Impact of the Spring SST Gradient between the Tropical Indian Ocean and Western Pacific on Landfalling Tropical Cyclone Frequency in China

The present study identifies a significant influence of the sea surface temperature gradient（SSTG） between the tropical Indian Ocean（TIO; 15°S-15°N, 40°-90°E） and the western Pacific warm pool（WWP; 0°-15°N, 125°-155°E） in boreal spring on tropical cyclone（TC） landfall frequency in China's Mainland in boreal summer. During the period 1979-2015, a positive spring SSTG induces a zonal inter-basin circulation anomaly with lower-level convergence, mid-tropospheric ascendance and upper-level divergence over the west-central TIO, and the opposite situation over the WWP, which produces lower-level anomalous easterlies and upper-level anomalous westerlies between the TIO and WWP. This zonal circulation anomaly further warms the west-central TIO by driving warm water westward and cools the WWP by inducing local upwelling, which facilitates the persistence of the anomaly until the summer. Consequently, lower-level negative vorticity, strong vertical wind shear and lower-level anticyclonic anomalies prevail over most of the western North Pacific（WNP）, which decreases the TC genesis frequency. Meanwhile, there is an anomalous mid-tropospheric anticyclone over the main WNP TC genesis region,meaning a westerly anomaly dominates over coastal regions of China's Mainland, which is unfavorable for steering TCs to make landfall in China's Mainland during summer. This implies that the spring SSTG may act as a potential indicator for TC landfall frequency in China's Mainland.