Flame quenching process in cavity based on model scramjet combustor

The flame quenching process in combustors was observed by high speed camera and Schlieren system, at the inflow conditions of Ma = 2.64, To = 1483K, P0 = 1.65 MPa, T = 724 K and P -- 76.3 kPa. Changing process of the flame and shock structure in the combustor was clearly observed. The results revealed that the precom- bustion shock disappeared accompanied with the process in which the flame was blown out and withdrawed from the mainflow into the cavity and vanished after a short while. The time of quenching process was extended by the cavity flame holder, and the ability of flame holding was enhanced by arranging more cavities in the downstream as well. The flame was blown from the upstream to the downstream, so the flame in the downstream of the cavity was quenched out later than that in the upstream.

Experimental Study of Ethylene Combustion in a Scramjet Combustor

In this paper the ignition characteristics of gaseous ethylene hydrocarbon fuel is investigated in the supersonic clean airstreams experimental facility with a resistance heater. The generic cavity flame holder is used to create recirculation and promote the fuel/air mixing at the lower wall of the combustor. Three different injection concepts are considered in this research ： （ 1 ） ethylene injection upstream of the cavity ; （2） ethylene and hydrogen injection upstream of the cavity simultaneously; （ 3 ）ethylene injection preceded by pilot hydrogen injection. The pilot injection showed to be a supportive tool for holding the flame of the main normal ethylene fuel injection. Therefore, using pilot hydrogen injection and cavity configuration necessitates optimizing the combustor length to ensure the complete combustion and the full liberation of the chemical energy stored in the fuel before exiting the combustor.The present study proved the possibility of igniting the ethylene and maintaining its flame in the supersonic airstreams.

Experimental Study on Effects of Fuel Injection on Scramjet Combustor Performance

In order to investigate the effects of fuel injection distribution on the scrarnjet combustor performance, there are conducted three sets of test on a hydrocarbon fueled direct-connect scramjet test facility. The results of Test A, whose fuel injection is carried out with injectors located on the top-wall and the bottom-wall, show that the fuel injection with an appropriate close-front and centralized distribution would be of much help to optimize combustor performances. The results of Test B, whose fuel injection is performed at the optimal injection locations found in Test A, with a given equivalence ratio and different injection proportions for each injector, show that this injection mode is of little benefit to improve combustor performances. The results of Test C with a circumferential fuel injection distribution displaies the possibility of ameliorating combustor performance. By analyzing the effects of injection location parameters on combustor performances on the base of the data of Test C, it is clear that the injector location has strong coupled influences on combustor performances. In addition, an irmer-force synthesis specific impulse is used to reduce the errors caused by the disturbance of fuel supply and working state of air heater while assessing combustor performances.

Mixing and combustion characteristics in a scramjet combustor with different distances between cavity and backward-facing step

The mixing and combustion characteristics in a cavity flameholding combustor under inlet Mach number 2.92 are numerically investigated with ethylene injection.Dimensionless distance is defined as the ratio of the actual distance to the height of the combustor entrance.The cavity shear-layer mode,the lifted cavity shear-layer mode,and jet wake mode with upstream separation are observed respectively with dimensionless distance equals to 1.5,4.5,and 7.5.In both non-reacting and reacting flow fields,the numerical results are essentially in agreement with the schlieren photography,flame chemiluminescence images,and wall pressure,which verify the reliability of the numerical method.The results of non-reacting flow fields show that the BackwardFacing Step(BFS)can promote the flow separation downstream at a fixed distance.The more forward the separation position is,the larger the separation zone is in the non-reacting flow field.Furthermore,the larger the separation zone is,the higher the intensity of combustion in the reacting flow field is.A reasonable distance can reduce the total pressure loss generated by the shock waves in the combustor.The flame presents remarkable three-dimensional characteristics in the reacting flow fields.When dimensionless distance equals to 4.5,there are flames near the side wall above the cavity and it is difficult for the flame stabilization in the center of the combustor,while the combustion intensity in the center of the combustor is higher than that near the side wall when dimensionless distance equals to 7.5.In the cavity flameholding combustors with a backward-facing step,the higher combustion intensity may bring much total pressure loss to the combustor.Thus,it is a good choice to achieve better thrust performance when dimensionless distance equals to 4.5 compared to the other two combustors.

Combustion enhancement in rearward step based scramjet combustor by air injection at step base

Numerical simulations were performed to model the non-reacting and reacting flow behind a rearward step flameholder in Mach 1.6 supersonic flow with fuel injection at the step base.The combustor geometry was based on the University of Florida scramjet experimental facility.Turbulence was modeled using k-u shear stress transport(SST),laminar flamelet was used for combustion modeling.Wall static pressure showed good agreement with experimental data for non-reacting and reacting flow.For non-reacting flow,dummy fuel helium mole fraction distribution in the recirculation region behind the step was validated with planar laser induced fluorescence(PLIF)images in experiments.To improve the combustion characteristics,air was injected in tandem with hydrogen at step base using various configurations.With all fuel injection as baseline,the case with 2 air jets around each fuel jet and air injected at 2 times the stagnation pressure of fuel showed the most improvement compared to other cases.It was most effective in reducing the local fuel richness,shortening the flame length and increasing combustion efficiency.

Parametric effects on the combustion flow field of a typical strut-based scramjet combustor

The flame-holding mechanism in hypersonic propulsion technology is the most important factor in prolonging the duration time of hypersonic vehicles.The two-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations,the shear-stress transport k-ω turbulence model and the finite-rate/eddy-dissipation reaction models were used to simulate the combustion flow field of a typical strut-based scramjet combustor.We investigated the effects of the hydrogen-air reaction mechanism and fuel injection temperature and pressure on the parametric distributions in the combustor.The numerical results show qualitative agreement with the experimental data.The hydrogen-air reaction mechanism makes only a slight difference in parametric distributions along the walls of the combustor,and the expansion waves and shock waves exist in the combustor simultaneously.Furthermore,the expansion wave is formed ahead of the shock wave.A transition occurs from the shock wave to the normal shock wave when the injection pressure or temperature increases,and the reaction zone becomes broader.When the injection pressure and temperature both increase,the waves are pushed out of the combustor with subsonic flows.When the waves are generated ahead of the strut,the separation zone is formed in double near the walls of the combustor because of the interaction of the shock wave and the boundary layer.The separation zone becomes smaller and disappears with the disappearance of the shock wave.Because of the horizontal fuel injection,the vorticity is generated near the base face of the strut,and this region is the main origin for turbulent combustion.

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流场超分辨率重建

超声速燃烧室受限空间内复杂流场波系结构的获取受到光学测量装置精度的制约。为提升流场时空分辨率特征,本文应用中国空气动力研究与发展中心地面脉冲燃烧风洞获取的试验数据,在发动机入口马赫数2.5的条件下,构建了6种不同当量比下基于压力数据重构的燃烧室流场低分辨率图像数据集,研究了三种提高图像分辨率的方法来提升超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流场重构图像的分辨率。结果表明,本文所提出的流场超分辨率稠密网络(Flow-field Super-Resolution Dense Network,FSRDN)、流场超分辨率生成对抗网络(Flow-field Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network,FSRGAN)、传统的双三次插值法(Bicubic interpolation,Bicubic)对流场图像分辨率都提高了4^(2)倍。FSRDN网络所得流场图像结果的峰值信噪比(Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio,PSNR)、相关性系数(Correlation coefficient,CORR)、感知指数(Perceptual Index,PI)指标均优于双三次插值法,但实际图像存在过于平滑的现象。FSRGAN网络所得流场结果消除了图像平滑现象,使流场图像的细节更加丰富,大幅度优化了PI指标,对燃烧室内的剪切层、斜激波、分离激波等主要波系结构的清晰度有了极大的增强作用。

基于双向耦合的燃烧室与冷却通道的传热研究

为研究超燃冲压发动机燃烧室与再生冷却通道的耦合传热特性,采用双向弱耦合迭代计算方法,研究燃烧室和冷却通道的特征参数对耦合传热特性的影响规律。结果表明:当量比的增加导致燃烧反应区域和壁面高温区域后移,当量比增大至0.75时,部分壁面高温区后移至超出燃烧段范围,在燃烧室的当量比设计时需考虑冷却通道范围的限制;喷射角度的增大会提高燃烧段壁面平均温度,喷射角度由30°增大到75°时,冷却通道出口裂解率由8%增长到11%;增大冷却剂的工作压力和流量能增强冷却剂的吸热能力,降低燃烧室内壁面温度,最大下降幅度约200 K。

Scramjet燃烧室流场的三维并行数值模拟及试验比较

作者采用时间相关法,通过有限体积离散,运用带化学反应的全N S方程,在神州巨型机上,针对试验模型,对油气比Φ=0.0和0.35的喷氢Scramjet燃烧室流场进行了三维并行数值模拟,得到了流场的精细结构。并行模拟所得壁面压力分布与试验所测得的壁面压力分布吻合较好。

中轴流场参数波动对超燃燃烧室性能的影响研究

当吸气式飞行器在进行宽域飞行时,燃烧室中轴线上流场会发生较大改变,流场参数沿轴向发生“波动”。因此,有必要开展中轴线流场参数波动对燃烧室性能的影响研究,为吸气式飞行器燃烧室在进行宽域飞行设计时提供相关理论支持。在N-S气相控制模型的基础上,结合燃烧模型、湍流模型、燃速模型、加质模型,建立了固体燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流动燃烧数值仿真模型。通过该模型,开展中轴线上流场参数波动对燃烧室性能的影响。研究结果表明:宽域飞行时不同的飞行工况导致的入口空气流量不同,会引起燃烧室内马赫数沿流向振荡,振荡幅值越大,总压损失越大。入口空气流量过高或过低都会导致燃烧室内气流马赫数振荡,但选取合适的入口流量可显著降低燃烧室气流马赫数的振荡幅值。因此,针对需要在宽域条件下工作的燃烧室,应设计合适的入口流量使燃烧室整个工作周期内流场马赫数振荡综合最小,进而降低燃烧室流动损失,并提升燃烧室工作性能。

自点火氢燃料超燃火焰形成与传播过程数值模拟及分析

针对氢燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室内的燃烧细节,采用数值方法研究了喷注初期不同喷注位置及当量比下超燃燃烧室氢燃料自点火火焰形成与传播过程,结合OH、HO_(2)自由基与温度分布分析了点火燃烧过程的火焰精细流场结构。结果表明:凹腔下游喷孔距凹腔后缘较近时,若喷注压力超过2 MPa,会发生下游火焰通过回流区卷入凹腔的现象;凹腔内喷注会在凹腔剪切层前沿形成稳定反应面,造成反应区分离;喷注压力相同时,上游布置喷孔燃烧室出口氧耗率更高,总压恢复系数降低,而在喷注位置相同时,随喷注压力的升高,燃烧室出口氧耗率提高,总压恢复系数降低;喷注当量比不同会影响火焰的稳定位置与结构,在当量比较低时氢气燃烧主要发生在凹腔、剪切层及燃烧室下游,在当量比较高时则发生在燃烧室下游。

固体超燃冲压发动机燃烧模态转换研究

对固体超燃冲压发动机的模态转换现象和燃烧室工作特性开展了地面直连试验和数值模拟研究。试验在Ma=6,25 km的条件下实现燃烧模态由超燃转换为亚燃,再转换为超燃的动态变化。数值模拟获得了对应燃烧模态下发动机燃烧室的流场参数变化及工作特性。将隔离段出口马赫数作为燃烧模态判别准则,基于隔离段绝热假设计算出隔离段出口马赫数,实现发动机燃烧模态的实时判别,并通过数值模拟结果验证了该方法的可行性。试验结果表明,改变燃料喷注方式能够实现燃烧模态的变化,亚燃模态下的性能明显高于超燃模态。数值结果表明,发动机隔离段及燃烧室内激波强度和位置受到横向射流与燃烧释热的共同影响,且不同燃烧模态下影响激波的主要因素不同。发动机燃烧室工作在亚燃模态下的性能最佳,总压恢复系数为0.44,总燃烧效率为0.79。其中,亚燃模态下硼颗粒和碳颗粒的燃烧效率分别为0.78和0.65。

前置翼片式涡流发生器对燃烧室氢气燃料掺混特性的影响

超声速来流与燃料的充分掺混是超声速燃烧的关键技术,直接关系到吸气式高超声速推进系统的总体性能。本文通过在射流口前安装翼片式涡流发生器以促进燃料与空气的掺混。基于SSTk-ω湍流模型的RANS方法,对带有翼片式涡流发生器的超燃冲压发动机燃烧室模型内氢气横向喷流冷流流场进行了数值模拟,对比分析涡流发生器高度和长度不同的条件下燃烧室内的流场结构、涡流强度、氢气与空气掺混特性、燃烧室总压损失的规律。结果表明,翼片式涡流发生器能够提高涡流强度并大幅提高燃烧室内的掺混性能。随着涡流发生器高度和长度的增加,流场结构间的干扰增强,导致涡流强度和穿透深度增加,从而提升掺混效率。与不安装涡流发生器情况相比,涡流发生器能提升氢燃料的穿透深度超过170%,减少燃料掺混距离70%以上。更加复杂的流场结构同时会增大燃烧室的总压损失,并随着涡流发生器高度和长度的增加而增大。相较于掺混性能的提升,总压损失的增大幅度相对小很多,说明通过合理的参数选择,翼片式涡流发生器能够有效提升燃烧室的掺混性能。

马赫数10超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流动与传热变化特性分析

针对高马赫数超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流动与传热的变化特性,基于考虑燃料/空气混合与燃烧、壁面传热及高温燃气解离效应的一维流动与传热分析模型,定量分析了飞行Ma10工况下解离效应对发动机燃烧室内流参数和性能参数的影响程度。研究结果表明,高温解离对高马赫数燃烧室流动与传热的影响显著。氢燃料当量比0.7时,如果不考虑解离效应,燃烧室推力的计算结果偏高15.3%,壁面传热量偏高13.5%。基于此,本文通过考虑解离效应的理论分析模型研究了Ma10圆形截面燃烧室中氢燃料喷注位置、喷孔数目及燃烧室扩张角对燃烧室流场参数与壁面传热的影响特性,评估了燃烧室推力、壁面摩擦力以及壁面传热量的变化规律。研究表明,燃烧室扩张段的扩张角度对燃烧室性能影响较大,喷注位置和喷孔数目的影响比较小。扩张角从1°扩至2°,燃烧室推力增长124.0%,壁面摩擦力减小3.0%,壁面传热量减少7.0%。适当增大燃烧室扩张段的扩张角度可以提高燃烧室推力,同时降低壁面热流和壁面摩擦力。

马赫2凹腔燃烧室火焰振荡特性实验研究

通过本征正交分解、连续小波变换等统计学方法,对超声速凹腔燃烧室内火焰自发辐射光谱图像进行分析,以探究典型来流与燃料喷注情况下燃烧室内的火焰振荡情况.通过实验室可控的声激励射流火焰,验证了统计学方法在研究火焰振荡特性方面的可行性和有效性.进而,将这些方法应用于来流马赫2的超燃冲压模型燃烧室,研究了大长深比凹腔燃烧室在不同燃料喷注工况下的火焰振荡特性,通过与现有文献结果对比,得出了大长深比凹腔更有利于抑制燃烧振荡的结论.

燃料贴壁式固体超燃冲压发动机推力性能研究

燃料贴壁式固体超燃冲压发动机具有比冲高、结构简单、维护方便等优点,但也伴随着发动机推力不稳定问题。基于能量守恒原理,建立了固体超燃推力零维模型。该模型避免了一维推力模型中数值奇异与数值刚性问题。基于此模型,开展了燃料质量流量与空气流量对固体超燃燃烧室推力的影响研究。结果表明,燃料质量流量特性对推力的稳定性有显著影响。通过燃面退移速率与燃烧室构型的匹配,理论上可以构造出使推力变化幅度较小的发动机构型。

喷注方式对双模态冲压发动机燃烧稳定性的影响

在模拟飞行马赫数Ma=4的直连式试验设备基础上,采用固定几何双模态冲压发动机燃烧室构型,使用液体煤油作为燃料,并用火炬式点火器点火,研究不同喷注方式下的火焰稳定性。试验研究表明:在加热器来流总温、总压较低的条件下,火焰稳定较难实现;煤油喷注方式对双模态冲压发动机燃烧室内燃烧稳定性影响很大。

空气节流对超燃燃烧室火焰稳定影响的数值研究

空气节流通过在流场中产生激波串,有效地辅助燃料实现稳定燃烧。非定常数值模拟研究了空气节流对超燃燃烧室燃料稳定燃烧的影响,分析了节流实现燃料稳定燃烧的机理。结果表明:在燃烧室入口马赫数2、静温548.8K、静压0.1MPa,乙烯燃料当量比为0.5,先锋氢辅助点火的条件下,距离发动机入口845mm处,30%入口空气流量的节流流量有效地实现了燃料的稳定燃烧,激波串是实现燃料稳定燃烧的根本原因,节流参数对节流效果有着较大的影响。

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室主动冷却设计研究

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室主动冷却模型制造和热考核试验的费用高昂、周期长,为了降低试验风险,采用三维计算和经济的验证试验相结合的方法开展了超燃冲压发动机燃烧室主动冷却设计。冷却结构基本参数设计和侧壁冷却流动设计是确定设计方案的两大基础,前者采用三维传热计算结合冷却面板传热验证试验完成,后者采用超临界燃料流动三维并行计算结合水流动验证试验完成。在此基础上,经过多轮的结构设计与三维传热及强度计算评估迭代,确定了最终的燃烧室主动冷却结构。设计的主动冷却燃烧室在来流马赫数2.5,总温1700K条件下成功通过200s热考核试验,表明所采用的设计方法、验证试验和计算工具是有效和可信的。

超燃冲压发动机凹腔内补氧的强化点火试验

在超燃冲压发动机扩张型燃烧室中,对凹腔内局部补氧的点火强化方法进行了试验研究。采用高速摄影手段研究了不同的补氧方式对凹腔内火焰分布特征和燃烧强度的影响,并针对并联双凹腔燃烧室构型,研究了在单侧凹腔补氧条件下向异侧凹腔的火焰传播过程。试验结果表明,采用凹腔内补氧的方式能调节凹腔内的燃料浓度分布、改善凹腔内的燃烧过程,控制燃烧放热强度;稳态燃烧情况下,观察到凹腔驻留火焰的两种存在特征,分别表现为:由回流区热量反馈机制作用下的凹腔局部驻留火焰和燃烧室全局压力反馈影响下的凹腔剪切层火焰。只有在单侧凹腔燃烧建立了全局压力反馈的条件下才能实现凹腔火焰的异侧传播。