Mechanical Properties of Sea Water Sea Sand Coral Concrete Modified with Different Cement and Fiber Types

The mechanical properties of modified sea water sea sand coral concrete(SWSSCC)under axial compression were experimentally studied.Two different parameters were considered in this test:types of cement and fiber.An experimental campaign was developed involving uniaxial compression tests and the use of digital image correlation(DIC)method to analyze the strain distribution and crack propagation of specimen.Test results indicated that the compressive strength and elastic modulus of SWSSCC were improved by adding stainless steel fibers(SSF),while polypropylene fibers(PF)enhanced the SWSSCC peak deformation.It was found that the elastic modulus and strength of SWSSCC using ordinary Portland cement(OPC)were higher compared to specimen with low alkalinity sulphoaluminate cement(LAS).Typical strain distribution changed with the variation of fiber types.The propagation and characteristics of cracks in SWSSCC containing PF were similar to those of cracks in SWSSCC.However,the propagation of cracks and the development of plastic deformation in SWSSCC were effectively hindered by adopting SSF.Finally,an analytical stress-strain expression of specimen considering the influences of fibers was established.The obtained results would provide a basis for the application of SWSSCC.

Mix design optimization of seawater sea sand coral aggregate concrete

With the resource shortage in coastal areas,the construction of concrete structures using freshwater and river sand has brought great economic and environmental costs.The use of seawater,sea sand,and coral aggregates in concrete mixes has become an alternative solution for coastal and marine structures,especially for offshore structures and artificial islands.In this study,378 seawater,sea sand,and coral aggregate concrete(Coral-SWSSC)specimens were prepared,and their mechanical properties were investigated comprehensively through compressive tests to explore the optimized mix design at different grades.Results showed that the mechanical properties of Coral-SWSSC were strongly correlated with the water-to-binder ratios,coastal particle gradings,and pretreatment method of coastal particles.Based on the experimental results,mix proportion designs of CoralSWSSC were proposed for concrete from C20 to C50 grades,and the failure mechanism of Coral-SWSSC at different grades was discussed according to their respective failure modes.The findings of the current study provide knowledge on the optimized design of Coral-SWSSC,which can be used to promote the application of Coral-SWSSC in offshore,marine,and ocean engineering.

Effects of coarse and fine aggregates on long-term mechanical properties of sea sand recycled aggregate concrete

Typical effects of coarse and fine aggregates on the long-term properties of sea sand recycled aggregate concrete(SSRAC)are analyzed by a series of axial compression tests.Two different types of fine(coarse)aggregates are considered:sea sand and river sand(natural and recycled coarse aggregates).Variations in SSRAC properties at different ages are investigated.A novel test system is developed via axial compression experiments and the digital image correlation method to obtain the deformation field and crack development of concrete.Supportive results show that the compressive strength of SSRAC increase with decreasing recycled coarse aggregate replacement percentage and increasing sea sand chloride ion content.The elastic modulus of SSRAC increases with age.However,the Poisson’s ratio reduces after 2 years.Typical axial stress-strain curves of SSRAC vary with age.Generally,the effect of coarse aggregates on the axial deformation of SSRAC is clear;however,the deformation differences between coarse aggregate and cement mortar reduce by adopting sea sand.The aggregate type changes the crack characteristics and propagation of SSRAC.Finally,an analytical expression is suggested to construct the long-term stress-strain curve of SSRAC.

Compressive behavior and microstructure of concrete mixed with natural seawater and sea sand

Noncorrosive reinforcement materials facilitate producing structural concrete with seawater and sea sand.This study investigated the properties of seawater and sea sand concrete(SSC),considering the curing age(3,7,14,21,28,60,and 150 d)and strength grade(C30,C40,and C60).The compressive behavior of SSC was obtained by compressive tests and digital image correction(DIC)technique.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)and X-ray powder diffraction(XRD)methods were applied to understand the microstructure and hydration products of cement in SSC.Results revealed a 30%decrease in compressive strength for C30 and C40 SSC from 60 to 150 d,and a less than 5%decrease for C60 from 28 to 150 d.DIC results revealed significant cracking and crushing from 80%to 100%of compressive strength.SEM images showed a more compact microstructure in higher strength SSC.XRD patterns identified Friedel’s salt phase due to the chlorides brought by seawater and sea sand.The findings in this study can provide more insights into the microstructure of SSC along with its short-and long-term compressive behavior.

Durability of sea-sand containing concrete:Effects of chloride ion penetration

这份报纸在水 / 水泥比率的效果上描述一个直角的实验，在反应鈥渞e sistance 上每沙的立方的米，治好的时间，和类型浇消费到氯化物离子穿入鈥吗？包含水泥的海沙被用于试用。在不同因素层次的氯化物离子散开系数的分析被执行。在水泥的氯化物离子散开的一个预兆的模型通过回归分析被开发。试验性的结果看那水 / 水泥比率什么时候从 0.45 ～ 0.60 变化，并且水消费从 185 ～ 215 kg 每立方的米变化，并且治好的时间然后从 30 ～ 180 d 变化在顺序的效果秋天的尺寸(很重要第一) ：治好预定，沙打字，每立方的米浇消费，并且水 / 水泥比率。氯化物离子穿入被减少，并且水泥的更好的耐久性与更长治好时间被观察，少些每立方的米，和更小的水 / 水泥比率浇消费。

Study on Key Technology of Using Shell Sand as Backfill for Sea Reclamation

The results of a study on the key technology of using shell sand, a kind of sea sand, as backfill for sea reclamation are described briefly. Iaboratory tests show that the physical and mechanical properties of shell sand are as good as normal quartz sand. Based on the chemical test and durability test of shell sand it could be concluded that the influence of corrosion of shell sand by acid rain and sea water might be ignored in the evaluation of the safety and durability of the engineering project. The results of field improvement tests show that the bearing capacity of shell sand backfill foundation is more than 200 kPa after vibmflotation improvement or dynamic compaction improvement. The shell sand is a good backfill material for sea reclamation.

Wave Characteristics at the South Part of the Radial Sand Ridges of the Southern Yellow Sea

Based on one-year wave field data measured at the south part of the radial sand ridges of the Southern Yellow Sea, the wave statistical characteristics, wave spectrum and wave group properties are analyzed. The results show that the significant wave height （H1/3） varies from 0.15 to 2.22 m with the average of 0.59 m and the mean wave period （Tmean） varies from 2.06 to 6.82 s with the average of 3.71 s. The percentage of single peak in the wave spectra is 88.6 during the measurement period, in which 36.3% of the waves are pure wind waves and the rest are young swells. The percentage with the significant wave height larger than 1 m is 12.4. The dominant wave directions in the study area are WNW, W, ESE, E and NW. The relationships among the characteristic wave heights, the characteristic wave periods, and the wave spectral parameters are identified. It is found that the tentative spectral model is suitable for the quantitative description of the wave spectrum in the study area, while the run lengths of the wave group estimated from the measured data are generally larger than those in other sea areas.

Mathematical model of wave transformation over radial sand ridge field on continental shelf of South Yellow Sea

According to a deformed mild-slope equation derived by Guang-wen Hong and an enhanced numerical method, a wave refraction-diffraction nonlinear mathematical model that takes tidal level change and the high-order bathymetry factor into account has been developed. The deformed mild-slope equation is used to eliminate the restriction of wave length on calculation steps. Using the hard disk to record data during the calculation process, the enhanced numerical method can save computer memory space to a certain extent, so that a large-scale sea area can be calculated with high-resolution grids. This model was applied to wave field integral calculation over a radial sand ridge field in the South Yellow Sea. The results demonstrate some features of the wave field： （1） the wave-height contour lines are arc-shaped near the shore; （2） waves break many times when they propagate toward the shore; （3） wave field characteristics on the northern and southern sides of Huangshayang are different; and （4） the characteristics of wave distribution match the terrain features. The application of this model in the region of the radial sand ridge field suggests that it is a feasible way to analyze wave refraction-diffraction effects under natural sea conditions.

Using Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements to Indicate Sediment Provenance of Sand Ridges in Southwestern Yellow Sea

The Jianggang Harbour-centered radial sand ridge(RSR) is the largest sand body in the Yellow Sea. Its formation and evolution are of interest for scientists of various fields; however, the sediment provenance is uncertain. In this study, rare earth element(REE) geochemical compositions of the RSR sediments together with their potential sources are investigated to identify the provenance of the RSR sediments. The typical parameters((La/Yb)_N,(La/Sm)_N and(Gd/Yb)_N) as well as the upper continental crust-normalized patterns of REEs can only be associated with source rocks, and thus can be used as effective tracers for the origin and sources of sediments. However, the REE contents of sediments are affected by many factors, such as particle sorting and chemical weathering. Onshore RSR sediments are different in REE geochemical composition from offshore RSR sediments to some extent, suggesting that not all of the offshore RSR sediments have the same sources as the onshore RSR sediments. Meanwhile, the sediments adjacent to the northeast of Cheju Island and at Lian Island near the Lianyun Harbour were not the source of the RSR sediments due to their distinctive REE patterns, dEu,(La/Yb)_N,(Gd/Yb)_N and(La/Sm)_N. The Korean river sediments could be dispersed to the Jiangsu Coast slightly impacting the fine fractions of the RSR sediments, particularly the offshore RSR sediments. Additionally, geochemical comparisons show that the modern Yellow River was responsible for the onshore RSR sediments, whereas the sediment loads from the Yangtze River could serve as a major contributor to the RSR, particularly the offshore RSR. In addition, the offshore RSR could also be partly fed by an unknown source due to some high values of(La/Yb)_N,(La/Sm)_N and La contents differing from those of the Chinese and Korean river sediments.

海砂超高性能混凝土试验

采用未淡化的海砂制备超高性能混凝土(UHPC)和普通混凝土,研究了不同氯离子含量的海砂对UHPC抗压强度、孔结构、快速氯离子渗透性以及内置钢筋耐久性的影响,并与普通混凝土进行分析比较。结果表明,海砂中的氯离子含量对UHPC抗压强度并不会产生较大的消极影响;海砂UHPC的临界孔半径约为2 nm,与海砂普通混凝土不同,孔隙率随海砂中氯含量的增加而增加;即使海砂氯离子含量高达0.636%,海砂UHPC的氯离子渗透性仍可忽略不计;海砂UHPC中钢筋在28 d后处于钝化状态并趋于稳定。

超高性能海水海砂混凝土单轴受压应力-应变关系

为研究超高性能海水海砂混凝土(Ultra-High Performance Seawater Sea-sand Concrete,UHPSSC)轴压应力-应变关系,探究钢纤维体积掺量对UHPSSC轴压力学性能和轴压应力-应变全曲线的影响,使用Instron 1346万能材料试验机测得UHPSSC应力-应变全曲线,借助Pycharm曲线拟合程序与已有混凝土应力-应变全曲线模型进行拟合与修正.结果表明:钢纤维掺量越高,轴压作用下UHPSSC的破坏程度越小,抗压强度和峰值应变也随之增加;已有模型拟合的UHPSSC应力-应变全曲线上升段与试验曲线比较相近,下降段后期差距较大;通过修正下降段形状参数,得到了更适用于描述UHPSSC应力-应变全曲线的修正模型,并验证该修正模型的适用范围.

CFRP-不锈钢夹层管混凝土柱轴压试验及承载力计算方法

为了提升薄壁不锈钢结构的承载性能和耐久性,在不锈钢管内外壁粘贴碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer,CFRP)复合约束海水海砂混凝土,制得一种CFRP-不锈钢夹层管海水海砂混凝土结构。以CFRP粘贴层数和方式为变化参数,对18个短柱试件进行了单调轴心受压试验,观察了试件的受力破坏过程及形态,获取了荷载-位移曲线和材料应变分布数据,分析了试件轴压力学性能的变化规律。结果表明:内外贴CFRP能有效地提高结构的承载能力和变形能力;无CFRP和内贴CFRP试件的破坏形态均为剪切破坏,但破坏形态会随着外贴CFRP层数的增加向腰鼓破坏转变;在相同粘贴方式下,试件的承载能力、变形能力和耗能能力随着CFRP层数的增加呈非线性提高;在相同粘贴层数下,内贴CFRP的力学性能提升效果优于外贴CFRP,粘贴1层和2层CFRP时,内贴试件的极限承载力相较于外贴试件能再提高5.6%和6.7%,同时内贴1层CFRP的试件的耗能能力与外贴2层CFRP的相当;应变分析显示,在试件破坏前,CFRP与不锈钢协同工作良好。文中最后基于极限平衡法,考虑不锈钢的应变硬化效应,提出了CFRP-不锈钢夹层管混凝土柱极限轴压承载力的计算公式,并收集了73个样本的数据进行验证,发现计算值与试验值较为吻合。

双金属复合管海水海砂混凝土短柱的轴压性能与承载力分析

基于有限元程序ABAQUS,建立双金属复合管海水海砂混凝土(SSCFBT)短柱构件的精细化有限元模型,对轴压状态下模型的破坏形态、荷载-变形关系、内力分配和钢-混凝土界面接触作用进行研究,并开展参数分析。结果表明:双金属复合管与内填混凝土之间的共同工作性能良好,其荷载-变形曲线可分为3种类型,由双金属复合管对混凝土的约束效应系数决定。通过参数分析,得到了不同参数对SSCFBT短柱轴压承载力的影响规律,并验证了已有相关计算公式用于预测SSCFBT短柱轴压承载力的可行性。

海水-海砂混凝土研究进展

针对混凝土结构的大规模应用导致淡水、河砂资源短缺的现状,对海水-海砂混凝土国内外研究进展及应用进行综述,包括海水和海砂自身材料特性以及海水-海砂混凝土水泥基材料的水化过程、水化硅酸钙微结构发展、力学性能、耐久性及内部钢筋锈蚀;总结当前海水-海砂混凝土研究成果并分析主要不足,指出海水-海砂混凝土作为一种凝结硬化快速、耐久性较差且易锈蚀钢筋的低成本混凝土材料,未来研究重点是将海水-海砂混凝土配合纤维增强复合材料形成组合结构、完善不同养护方式及条件对海水-海砂混凝土的影响及海水-海砂混凝土在真实复杂条件下的耐久性。

南亚抗震不利地段海陆交互复杂互层地基加固性能研究

针对孟加拉国某港口工程海陆交互相复杂互层地基加固中遇到的地层特性复杂、加固效果难以预测以及软黏土和粉细砂互层土场地地震液化的问题,结合场地地质条件、使用功能、工程特点等,对插板预压联合降水强夯在该场地条件下的加固效果展开研究。依托项目试验区块,通过对加固前后土体物理力学指标的对比分析和沉降-时程曲线、孔隙水压力-时程消散曲线等的研究,得到插板预压联合降水强夯加固的过程特性以及对原状土和吹填土的加固效果。研究表明,插板预压联合降水强夯法对于复杂互层土上吹填砂场地具有较好的适应性,加固效果可满足设计承载力和工后沉降控制要求,该法对于减轻砂土层的液化具有一定的作用。研究成果对于南亚地区复杂互层土吹填场地设计具有指导意义。

中国重点海域海砂资源调查和潜力评价进展

总结了20世纪60年代到近年来中国海砂资源开发利用的发展历程,梳理了青岛海洋地质研究所已有的调查研究资料和数据。重点结合2005年至2016年中国地质调查局开展的“中国近海海砂及相关资源潜力调查”工作成果,评价了中国重点海域海砂资源潜力,归纳了海砂资源调查、评价以及开发现状,总结了海砂资源开采过程中的环境效应,分析了当前海砂资源调查研究和开发利用中的主要问题并提出了后续产业规划部署建议。

基于海水海砂混凝土真实孔溶液浸泡环境下BFRP筋拉伸性能的退化

为探究玄武岩纤维增强复合材料(BFRP)筋在海水海砂混凝土环境中的长期力学性能,本工作研究了BFRP筋拉伸性能在海水海砂混凝土真实孔溶液浸泡环境下的演化规律。通过孔溶液压取和离子浓度分析,分别配制了普通海水净浆孔溶液(NA)和低碱度海水净浆孔溶液(LA)的浸泡溶液,同时在加速老化试验中与ACI 440.3R规范建议浸泡溶液(ACI)的测试结果进行了对比。试验所用筋材基体包括环氧树脂基(B/E筋)和乙烯基酯树脂基(B/V筋)两种。在不同温度和浸泡时间加速老化后,通过拉伸试验评估了BFRP筋的拉伸性能变化规律,并采用微观结构表征分析了劣化机理。试验结果表明,相较于降低氯离子浓度,采用降低孔溶液碱度的方法可以更有效地缓解BFRP筋长期力学性能的劣化,同时温度升高对B/V筋力学性能退化的影响比对B/E筋的影响更显著。BFRP筋在腐蚀过程中抗拉强度的劣化程度高于弹性模量,其中B/E筋在三种环境中腐蚀前后的弹性模量差别不大。乙烯基树脂的抗腐蚀能力优于环氧树脂,但其与玄武岩纤维界面性能较弱,导致B/V筋在模拟海水海砂混凝土孔溶液中的耐久性弱于B/E筋。

海水拌和混凝土中不锈钢筋早期腐蚀电化学行为研究

目的研究海水拌和混凝土中不锈钢筋早期腐蚀电化学行为,从而有效解决海水海砂混凝土中的钢筋腐蚀问题。方法采用压滤法提取了海水拌和水泥浆体孔溶液,监测了孔溶液pH值和氯离子浓度随时间的变化,采用开路电位(OCP)、交流阻抗(EIS)等电化学方法,结合扫描电子显微镜SEM(EDS)、背散射(BSE)形貌观测手段研究了不锈钢筋腐蚀电化学行为,深入分析了不锈钢筋在海水拌合水泥浆体中的钝化动力学过程。结果尽管在早期304和316L不锈钢筋电位降至负值,均低于-0.35V,氯离子浓度达到0.7mol/L,但并未发生活化腐蚀,均可以发生正常钝化现象,海水拌和水泥浆体中316L不锈钢极化阻抗相比对照组(非海水拌合样品)有提升,腐蚀速率更低。随着水泥水化过程的发展,腐蚀电流密度逐渐降低至较低水平,304不锈钢腐蚀电流密度约为0.014μA/cm^(2),316L不锈钢电流密度低于0.006μA/cm^(2),展现出较高的耐腐蚀性能。海水拌和水泥浆体的电阻率与对照组浆体有一定差异,但整体相差较小。结论304和316L不锈钢尽管在早期可以发生正常钝化现象,电化学结果体现出较高的耐蚀性能,但其在服役期的氯离子临界浓度值及脱钝机理需要进一步研究。

海砂的淡化及其对水泥砂浆性能的影响

本文采用淡水冲洗法处理海砂,探究淡水冲洗次数以及阻锈剂用量对海砂水泥砂浆试样性能的影响。结果表明,淡化海砂水泥砂浆试样性能随着水洗次数及阻锈剂用量的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势,当水洗次数为5次时,试样对氯离子的抗渗透性能最佳,具有较好的耐久性和抗腐蚀性能。水洗次数为3次时试样的抗压强度最佳为11.373MPa,达到M10等级,抗折强度最佳为4.844 MPa。当阻锈剂用量为1%时,水泥砂浆试样对氯离子的抗渗透性、抗压性能和抗折性能最佳,其中抗氯离子渗透性和抗折强度相较于未加阻锈剂的试样得到了较为显著的增强。

纤维增强海水海砂混凝土性能研究

为改善海水海砂混凝土(seawater sea sand concrete,SSC)脆性大的问题,以玻璃纤维(glass fiber,GF)和聚乙烯醇(poly⁃vinyl alcohol,PVA)纤维体积掺量为变量,制备相应试件并进行立方体抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、轴心抗压强度和弹性模量试验,结合扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)扫描和能谱仪(energy dispersive spectroscopy,EDS)点扫分析纤维增强海水海砂混凝土的微观结构,并基于灰色系统理论建立相应模型。结果表明,纤维能够有效减少裂缝的产生,使试件呈现延性破坏。总体而言,混掺纤维对SSC力学性能的提升优于单掺纤维,混掺比为2∶1时,抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度分别提升了24.2%和38.8%,混掺比为1∶1时,轴心抗压强度和静弹性模量分别提升了34.5%和15.5%。通过SEM和EDS观测到纤维的掺入能够使基体更加密实,SSC主要劣势是腐蚀离子产生的盐类结晶和膨胀性物质削弱骨料与砂浆之间的粘结致使界面过渡区(interfacial transition zone,ITZ)存在缺陷。建立的NSGM(1,3)模型精度较高,精度达到Ⅱ级且符合长期预测,可为研究纤维增强海水海砂混凝土的强度发展提供有利依据。