition and the evolution of central bars under the influence of natural conditions and human activities,and will inform future river management and waterway dimension planning.

长江中游荆江河段河道深泓纵剖面时空演变规律

深泓线的演变规律对于揭示冲积河流河床演变与河势调整具有重要意义。为探明三峡水库蓄水运用后荆江河段深泓纵剖面的变化规律,基于2002—2020年173个观测断面的深泓高程资料,对比分析18年内深泓线高程的时空变化,并结合来水来沙情况剖析其变化原因。结果表明,2002年以来荆江河段河道深泓纵剖面普遍冲刷下切,2008年之后深泓高程下切幅度进一步加大,但在来水来沙较多时会出现回淤现象。2002—2020年上荆江枝城至新厂河段平均冲刷深度达4.62 m,下荆江河道冲淤交替频繁,然而上荆江相对冲淤强度为10%,小于下荆江,其主要原因是枝江河段河床组成为粗沙和卵石,在一定程度上限制冲刷的发展,下段为沙质河床,较易受到冲刷。

荆江陈家湾—突起洲分汊段河道演变与趋势分析

三峡工程的运行极大减轻了荆江的防洪压力,同时改变了河段水沙条件,导致荆江持续发生剧烈冲淤变化。荆江陈家湾—突起洲段为典型微弯分汊河型,滩槽格局调整、主支汊易位将直接影响航道运行和防洪安排。基于三峡工程运行前后长系列水文与河道原型观测资料,揭示河段水沙变化与河床冲淤响应特征,分析河道形态尺度年际变化过程,总结河道演变规律及趋势。结果表明:三峡工程运行后,沙市站平均年输沙量下降85%,河床冲刷3.1亿m^(3)。以太平口—三八滩汊道段滩槽变化最为剧烈,主流走势由北转南。2011年后,三八滩与腊林洲边滩守护工程基本遏制了“太平口心滩南槽南靠、三八滩南汊北提”趋势,但该段河床随即再次调整,近期又表现出“南槽北扩、南汊南扩”的新情势。同时,由于三八滩南汊发育、北汊分流比降低,北汊长江大桥下的通航问题日益突显,如何解决碍航问题,仍需进一步开展研究。

床沙级配调整对黄河下游洪水演进的影响

小浪底水库运行以来,进入黄河下游的水沙条件出现了较大变化,受水库清水下泄影响,黄河下游床沙粒径出现了明显的粗化。为了探讨床沙级配粗化对黄河下游洪水演进的影响,本文首先建立了适用于黄河下游的一维水沙耦合数学模型,然后采用花园口至孙口河段2020年4—10月的实测洪水过程对模型进行了验证;其次根据河段床沙粗化特点,并以花园口床沙粗化过程为代表,设计了4组床沙级配作为模拟计算的初始床沙条件;最后采用验证后的模型进行了模拟计算,分析了床沙级配调整对洪水演进的影响。结果表明:床沙级配调整对黄河下游的流量、水位、含沙量、洪水演进时间以及河段冲淤量均有影响,但是对流量影响较小,而水位、含沙量、洪水演进时间与河段冲淤量对床沙级配的改变响应较为敏感。床沙中值粒径d_(50)由0.076 mm(级配1)增至0.242mm(级配4)时,夹河滩断面水位增高0.89 m,花园口至孙口河段冲淤量由冲刷0.679亿m^(3)转变为淤积0.059亿m^(3),冲刷量减幅为109%。研究结果可为新水沙情势下黄河下游河道治理提供借鉴与参考。

Effects of Locations of Spur Dyke on Bed and Scour around Bridge Piers in Meandering Channel

Spur dykes are the structures which are used to protect the eroding bank of rivers.They are sometimes also used to safeguard the life of many struc­tures such as bridge piers,abutments etc.The efficiency of spur dykes has been checked in straight channels by conducting model tests in laboratories by many investigators.Very few studies were done in curved channels.In present work an attempt has been made to study the effect of location of spur dyke on bed and scour around bridge pier in curved open channel(bend angle=80o)with time.Experiment has been carried out in 80o channel bend at constant discharge(3.5×10^(-3) m^(3)/s)and bridge pier is located at angular displacementϴ=60o.Hereϴis the angle the line drawn at the inlet of any bend to the line joining the centre of curvature and any point on the outer portion of the bend.It is found that maximum scouring occurs atϴ=0o and 20oalong inner wall and atϴ=60o and 80o along outer wall.It is also found that scouring around bridge pier is more in the vicinity of pier and decreases with increase in distance from pier.The most suitable location for spur dyke to protect bridge pier is at angular displacementϴ=20o.Scour developed rapidly during initial time and then rate of scouring decreases with elapse of time.

Effect of Meander on Bridge Pier Scour

have been done in the past by many researchers.Many factors which affect scour around piers such as shape of piers,size,positioning and orientation etc.have been studied in detail by them.However,similar studies in meandering channels are scanty.Very few researchers have studied the effect of angular displacement which has considerable effects of scour around bridge piers.In this paper an attempt has been made to carry out a detailed study of angular displacement on scour.A constant diameter bridge pier of circular shape has been tested in a meandering channel bend with bend angle as 800.The test bed was prepared by using uniform sand having d50 as 0.27 mm and run was taken for a discharge of 2.5 l/s.

金沙江下游梯级水库泥沙淤积和坝下河道冲刷规律

金沙江下游4个梯级水电站总装机容量相当于两座三峡水库,是“西电东送”中部地区的源头工程,工程效益发挥对经济社会发展意义重大。2012年以来,向家坝、溪洛渡、乌东德和白鹤滩电站等陆续蓄水运行,层层拦截金沙江的泥沙,20132020年向家坝出库年输沙量均值下降至152万t,减幅超过99%。大量泥沙淤积在梯级水库内,同时向家坝以下河道发生长距离冲刷。本文以自金沙江下游工程筹建以来的观测资料为基础,针对梯级水库的泥沙淤积和坝下游河道冲刷规律开展研究,结果表明:金沙江下游四个梯级电站自建成运行至2020年底,累计淤积泥沙约5.98亿m^(3),其中溪洛渡库区淤积量占比达92.5%,20132020年溪洛渡和向家坝水库排沙比分别为2.64%和22.2%,其水库泥沙主要淤积在常年回水区的干流河道内,以死库容内淤积为主,侵占有效库容的比例小于1.3%。金沙江下游库区干流河道的峡谷特征明显,淤积多表现为主河槽的平铺式淤高。溪洛渡和向家坝库区淤积的泥沙沿程分选特征明显,越靠近坝前,中数粒径减小、细颗粒泥沙沙量百分数增加,极细颗粒泥沙会在库区一定范围内大量沉积。向家坝下游河床普遍冲刷,但冲刷强度减弱明显,重要涉水工程局部冲刷并未超出预期范围。向家坝下游河道深泓高凸段相对稳定,使得坝下游枯水位未大幅下降,2000 m^(3)/s下枯水位累计降幅约0.43 m;坝下游河床粗化明显。

黑龙江孙吴江段岸滩防护治理数学模型计算分析

黑龙江孙吴江段受水流剧烈冲刷严重危害沿岸安全。通过构建孙吴江段三维非结构网格水流泥沙数值模型,研究不同频率洪水条件下,孙吴江段岸滩防护工程对水力特性的影响,预测江段冲淤演变趋势及其防护前后的变化。研究结果表明,防护工程对孙吴江段水位与流速的影响随着洪水流量的增加而减小,二十年一遇洪水条件下,防护工程附近区域水位抬升普遍不超过2 cm,主河道内流速变化不超过0.1 m/s。修建防护工程后,孙吴江段内的中方滩、岛边岸受到保护的位置稳定性更好,综合治理技术发挥了明显的防护作用。

建筑排水管道颗粒物沉积规律研究

颗粒物沉积会降低排水管道排水能力,污染下游水体,研究颗粒物的沉积规律对解决管道排水与污染问题具有重要意义。搭建了排水管道沉积试验系统,研究了不同因素对颗粒物沉积量的影响。结果表明,随着流体流速的增加,管道颗粒物沉积量明显降低,中小雨天气的排水水量较少,颗粒物沉积较为严重。随着颗粒物粒径的增加,管道沉积量逐渐增大,粒径在5mm至11mm的颗粒物沉积较严重,当颗粒物粒径处于此范围时应提高清淤频率。随着管道倾角增大,颗粒物沉积量随之增加,在排水管道设计与运行过程中,应着重注意管道倾角大于15°的工况。随着管径的增大,颗粒物沉积量随之增加,在城市排水管网中,应注意大管径排水管道的沉积问题。

长江水沙变化发展趋势

本报告是根据长江五十年的水沙资料 ,宏观分析长江干支流各主要水文站水沙发展趋势 ,发现干流汉口站、大通站、宜昌站平均年输沙量都有明显减小趋势。各主要支流水文站减沙趋势明显 ,汉江皇庄站平均年输沙量减少得最为显著。但金沙江的屏山站近期平均年沙量有增加的趋势。长江向洞庭湖分洪分沙的减少 ,使长江干流增沙。根据各站水沙资料分析了长江干流各河段发生的冲淤。文章还分析了大通站的水位流量关系和流量输沙率的关系 ,发现近年来大通站同流量水位有所下降和同流量输沙率也有减小的趋势。

堆积体作用下的河道最大冲刷深度

受地震、暴雨的影响,破碎的山体易发生滑坡、泥石流等,在河流岸边形成堆积体,改变了河道水流边界条件,在堆积体下游附近形成冲坑。本文通过动床水槽试验,研究了不同堆积体作用下的最大冲刷深度。结果表明,最大冲刷深度随流量、堆积体尺寸增大而增大。本文采用一些常见的丁坝、桥台最大冲深公式对试验成果进行了计算,但由于水流结构差异及公式适用范围限制,计算结果与实测值普遍相差较大。因此,本文参考丁坝、桥台冲刷深度计算的研究成果,充分考虑各影响因素作用,采用因次分析法,建立了堆积体作用下河道最大冲刷深度计算公式的基本形式,并根据实测资料拟合了公式参数。

黄河三角洲海岸剖面类型与演变规律

根据1976—2002年黄河三角洲滨海区36个断面的地形实测资料以及利津水文站的水沙资料,运用动力地貌学的方法,对黄河三角洲海岸剖面形态及冲淤演变进行了研究。结果表明,黄河三角洲海岸剖面可分为建设型、破坏型和稳定型三种基本类型。建设型海岸分布于行水河口,等深线向海推进的距离取决于入海泥沙的堆积过程与海洋动力对泥沙的侵蚀过程两者之间的对比;破坏型海岸主要分布于停止行河不久的废弃河口附近,剖面侵蚀深度与海洋动力条件尤其是潮流流速大小密切相关;而稳定型海岸主要分布于长时间不行河的湾湾沟口附近和广利河以南岸段,前者受河海动力因素影响较小,而后者主要与莱州湾潮流流场有关。

黄河口水下地形等深线的提取及其演变分析

水下地形等深线是水深常用的表达方式,可以反映某一水下区域整体地形情况,传统的水下地形等深线的提取方法都是采用已有的软件进行手工操作,自动化程度较低。本文基于黄河口水下地形监测点数据,采用ArcGIS Engine二次开发组件和C#语言相结合的方法,实现了黄河口口门近海区域典型年份水深线的自动提取,在此基础上,对黄河口新口门附近水下地形的冲淤演变特征进行了研究,结果表明:黄河口清水沟流路自1996年改走清8汊河已10余年,黄河口新口门附近的海域由于入海泥沙的沉积扩散,海域地形发生了非常大的变化,黄河口新口门水下地形呈椭圆形分布,椭圆长轴不超过15km,短轴不超过10km,说明黄河入海泥沙的沉积分布,除了新口门的大量淤积和老口门的剧烈冲刷外,其余大部分区域的冲淤厚度都在1m以内。

工程堆积体坡面细沟流水力学参数特性研究

为采用水力学参数特性揭示黄土高原沟壑区工程堆积体坡面土壤侵蚀过程,开展了野外放水冲刷试验。通过组合不同流量（35、45、55L/min）、不同坡度（24°、28°、32°）的试验,对坡面沟蚀发生发展过程中的水力学参数特性进行了研究。结果表明,坡面细沟水流的平均流速与水深主要受流量控制,二者均与单宽流量呈幂函数关系,且流速随冲刷时间的持续和冲刷形态的变化呈现上下起伏—瞬时增大—稳定的波动或减小—趋于稳定的变化历程。在所有坡度和流量范围内,雷诺数Re在42.9-1 082.8之间变化,雷诺数Re随坡度的增大呈先减小后增大的抛物线趋势。由坡面流弗劳德数Fr随冲刷历时变化情况表明,坡面径流形态是由急流向缓流发展。阻力系数f在0.019-0.94之间变化,f随坡度的增加先减小后增加,且随雷诺数Re的增大而增大,二者之间呈显著的指数函数关系。粗糙系数n随雷诺数增大而增大,且其与雷诺数存在显著性的指数函数关系。研究结果可为工程堆积体土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立提供一定的参数,对解决生产建设项目弃土弃渣场、取土场等水土流失问题具有重要的作用。

淤滩与刷槽之间没有必然的联系

实测资料与动床摸型试验均表明,在洪水过程中淤滩与刷槽虽然同时发生,但它们之间并没有必然的联系。在多沙河流上洪水漫滩必然会造成滩地淤积,并在滩唇形成自然堤,阻断滩槽水流交换;主槽的冲刷发生在涨水期,在落水期不管含沙量大小,河床均处于淤积状态。漫滩后的清水在滩地上流动缓慢,远远小于主槽水流的运动速度,因此漫滩水往往在落水期才能汇入主槽,且只能起到减少主槽淤积的作用,无法改变由于洪水的非恒定性形成的落水期河床必然淤积的状态。实测资料表明,含沙量100~200 kg/m3的不漫滩洪水在涨水期仍可造成主槽的强烈冲刷。