Changes of Terrestrial Water Storage in the Yellow River Basin Under Global Warming

The increasing temperature in the Yellow River Basin has led to a rapid rise in the melting level height,at a rate of 5.98 m yr^(-1)during the cold season,which further contributes to the transition from snowfall to rainfall patterns.Between 1979 and 2020,there has been a decrease in snowfall in the Yellow River Basin at a rate of-3.03 mm dec^(-1),while rainfall has been increasing at a rate of 1.00 mm dec^(-1).Consequently,the snowfall-to-rainfall ratio(SRR)has decreased.Snowfall directly replenishes terrestrial water storage(TWS)in solid form until it melts,while rainfall is rapidly lost through runoff and evaporation,in addition to infiltrating underground or remaining on the surface.Therefore,the decreasing SRR accelerates the depletion of water resources.According to the surface water balance equation,the reduction in precipitation and runoff,along with an increase in evaporation,results in a decrease in TWS during the cold season within the Yellow River Basin.In addition to climate change,human activities,considering the region's dense population and extensive agricultural land,also accelerate the decline of TWS.Notably,irrigation accounts for the largest proportion of water withdrawals in the Yellow River Basin(71.8%)and primarily occurs during the warm season(especially from June to August).The impact of human activities and climate change on the water cycle requires further in-depth research.

The responses of hydro-environment system in the Second Songhua River Basin to melt water

Based on the continuous monitoring data of hydrology and water quality in the period from 1972 to 1997, the responses of hydro-environment system to melt water in the Second Songhua River basin were derived. Because of melt water, the water quality in the Second Songhua River is good and changes very except that the contents of Hg and Mn in the water are higher. The contribution of melt water to the water fluxes in the Second Songhua River basin is distinct: the water flow in April increases remarkably, reaches the peak in the upper reaches. The pollutant contributions and water pollution indices (WPIs) of the Second Songhua River in April are high in the upper reaches while that in the lower reaches are low. The responses of hydro-environment system to melt water of that basin are affected by content of packed snow and the underlining surface systems.

Spatial variation of stable isotopes in different waters during melt season in the Laohugou Glacial Catchment, Shule River basin

To evaluate isotopic tracers at natural abundances by providing basic isotope data of the hydrological investigations and assessing the impacts of different factors on the water cycle, a total of 197 water samples were collected from the Laohugou Glacial catchment in the Shule River basin northwestern China during the 2013 ablation seasons and analyzed their H- and O-isotope composition. The results showed that the isotopic composition of precipitation in the Qilianshan Station in the Laohugou Glacial catchment was remarkable variability. Correspondingly, a higher slope of δ180-δD diagram, with an average of 8.74, is obtained based on the precipitation samples collected on the Glacier No.la, mainly attributed to the lower temperature on the glacier surface. Because of percolation and elution, the bottom of the firn the isotopic composition at is nearly steady. The 6180 /altitude gradients for precipitation and melt water were -o.37%o/100 m and -o.34%o/100 m, respectively Exposed to the air and influenced by strong ablation and evaporation, the isotopic values and the 6180 vs 6D diagram of the glacial surface ice show no altitudinal effect, indicating that glacier ice has the similar origins with the firn. The variation of isotopic composition in the melt water, varying from -l0.7‰ to -16.9‰ （8180） and from -61.1%o to -122.1%o （6D） indicates the recharging of snowmelt and glacial ice melt water produced at different altitudes. With a mean value of -13.3‰ for 8180 and -89.7‰ for 8D, the isotopic composition of the stream water is much closer to the melt water, indicating that stream water is mainly recharged by the ablation water. Our results of the stable isotopic compositions in natural water in the Laohugou Glacial catchment indicate the fractionations and the smoothing fluctuations of the stable isotopes during evaporation, infiltration and mixture.

Hydro-Chemical Characterization of Glacial Melt Waters Draining from Langtang Valley, Nepal

A detailed analytical study of the physico-chemical parameters of melt water draining from glaciers of Langtang Valley with an elevation ranging from 1395 m a s l to 4200 m a s l in Rasuwa district, Nepal was carried out in order to study the seasonal and altitudinal variation in hydro-chemistry along the Langtang River and glacial melts from the Lirung and the Khimsung Glaciers. The study was carried out during 6 - 10 April and 30 June-3 July, 2014 at 11 sites. A total of 22 composite samples were collected. The concentration of cations and anions of the Langtang Valley were found in the order Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ and , respectively. Significant seasonal variation in electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), sulphate (SO4) and total phosphorus (TP-PO4) and altitudinal variation in EC, total dissolved solids (TDS), DO and Na was found out. The concentrations of the heavy metals (As, Al, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr) were below the detection limit except Fe (0.5 to 18.1 mg/l), which was highly variable. Calcium carbonate weathering was found out to be the major source of dissolved ions in the region. The elemental ratios (Ca/Si and K/Na) were typical of glacial melt water and the low Na/Cl and K/Cl ratios indicated major contribution from atmospheric precipitation to the observed dissolved ions of melt waters. The study showed an increase in the concentration of cations as compared to previous studies, which could be attributed to increasing weathering rates due to temperature increase. Elevated concentration of NO3 and TP-PO4 compared to previous studies show the effect of human impact in the region. Differences in the melt water composition between the debris covered and clean type glacier was found out.

Effects of sea ice melt water input on phytoplankton biomass and community structure in the eastern Amundsen Sea

Sea ice melt water and circumpolar deep water(CDW)intrusion have important impacts on the ecosystem of the Amundsen Sea.In this study,samples of nutrients and phytoplankton pigments from nine stations in the eastern Amundsen Sea were collected during the austral summer.Based on in-situ hydrological observations,sea ice density data from satellite remote sensing,and chemical taxonomy calculations,the relationships between environmental factors and phytoplankton biomass and community structure were studied.The results showed that with increasing latitude,the contribution of sea ice melt water(MW%)and the stability of the water body increased,and the depth of the mixed layer(MLD)decreased.The integrated concentration of chlorophyll a(Chl-a)ranged from 21.4 mg·m^(−2) to 148.4 mg·m^(−2)(the average value was 35.7±53.4 mg·m^(−2)).Diatoms(diatoms-A[Fragilariopsis spp.,Chaetoceros spp.,and Proboscia spp.]and diatoms-B[Pseudonitzschia spp.])and Phaeocystis antarctica were the two most widely distributed phytoplankton groups and contributed 32%±16%and 28%±11%,respectively,of the total biomass.The contributions of Dinoflagellates,Chlorophytes,Cryptophytes,the high-iron group of P.antarctica,and Diatom group A were approximately 17%±8%,15%±13%,9%±6%,5%±9%,and 3%±7%,respectively.The area with the highest phytoplankton biomass was located near the ice-edge region,with a short time lag(T_(lag))between sampling and complete sea ice melt and a high MW%,while the area with the second-highest Chl-a concentration was located in the area affected by the upwelling of CDW,with thorough water mixing.Vertically,in the area with a short T_(lag) and a shallow MLD,the phytoplankton biomass and proportion of diatoms decreased rapidly with increasing water depth.In contrast,in the region with a long T_(lag) and limited CDW upwelling,the phytoplankton community was dominated by a relatively constant and high proportion of micro phytoplankton,and the phytoplankton biomass was low and relatively stable vertically.Generally,the phytoplankton community structure and biomass in the study area showed high spatial variation and were sensitive to environmental changes.

Vulnerability of an inland river basin water resource system under the background of future accelerated glacier melt: A case of Yarkent River Basin in arid Northwest China

Water resources of inland river basins of arid Northwest China will be profoundly affected by future accelerated glacier melt. Based on scenarios of climate warming, accelerated glacier melt and socioeconomic development in the future, vulnerability of the Yarkent River Basin water resources for 2010-2030 is evaluated quantitatively using the indicator of water deficiency ratio. Results show that the quantity of the basin＇s water resources will continuously increase over the next 20 years, mainly due to the effect of climate warming and accelerated glacier melt. But, in the next 10 years, the basin will have a deficient water status, and the water resource system will be quite vulnerable. This is due to an increased water demand from rapidly increasing socioeco- nomic development and a lack of low water-use efficiency in the near future. After about 2020, water supply will outstrip demand, greatly relieving the basin＇s water deficient due to increased water resources and the advancement of water-saving technology. Contrast to the hypothetical situation of unchanged glacier melt, climate wanning and resulting accelerated glacier melt may play a role in relieving the supply-demand strain to some extent.

Estimation of Glacier Melt Water Contribution for Human Consumption in the Royal Andes Considering Temperature Measurement Errors

Glaciers from the West side of the Royal Andes are an important source of fresh water for some of the most important Bolivian cities like El Alto. Temperature is an important datum for hydrological modelling and for glacier melt estimation. All temperature measurement devices have some degree of uncertainty due to systematic errors;thus, any temperature measurement has some errors. It is important to estimate the influence of such errors on the results from hydrological models and the estimation of melt water. The present study estimates the melt water contribution from the glaciers Tuni and Huayna West as a source of water supply for human consumption of El Alto considering the errors from temperature measurements. The hydrologic response of the basins was simulated with a hydrologic model. The glacier melt contribution was estimated as the difference between the discharge from the current scenario (with glaciers) and the discharge from a scenario without glaciers. Several volumes of melt water were estimated considering the temperature measurement and its possible errors. The uncertainty of such melt water volume was addressed by performing a Monte Carlo analysis of the possible melt water. The melt water contribution from glacier Tuni and Huayna West during the hydrologic year 2011-2012 was between 1.37 × 106 m3 and 1.72 × 106 m3. Such water volume is enough to meet the yearly water demand of between 6.81% and 8.55% of El Alto.

Synthesis,Characterization and Water Absorption Analysis of Highly Hygroscopic Bio-based Co-polyamides 56/66

This study aims to develop highly hygroscopic bio-based co-polyamides(CPs)by melt co-polycondensation of polyamide(PA)56 salt and PA66 salt with varying molar fractions.The functional groups and the chemical structure of the prepared samples were determined by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance(^(1)H-NMR)spectroscopy.The relative viscosity was determined with an Ubbelohde viscometer.The melting behavior and the thermal stability of CPs were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).Furthermore,the water absorption behavior of CP hot-pressed film was studied.The results reveal that the melting point,the crystallization temperature and the crystallinity of CPs firstly decrease and then increase with the molar fraction of PA66 in CPs.The copolymerization of PA56 with PA66 leads to an obvious increase in water absorption.The CPs with PA66 molar fraction of 50%possess a high saturated water absorption rate of 17.6%,compared to 11.6%for pure PA56 and 7.8%for pure PA66.

一种基于物质点法的熔冰仿真方法

为了解决拉格朗日法模拟熔冰时产生的穿模现象,提出一种基于物质点法的熔冰仿真方法。首先,将欧拉空间中的每个拉格朗日粒子视为固-液双相耦合的集合体,实现固相到液相的平稳过渡;其次,在物质点法背景网格上计算热能,采用预处理共轭梯度法求解相变过程的温度线性系统;最后,对潜热现象进行处理,引入虚拟水模型,通过限制虚拟水的移动来实现对冰块外部水流现象的仿真。实验结果表明,该方法不仅能够利用物质点法处理自碰撞的优势解决穿模现象,而且能模拟出真实的潜热过程的水流现象。

铝基材料水解制氢技术研究进展

氢能是全球公认的清洁能源,被认为是化石能源的理想替代品,具有广泛的市场前景。铝价格低廉、密度较低且能量密度高,铝水解产氢是一种有效提供氢能的方法。简述了铝水反应的原理,介绍了目前国内外主流的3种铝基材料水解制氢技术(纯铝与酸碱溶液反应、机械球磨法制备铝基复合材料、熔铸法制备铝基低熔点合金)的研究进展,并探讨了不同技术的反应原理、不同添加物的作用机理,对比了各种技术的特点,提出熔铸法制备低熔点合金将成为日后研究的重点,最后对未来熔铸法制备铝基低熔点合金的前景进行了展望。

冻融循环作用下路基结构水热汽迁移规律研究

在冻融循环环境下,路基结构内水分迁移是导致道路冻胀、融沉变形的主要原因。为了探究冻融循环条件下路基结构的水热汽迁移规律,模拟了实际工程的路基结构,基于半透膜材料开展了冻融循环条件下的水、汽分离的水分迁移试验,通过监测试样的水热变化、荧光素上升图像、补水量和集水量变化曲线,得到了水分迁移规律,进而分析了土的孔隙结构、升降温速率和温度梯度等因素对水汽迁移和液态水流出特征的影响。试验结果表明,在土水势作用下,马氏瓶的水分首先以水-汽混合的形式在土柱中向上迁移,达到一定高度后,转变为以水汽的形式向上迁移。非饱和土柱的水汽会透过半透膜向碎石层和控温板底迁移,在整个冻融循环过程中,水汽向碎石层和控温板底的迁移量呈现线性增加的趋势,表明水汽迁移在水分聚集过程中的作用不可忽视。碎石层和控温板底液态水的流出主要集中在每个冻融周期的两个阶段,第一阶段为降温阶段,以冷凝水为主;第二阶段为融化阶段,以融化水为主,融化水占一个冻融周期液态水流出量的70%以上。粉质黏土孔隙较小导致水汽迁移主要受体积含气率的影响,随着粉质黏土土柱含水率的增加,水汽迁移量呈减小趋势。而砂土的孔隙较大,水汽迁移主要受水汽扩散增强因子的影响,随砂土土柱含水率的增加,水汽迁移量呈增大趋势。降温速率减小使冻结锋面有一个缓慢下移的过程,减小土体冻结对水汽迁移通道的封闭影响。升降温速率的减小导致碎石层和控温板底的水分聚集量增大。较大的温度梯度导致水汽扩散系数和水汽密度梯度的增加,从而引起碎石层和控温板底的水汽迁移量增大。

基于激光选区熔化技术的金属悬垂圆孔结构无支撑成形工艺优化与质量研究

基于激光选区熔化(SLM)技术制造的随形冷却模具,凭借其优异的冷却性能,能够显著提高加工效率,有效降低生产成本,成为未来注塑成型模具的重要发展方向,但目前在使用SLM技术成形随形冷却模具内部的圆形流道方面仍存在诸多挑战。在SLM成形时,随形冷却模具内部圆形流道的结构主要表现为悬垂圆孔结构,若直接使用传统工艺策略成形悬垂圆孔结构易出现翘曲、粘粉等缺陷,同时由于随形冷却模具内部流道复杂的特点,其内部流道无法通过添加支撑辅助成形。采用在模具外侧添加支撑结构的方法,可调整模具成形角度,增强悬垂圆孔结构自支撑性,但会增加额外成形时间与成形材料,导致生产成本增高。优化悬垂圆孔结构无支撑成形工艺,实现在不添加支撑结构的前提下满足随形冷却模具对流道成形质量要求,能够有效降低随形冷却模具生产成本并获得高质量成型件。本文对金属悬垂圆孔结构成形工艺策略进行优化,以316L不锈钢悬垂圆孔结构为对象,分析了工艺策略、孔径对悬垂圆孔成形质量的影响。采用一种基于加工层角度自适应的下表面工艺区域划分策略,研究该工艺区策略对于无支撑金属悬垂圆孔成形的适用性,并使用该工艺制造冷却模具样件,对成件的成形质量进行分析。结果表明采用基于加工层角度自适应的下表面工艺区域划分策略可明显抑制成形过程中的翘曲行为。使用该工艺策略成形的随形水冷模具样件无明显质量缺陷,内部流道的表面质量与成形精度满足使用要求。

含铜污泥搭配发热危废协同处理及综合利用技术

本文介绍了富氧侧吹熔池熔炼炉协同处理含铜污泥和发热危废的技术,该工艺具有金属回收率高、熔炼强度大、一次能源消耗低,实现了含铜污泥的有价金属的综合回收和发热危废的无害化处理。生产实践表明:处理量10万吨/a含铜污泥和发热危废,可降低煤率约10%,节约成本770万/a,产出约4000t/a的多金属合金(其中含铜55%、含镍11.9%),为企业提质增效打开了的突破口。

火电厂锅炉水冷壁焊缝泄漏失效分析

某12Cr1MoV水冷壁对接焊缝中部出现周向裂纹导致泄漏失效,为调查泄漏失效原因,对焊缝进行了宏观检查、磁粉检测、硬度检验、金相分析、全元素分析和能谱分析,并建立模型分四个阶段讨论了水冷壁焊缝泄漏失效的原因。研究表明:焊缝中夹杂的S元素是焊缝泄漏失效的主要因素,收缩拉应力为偏析在晶界的低熔点共晶物提供了形成沿晶热裂纹的条件,氧气的介入造成热裂纹的局部氧化,实际运行的综合应力使氧化的沿晶热裂纹多点扩展、融合,形成宏观裂纹,最终导致焊缝泄漏失效。

基于VIC_glacier模型的拉萨河水文模拟及冰川径流研究

拉萨河作为青藏高原南部雅鲁藏布江最大的支流,冰川融水是其径流的重要组成部分。本文基于VIC模型和度日模型构建的VIC_glacier模型,模拟了1990—2010年拉萨河流域径流过程。结果表明:(1)与VIC模型相比,VIC_glacier模型在研究区的径流模拟效果更好,日径流模拟值与观测值的相关系数接近0.8,纳什效率系数在0.75以上;(2)从上游到下游,冰川融水对径流的贡献率分别为21.4%(旁多站)、17.7%(唐加站)、14.5%(拉萨站),呈逐渐减少趋势;(3)冰川径流和非冰川径流年内变化均呈现“单峰型”形态,且在8月份达到峰值;(4)1990—2010年间,年冰川径流量整体呈现上升趋势,与同期气温上升的变化规律一致;年冰川融水对径流的贡献率与年降水量呈反比关系。研究成果可为拉萨河流域的水资源管理提供参考。

低熔点合金高低温循环浸渍杨木的性能及机理研究

利用气-液相变自驱动原理,选用Sn-Bi-Pb低熔点合金(LMPA),通过木材含水率的调控及采用高低温交替循环浸渍法,在不破坏木材本身结构的条件下制备了金属化杨木,探讨了低熔点合金在木材中的渗透机理,并分析了金属化杨木的增重率、吸水率、顺纹抗压强度及导热性能。结果表明:提高木材的含水率并在高低温循环条件下浸渍有助于LMPA渗透到木材导管中,当杨木的含水率为60%时,其增重率高达52.47%;浸泡144 h后的吸水率比对照样减小了78.4%,顺纹抗压强度提高了33.75%,导热系数是对照样的2.6倍,在地暖地板领域显示出较好的应用前景。

寒旱环境灌木根系增强春融期边坡稳定性影响

春融期边坡极易发生热融滑塌现象,为研究植被根系与边坡冻融界面呈不同夹角α条件下边坡的潜在滑移面破坏形式、位移特征以及稳定性影响。结果表明:随融化深度的增加,春融期素土及根-土复合体边坡的等效塑性应变贯通带越明显,易沿着冻融界面发生平面状滑塌;相比于素土边坡,春融期(3月份)根-土复合体边坡最大位移量减小约69.65%,春融期(4月份)根-土复合体边坡最大位移量减小约71.88%,且根-土复合体边坡位移的减少量随着α角的增大而呈增大趋势,表现出根系伸入冻融界面处时具有较强的固土能力;当根系与冻融界面夹角α由45°增大至90°时,根-土复合体边坡的安全系数呈增长趋势,且根系与边坡冻融界面垂直时,根系具有相对最大限度地增强春融期边坡固土护坡作用,可有效提高春融期边坡的稳定性。研究成果为探讨冻融界面处植物根系对春融期边坡稳定性具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。

熔喷非织造材料制备及其应用研究进展

为了解熔喷非织造材料在制造工艺、结构设计和应用等方面的研究进展,文章介绍了聚乳酸、聚丙烯等常用高聚物原料的特性,分析了以其为原料所制备熔喷非织造材料的性能特点,总结了熔喷非织造材料在空气过滤、液体过滤、医用抗菌、智能电子纺织品等领域的应用现状,提出了未来熔喷非织造材料的发展方向,以期为熔喷非织造材料的研究提供一定参考,拓展熔喷非织造材料应用领域。

NaF对NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐吸水性及共晶行为的影响研究

NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐具有工作温度范围宽、化学稳定性好、比热容大等优点,因而在太阳能热发电和超高温储能中具有广泛的应用前景。但NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)本身极易吸水进而加剧合金的腐蚀,如何抑制NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐的吸水性已成为当前研究的热点。本文在NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐中掺杂不同含量的NaF,研究掺杂不同含量NaF后NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐的吸水性和结晶行为变化。研究结果表明,随着NaF含量增加,NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐的吸水性逐渐降低,其中10%NaF的吸水性最低。随着放置时间增加,添加NaF后NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐的吸水性逐渐增加。添加NaF后NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐的共晶行为发生变化,NaF的添加导致NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐的熔点出现变化。本研究为氯化盐的保存储藏提供了重要方法,为未来氟/氯互异盐的设计提供了重要的参考方法,具有重要的学术意义和应用价值。

仿生竹节纤维基加湿材料的叠层设计及其导湿快干性能

为开发兼具快速导液能力和一定抗拉强度的新型纤维基加湿芯,利用熔喷原位牵伸工艺制备的高定向排列聚乳酸(PLA)微纳米纤维材料与大孔隙粘胶纤维材料进行叠层复合,得到筒状纤维集合体,并对其形貌特征、吸湿速率、干燥速率以及力学性能等进行表征与测试。结果表明:筒状纤维集合体表现出类竹节形貌的层状定向微孔结构,密度为1.1~1.8 g/cm^(3);受益于纤维平均直径和密度的有效调控,吸湿速率和干燥速率分别增加到112.4 mg/s和1.03 mL/h,同时拉伸断裂强力保持在255.2 N以上。仿生竹节纤维基加湿材料样品在实际使用过程中的加湿量为39 mL/h,既可作为高性能纤维基加湿芯用于室内微环境湿度调节,又可为高导液纤维材料的功能性结构设计和绿色制备提供参考。