渔民渔业权益保护问题研究——以提升水产品出口竞争力为目标

近年来,中国渔业经历了迅速发展,但背后也暴露出一些问题,尤其是渔民渔业权益的保护和水产品出口竞争力的提升。渔民权益受侵害的现象愈发严重,往往缺乏有效的救济和补偿,主因是缺乏明确的法律法规来保障渔民的合法权益。渔民权益的保护与水产品出口竞争力之间存在密切联系,互有促进作用。文章从经济法的视角探讨渔民渔业权益保护与水产品出口竞争力的关系,提出经济法保护渔民渔业权益的利益机制体系,在此基础上从四个方面提出渔民渔业权益保护的经济主体法律制度完善的建议,以期为立法实践提供参考。

南海渔民生计脆弱性的内生问题——基于广东硇洲岛的田野调查

使用田野工作法,调查了广东硇洲岛渔民生计脆弱性的内生问题。研究发现,渔民因海洋生态保护所遭遇的已经显露的生活困境,或许能在政府的扶持下有所改善,但那些更多的隐性风险——内部竞争、社会保障、文化适应等生计,遭受前所未有的挑战,渔民生产工具的投入、自身的技能、年龄与身份的模糊性,构成其内生的生计脆弱性,在现代消费市场的刺激下容易对海洋资源造成破坏性作用。基于马克思关于生产力与生产关系的理论,渔民生计的脆弱性内生于生产力快速提高导致的其自身技能未进行更迭,未能建立适应生产力需求的新的生产关系,因而造成人海关系的紧张。要解决渔民生计的脆弱性内生问题,需从渔民的文化特殊性出发,由内而外地改革渔民的生产关系,更新渔民的技能、建立有效的组织,逐步缓解人海关系的紧张状态,以实现人类-海洋命运共同体的构建。

长江流域生态退捕渔民生计脆弱性评价及生计风险预测

渔民作为长江十年禁渔的参与主体,其后续生计发展将直接决定此生态保护政策的实施成效。在重构非自愿生态移民生计脆弱性评价体系的基础上,结合长江流域重点禁渔水域典型退捕渔民的抽样数据,测度渔民生计脆弱性指数(LVI)并找出影响后续生计恢复的主要障碍因子,最后跨领域的引入支持向量回归(SVR)预测模型动态分析了不同区域渔户生计脆弱性的演变趋势。结果表明:(1)渔民弃船上岸后呈现出生计脆弱性的比例较高,但不同类型区域间存在明显差异,其中内湖保护区最高,干流非保护区次之而干流保护区最低;(2)敏感性维度在诱发渔民生计脆弱性上起着主导作用,即个体禀赋比安置区条件更为重要,特别是成员年龄大但无基本社保兜底,受教育程度低且“双转”难的渔民家庭更易陷入生计困境;(3)自然和金融资本是推动渔民生计恢复的主要生计资本,而阻碍渔民生计脆弱性降低的共性因子主要有上岸后的收支失衡,社会支持不足及过分依赖原有生计方式等,同时各区域在脆弱性各维度上还有特殊的障碍因子;(4)推动安置区经济社会发展和家庭转产增收后,并不一定能确保缓解未来五年中的渔户生计脆弱性程度,上岸后完成社会融入并有效降低生产生活成本也至关重要,而干流保护区则还需加强人力资本建设,否则后续将面临极高的返贫风险;(5)长江临近区域的同类渔民生计脆弱性现状、面临的生计风险、后续生计恢复的进程具有一定的相似性和规律性,生计监测和帮扶政策可进行协同统筹。

北部湾渔民转产转业新路径思考——基于侨港镇旅游发展的探析

广西北海市侨港镇是20世纪70年代我国建设的归侨安置点,也是北部湾地区重要渔业生产基地,我国实施海洋强国战略以来,侨港镇因地制宜大力发展旅游产业,使旅游业成为除海洋捕捞、海产品加工外,促进该镇经济发展的又一重要驱动力。侨港镇在面对转产转业困境时,因地制宜地抓住时代发展机遇,以敢于转变发展的勇气和创新精神发展旅游产业,对北部湾渔民转产转业路径探索起到了良好典范作用。

海岛民间非遗舟山渔民画文化基因图谱建构与数字化传承发展路径

利用数字技术对舟山渔民画的图形符号、色彩体系、地域属性、时代特征等核心元素进行系统识别、基因提取和分类排序,借鉴生物基因遗传的基本原理,通过构建舟山渔民画的文化基因图谱,对其文化基因进行归类并找到与之对应的适宜数字化时代和现代海洋海岛生境的传承路径,从而为海岛民间非遗舟山渔民画文化基因的数字化保护与传承提供创新路径和借鉴依据。

中国式现代化中的道德经济及其理解——来自捕捞渔业的人类学案例

近些年来道德经济逐渐成为社会科学的重要概念,这与底层、边缘群体生计方式变迁引起学界的关注有关。在时空切换中,道德责任与经济活动的嬗变关系调节了人们的互惠义务与行为。传统的捕捞渔业带有家长制和生存安全的特征,保障了渔民的生存权利与水上社会的赓续。随着市场机制的引入和生产形式的变迁,渔业趋向工业化生产,而渔民则通过财富积累来抵御个人及家庭的生存风险。市场经济条件下的渔业生产推崇自由与公平的竞争伦理,以及对利润追求的理性化,形成了以发展主义为核心的捕捞经济。然而,过度捕捞不仅折射出在生态环境和经济增长方面的道德失败,也严重损害了渔民自身的生存利益。在“人与自然的脱嵌”全面转向“人类与自然和谐共生”过程中,水生动植物得以恢复生息,渔民也从渔业捕捞中抽离出来,处于“渔与非渔”的转型阈限中。为此,倡导生态系统正义与社会正义并举的道德经济既是增强退捕渔民生计韧性的伦理基础,也是实现“人与自然和谐共生现代化”的必由之路。

“系统-赋权”视角下退捕渔民的主观幸福感一一基于长江安徽段的实证研究

长江十年禁渔是落实“共抓大保护、不搞大开发”的重要举措,退捕渔民是长江禁捕安置保障政策的对象。本文以长江安徽段退捕渔民为例,运用扎根编码判别主观幸福感的影响因素,基于“系统一赋权”框架构建退捕渔民主观幸福感的影响机制。研究发现:(1)退捕渔民主观幸福感的影响因素主要包括社会支持与心理资本,心理资本在社会支持与主观幸福感间具有中介作用;(2)社会支持对主观幸福感的影响机制从系统作用层面和内部影响层面出发,由社会支持供给系统与感知系统组成。退捕渔民安置保障工作是一项长期、艰难、复杂的工作,要“内外兼顾、推拉齐下”,外部多方系统增援社会支持形成拉力,内部内生性能力提升心理资本形成推力,才能使退捕渔民在追求幸福的大道上顺畅可行。

新发现的《苏显标更路簿》研究

更路簿,是海南渔民在南海诸岛及相关海域的航行指南,是海南渔民在南海生产、航海实践的经验记录,是研究中国人民开发经营、和平利用南海的珍贵文献。《苏显标更路簿》由苏显标于2022年从家中旧物储藏室翻出,是新发现的一本更路簿,它的发现丰富了苏姓更路簿版本研究的实证序列。该本更路簿主要包括环海南岛更路、从海南岛去往西沙群岛更路、西沙群岛各岛屿之间往来更路等,没有南沙群岛的更路内容,存在传统更路形式向现代更路形式转变、誊抄与自我实践的创新结合、目的性与针对性强、蕴含丰富的渔业文化特征等特点,是航海时代发展的缩影,见证着更路簿的航线记录从传统计量单位(更数、针位)向现代计量单位(里数、度数)转变。

行动者网络视角下长江流域退捕渔民可持续生计重构——以歙县九砂村为例

为动态探究长江流域退捕渔民可持续生计重构过程,以及重构过程中多元主体的互动关系,文章基于行动者网络视角,以歙县九砂村为案例地,采用半结构化访谈与参与式观察等质性研究方法,讨论了可持续生计重构过程、模式及机制。研究发现,退捕渔民可持续生计重构以政府为关键行动者,涉及村委会、退捕渔民、市场主体等人类行动者和房屋、土地、乡土环境、人文风俗等非人类行动者,共同缔结成具有互动关系的行动者网络。政府主导、市场配置、村集体参与、退捕渔民为主体是一种典型的产业融合型可持续生计重构模式。在该模式下,退捕渔民生计资本、基层自治能力、政府政策、社会力量共同推动退捕渔民可持续生计重构。

《梁其锐更路簿》印尼更路“自新州去琶里更”探析

“自新州去琶里更”是现已公布的更路簿中较少见的印尼更路,载于海南渔民梁其锐祖传的《更路簿》抄本。这段更路西起新加坡西南的口岸,穿行于马来群岛之中,东至小巽他群岛附近。整段航程至少长达90更,涵盖16个地点。前人开辟的印尼针路为“自新州去琶里更”的形成奠定了基础;梁氏家族则凭借自身的航行经验和更精密的线针导航技术,利用西北季风与南赤道逆流的自然力,进一步拓展了前人的航线。通过这条印尼更路,梁氏家族或可购买当地出产的各色香料及海产品,再转卖至广州及附近港口,也可用渔船运输侨民,从多方面创造利润。这是20世纪早期海南岛国际贸易的缩影,也为研究海南渔民在南海及爪哇海上的贸易活动提供了一个鲜活的例证。

丹江口库区退捕渔民可持续生计问题探究

长江禁捕后大量渔民上岸,面临生计挑战与返贫危机,妥善解决其生计安置、社会保障与转产转业等问题迫在眉睫。本文以湖北省十堰市丹江口库区退捕渔民可持续生计问题为研究对象,基于案例分析与实地走访发现,退捕渔民个人素质水平偏低、技能单一、年龄偏大等是其在上岸后生活面临的主要问题,并从中剖析原因,从转产转业、个人综合素质提升以及政策保障等方面提出促进退捕渔民可持续生计的具体对策建议。

论海洋文创产品的外观设计保护——以舟山渔民画衍生品为研究对象

新时代海洋强国战略背景下,海洋文创产业正逐渐成为海洋经济的新增长极。在实现海洋文创产业高质量发展过程中,知识产权保护是其必不可少的法律保障。新《中华人民共和国专利法》(以下简称《专利法》)纳入了局部外观设计,这对于激励包括文创产品在内的创新设计产业的健康发展具有重要的制度意义。以舟山渔民画衍生品为代表的海洋文创产品可以是手工制品,也可以是批量化的工业制品,其具有装饰性美学特征的外观设计通过附着于文创产品而实现外在表达。衍生品具有艺术性和实用性的双重属性,作品倾向于主观艺术感受,外观设计专利通过艺术性表达方式实现产品适销之实用目的,通过外观设计专利特别是局部外观设计专利进行保护的模式具有实践优越性。

渔业技术推广对渔民收入影响的实证分析--基于我国30个省份的面板数据

本文应用我国30个省份(不包含港澳台地区和西藏自治区)2016-2021年的面板数据分析渔业技术推广对渔民收入的影响效应。结果发现,第一,渔业技术推广对渔民收入具有显著的促进作用。第二,渔业技术推广是通过促进渔业发展对渔民收入施加影响的。第三,渔业技术推广对非沿海地区渔民收入具有显著的促进作用,但对沿海地区渔民收入的影响不显著;渔业技术推广对中、西部地区渔民收入的影响较为显著,但对东部地区渔民收入的影响不显著;渔业技术推广对低、中、高收入渔民收入的促进作用均较为显著,且影响程度随渔民收入的增加而扩大。第四,渔业技术推广对渔民增收具有非线性影响,但需达到一定临界值时这种影响效应才会显著。

长江退捕渔民劳动力就地转移影响因素实证研究

本文基于2022年“十省百县千户”退捕渔民跟踪调研数据,以转移方式为因变量,个体与家庭情况、劳动力转移资本、客观条件、主观因素为自变量,对影响渔民劳动力就地转移的因素进行实证分析。研究发现:年龄、当地农村人均可支配收入因素对就地转移具有正向影响,而每周工作时间、渔村到县城中心距离、上一年家庭年净收入、捕捞经验对渔民劳动力就地转移具有负向影响。对此提出加大就业帮扶力度、完善就业补贴、发展当地特色产业等政策建议,促使渔民劳动力合理有效地实现就地转移。

Fishermen and Territorial Trends in the Brazilian Fisheries Policies

The fishing activity has been known for centuries by man and is configured as an important source of livelihood and income for many families of Brazilian fishermen. This article tries to do a brief contextualization of fishing in Brazil, as well as discuss the notion of territoriality of sector policies. The trend shown for the future is the need for a planning/mapping of operation areas of productive agents in the country, so that fish stocks can be managed more appropriately. One of the proposals that comes with acceptance and is already being applied in some municipalities is fishing agreements, using co-management mechanisms for planning and use of fisheries resources.

Prevalence and Incidence of HIV Infection among Fishermen along Lake Victoria Beaches in Kisumu County, Kenya

Background: Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) and human papillomavirus (HPV) are common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among fishing communities and are associated with high HIV prevalence in this underserved population. However, there is limited knowledge on HIV incidence among fishermen. This study aimed at determining prevalence, incidence and risk factors associated with HIV infection among fishermen in Kisumu Kenya. Methods: Three hundred fishermen were evaluated for baseline HIV, HSV-2, HPV infection and a structured questionnaire administered. HIV incidence was assessed after 12 months among those initially HIV negative. HIV incidence rate in person-years and prevalence were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors independently associated with HIV acquisition. Results: HIV prevalence was 23.3% (95% CI: 18.5 - 28.1). Risk factors for baseline HIV prevalence were older age (aOR = 2.13;95% CI: 1.25 - 5.07), history of STI (aOR 4.21;95% CI: 2.07 - 9.34), baseline HPV infection (aOR 2.13;95% CI: 1.05 - 4.77), number of lifetime sexual partners (>5) aOR = 5.76 (95% CI: 1.41 - 13.57) and transactional sex (aOR = 10.98;95% CI: 1.86 - 19.34). Condom uses with new sexual partner (aOR 0.21, 95% CI: 0.08 - 0.55) and during most recent sexual act (aOR 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03 - 0.61), were negatively associated with HIV prevalence. HIV incidence was 4.2 (95% CI = 1.3 - 7.1) per 100 person-years with being single (aIRR = 8.32;95% CI: 1.27 - 54.67) as an independent risk factor. Condom use with new sexual partner (aIRR = 0.11;95% CI: 0.01 - 0.89) and recent sex with wife/regular girlfriend (compared to sex worker/casual partner;aIRR = 0.03;95% CI: 0.01 - 0.35) were associated with reduced risk of HIV acquisition. Conclusion: Inconsistent condom use and transactional/casual sexual partnerships were the main high-risk sexual behaviors in addition to marital status explaining the high HIV acquisition rate among fishermen. Intensified safer sex promotion is urgently needed in this subpopulation to avert new HIV infections.

Prevalence, Incidence and Risk Factors for Acquisition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 among Fishermen on the Shores of Lake Victoria in Kisumu County, Kenya

Background: Herpes simplex virus Type 2 (HSV-2) has been associated with HIV infection. More recently, HSV-2 incidence has been linked to HIV acquisition. A few studies have suggested that the fishing communities have a high HSV-2 prevalence but there is limited knowledge on HSV-2 incidence and associated risk factors among fishermen. Methods: Three hundred fishermen were consented, and evaluated for baseline HSV-2 serology status and again after 12 months among those negative at baseline. Sexual behavior and socio-demographic data were collected at enrolment and exit visits using a structured questionnaire. Baseline HIV serology and Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA genotyping were also performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine independent factors associated with HSV-2 acquisition. Results: Baseline HSV-2 prevalence was 56.3% (95% CI: 50.7 - 62.0). Factors associated with HSV-2 prevalence were, older age (aOR = 1.96;95% CI: 1.16 - 2.85), history of STI (aOR 2.12;95% CI: 1.19 - 3.91), infection with HIV (aOR 2.22;95% CI: 1.17 - 4.22), ever married (aOR = 3.80;95% CI: 1.42 - 11.90), most recent sexual act with sex worker/casual partner (OR= 3.56;95% CI: 1.49 - 8.62) and inconsistent condom use with new sexual partner (aOR = 6.34;95% CI: 2.24 - 13.04). The HSV-2 incidence was 23.6 (95% CI = 15.4 - 31.8)/100 pyr. Infection with persistent high-risk (HR) HPV (aIRR = 3.35;95% CI: 1.21 - 11.37), multiple (≥2) partners in 12 months prior to study participation (aIRR = 4.77;95% CI: 1.12 - 11.38), inconsistent condom use with new partner (aIRR =2.53;95% CI: 1.12 - 7.38) and most recent sexual act with sex worker/casual partner (OR = 3.03;95% CI: 1.17 - 8.58) were independent risk factors for HSV-2 acquisition. Conclusion: The incidence of HSV-2 is very high among fishermen. It is associated with persistent HR HPV infection and high-risk sexual behavior. Intervention strategies targeting these men with high risk sexual behavior are urgently needed to stop new HSV-2 acquisition and subsequently prevent HIV infection.

Marine Fishermen’s Perception about Consequences of Climate Change on Fisheries in Tamil Nadu State,India

Global climate change has become a critical barrier in the twenty-first century and it alarms the marine fishermen to respond and react until conditions become more adverse.Interaction with climate by humans occurs at all levels,but recent research has focused on industries,technological and demographic aspects.So far,less attention has been paid to investigate the factors which affect perception and decision-making at the individual level.The uncertain condition of climate on marine fisheries from the last two decades had created drastic change in ecosystems as well as in the fishers’livelihood.Fishers are the group who first experiences the bitter conditions of climate change on marine fisheries because their livelihood depends highly on the marine resources.Therefore,the fishers’perception about the consequences of climate change on fisheries may help to emerge the fisheries by implicating certain productive management measures.The research has been carried out in the two southern coastal districts of Ramanathapuram and Kanyakumari,Tamil Nadu state to find out the fishers’perception of the consequences of climate change on fisheries.A sample size consisting of 120 marine fishermen were randomly selected and interviewed.The results inferred that increase in cost of fishing,increase in fishing investments,decline in fishing days,reduction in fish diversity and fish catches were the major consequences faced by fishers due to the climate change.

Livelihood status of small-scale fishermen and determinants of their income: Insights from north-eastern floodplains of Bangladesh

The small-scale fishermen in the north-eastern floodplains are one of the most vulnerable communities of Bangladesh due to their limited income.This study assessed their livelihood status using a sustainable livelihood framework and employed a multiple regression model to evaluate factors influencing their earnings.Primary data were collected from fishermen’s households in Tanguar Haor and Hakaluki Haor through direct interviews.Results revealed that these households lacked human capital,had poor sanitation facilities and suffered from frequent diseases.Their income is very limited as they lack training on other socioeconomic activities to comple-ment their livelihood grounded on fishing.Hence,their financial capital was very deficient and ranked lowest among other livelihood capitals.Fishermen’s major physical assets were the boats used for group and individual fishing.These small-scale fishermen had limited involvement with local administration,and around half of them were members of various NGOs.Women of these households had low participation in fishing or other income activities.The income of the fishermen was influenced by their age,fish catch per day,training and NGO mem-bership.To increase the earnings and improve the livelihood status of small-scale fishers in the floodplain,this study suggests providing training on complementary income generating activities,improving sanitation facilities and providing additional government and non-government support.

Problems and Strategies of Fishermen’s Social Security

With the development of social economy and industry,fisheries also play an important role in the development of the country.In the process of fishery development,the problems in the fishermen’s social security system are becoming more and more serious,and the types of problems are gradually increasing.Discovering the problems existing in the development of fisheries,and making up and correcting them in time,has an important role in promoting the development of fisheries and social and economic development.In recent years,the issue of“agriculture,rural areas and farmers”has been a hot topic of discussion.During the course of the problem,the party and the government introduced a series of safeguard measures and policy systems.Based on this,this paper focuses on the problems existing in the fishermen’s social security system and the measures to solve the problems.At the same time,the reasons for the reform of the fishermen’s social security system are also briefly explained.The main reasons can be divided into four points,namely the cost of living,unemployment insurance for fishermen,fishery resources,and income of fishermen,etc.,which are the reasons why the fishery social security system is in urgent need of optimization,contributing to the sustainable development and progress of fisheries.