Design of foundation structures of sea-crossing bridges on serviceability limit state

The target reliability indices of the foundation structures of sea-crossing bridges on the serviceability limit state （SLS） are different from those of common bridges due to their different surroundings. Consequently, three levels of the target reliability indices, which are 1.5, 2. 0 and 2. 3, respectively, for those structures on the SLS are suggested based on the Joint Committee on Structural Safety （JCSS） model code, and a new method of calibrating factors of live loads, which is based on the contribution ratio of tensile stresses of reinforcing bars produced by various loads to the maximum crack width of concrete, is proposed. Finally, the calibration of the reliability-based factors of the frequent value and the quasi-permanent value of live loads is conducted by the Joint Committee （JC） method through an actual design, and the indices are proved to be reasonable and the new method is proved to be feasible.

Reliability Analysis of Numerical Simulation of Sea-Crossing Bridge Deformation Under Wave Forces

To study on the numerical simulation calculation reliability of sea-crossing bridge under complex wave forces,the paper applied GPS deformation monitoring and numerical simulation calculation by researching Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Sea-Crossing Bridge.The db3 wavelet three-layer decomposition was used on the horizontal movement of the sea-crossing bridge and the wind speed of the waves to analyze their correlation.The complex wave forces value of Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Sea-Crossing Bridge was loaded on FLAC3D software successfully to make numerical simulation calculation of bridge deformation.Since the accuracy of the GPS deformation monitoring reaches millimeter level,it was used to monitor the exact value of the bridge deformation to judge the reliability of numerical simulation.The relative errors of displacement in X,Y and Z directions were between 33%and 41%through comparison.It could be seen that the numerical simulation error was relatively large,which was mainly due to various environmental factors and the deviation of applied wave forces.However,numerical simulation generally reflects the deformation law of the sea-crossing bridge under complex wave forces,providing an effectively technical support for the safe operation assessment of the sea-crossing bridge.

Scour effect on a sea-crossing bridge under combined action of service and extreme seismic loads

Foundation scour is an important cause for structural failure of sea-crossing bridges. Usually, the sea-crossing bridges operate under the harsh natural environment in which service wind, wave and vehicle loads are stronger and extreme loads such as earthquake, hurricane, and ship collision, are more frequent. As a result of the foundation scour,the dynamic behavior of bridge under different combined action of service and extreme loads may be further escalated.In particular, this work has investigated the scour effect on a sea-crossing bridge under service wind, wave and vehicle loads as well as extreme seismic loads. The dynamic coupled earthquake-wind-wave-vehicle-bridge(EWWVB) system is established by considering the interactions within the system, and the p-y curve method is used to calculate the loaddisplacement relation of the pile and soil under various levels of foundation scour. After that, a case study has been performed on a cable-stayed bridge with foundation scour. The results indicate that the dynamic characteristics of bridge structure will change after considering bridge scour, and the dynamic responses of bridge and vehicle will be affected to different degrees under service and seismic loads considering bridge scour.

Bayesian operational modal analysis of a long-span cable-stayed sea-crossing bridge

Sea-crossing bridges have attracted considerable attention in recent years as an increasing number of projects have been constructed worldwide.Situated in the coastal area,sea-crossing bridges are subjected to a harsh environment(e.g.strong winds,possible ship collisions,and tidal waves)and their performance can deteriorate quickly and severely.To enhance safety and serviceability,it is a routine process to conduct vibration tests to identify modal properties(e.g.natural frequencies,damping ratios,and mode shapes)and to monitor their long-term variation for the purpose of early-damage alert.Operational modal analysis(OMA)provides a feasible way to investigate the modal properties even when the cross-sea bridges are in their operation condition.In this study,we focus on the OMA of cable-stayed bridges,because they are usually long-span and flexible to have extremely low natural frequencies.It challenges experimental capability(e.g.instrumentation and budgeting)and modal identification techniques(e.g.low frequency and closely spaced modes).This paper presents a modal survey of a cable-stayed sea-crossing bridge spanning 218 m+620 m+218 m.The bridge is located in the typhoon-prone area of the northwestern Pacific Ocean.Ambient vibration data was collected for 24 h.A Bayesian fast Fourier transform modal identification method incorporating an expectation-maximization algorithm is applied for modal analysis,in which the modal parameters and associated identification uncertainties are both addressed.Nineteen modes,including 15 translational modes and four torsional modes,are identified within the frequency range of[0,2.5 Hz].

Research on Service Life Prediction Model of Concrete Structure of Sea-crossing Bridge

According to the chloride corrosion environment,service life prediction model of concrete structure of sea-crossing bridge was built using modified Fick's second law and the whole probability calculation method,which was suitable for China. Furthermore,a visual service life prediction program of concrete structure was developed by optimized Monte Carlo method. Meanwhile,Life 365 program was compared,indicating reliability of the prediction program. Finally,the validity of prediction model was verified in JinTang Bridge of Zhoushan Island Mainland Linkage Project.

Design and Pilot Programs of Marine Exposure Station of A Sea-crossing Bridge

This paper presents the Location,the structural design as well as the anti-corrosion and the pilot programs of the marine exposure station of Zhoushan Archipelago seas sea-crossing bridges. Subjected to the marine environment,the concrete structures in serve with different mixing proportions,cover thickness,additional anti-corrosion measures such as rust-preventing agent,coating,penetration crystalline waterproof material,silicone and permeable fabric were studied. Those results obtained provide important information for the maintenance of marine concrete and the structural design of sea-crossing bridges in the above sea area.

Experimental Investigation of Wave-Current Loads on a Bridge Shuttle-Shaped Cap–Pile Foundation

To scrutinize the characteristics of wave-current loads on a bridge shuttle-shaped cap–pile foundation,a 1:125 test model was considered in a laboratory flume.The inline,transverse and vertical wave–current forces acting on the shuttle-shaped cap-pile group model were measured considering both random waves and a combination of random waves with a current.The experimental results have shown that the wave-current forces can be well correlated with the wave height,the wavelength,the current velocity,the incident direction and the water level in the marine environment.An increase in the current velocity can lead to a sharp increase in the inline and transverse wave-current forces,while the vertical wave-current force decreases.Moreover,the wave-current forces are particularly strong when a combination of high tide,strong wave and strong current is considered.

Large-scale land-sea interactions extend ozone pollution duration in coastal cities along northern China

Land-sea atmosphere interaction(LSAI)is one of the important processes affecting ozone(O_(3))pollution in coastal areas.The effects of small-scale LSAIs like sea-land breezes have been widely studied.However,it is not fully clear how and to what extent the large-scale LSAIs affect O_(3) pollution.Here we explored an O_(3) episode to illuminate the role of large-scale LSAIs in O_(3) pollution over the BohaieYellow Seas and adjacent areas through observations and model simulations.The results show that the northern Bohai Sea's coastal region,influenced by the Mongolian High,initially experienced a typical unimodal diurnal O_(3) variation for three days,when O_(3) precursors from BeijingeTianjineHebei,Shandong,and Northeast China were transported to the BohaieYellow Seas.Photochemical reactions generated O_(3) within marine air masses,causing higher O_(3) levels over the seas than coastal regions.As the Mongolian High shifted eastward and expanded,southerly winds on its western edge transported O_(3)-rich marine air masses toward the coast,prolonging pollution for an additional three days and weakening diurnal variations.Subsequently,emissions from the Korean Peninsula and marine shipping significantly affected O_(3) levels in the northern Bohai Sea(10.7%and 13.7%,respectively).Notably,Shandong's emissions played a substantial role in both phases(27.5%and 26.1%,respectively).These findings underscore the substantial impact of large-scale LSAIs driven by the Mongolian High on O_(3) formation and pollution duration in coastal cities.This insight helps understand and manage O_(3) pollution in northern Bohai Sea cities and broadly applies to temperate coastal cities worldwide.