Implementation strategies for high accuracy grinding of hydrodynamic seal ring with wavy face for reactor coolant pumps

Large size mechanical seals are one of the most important components used in reactor coolant pumps.However,the hydrodynamic seal rings with wavy face are difficult to machine due to their high hardness and high form accuracy demand.In order to solve this difficult problem,a novel four-axis linkage grinding method using a cup wheel to process the hydrodynamic seal rings by line contact was proposed.A preliminary study indicates that the form error of the ground seal ring surface is extremely sensitive to different linkage relations of the four axes.By taking the center height of the cup wheel and the laws of motion along the X-axis,Z-axis,B-axis and C-axis as control variables,their effects on the principle form error of the ground surface are evaluated.Six implementation strategies are proposed to reach lower principle form errors.It is found that the minimal principle form error is only 9.64 nm and hence its influence on the ground seal ring shape can be neglected in designing an ultra-precision grinding machine.In addition,the results indicate that the position accuracy of the X-axis at the microscale is acceptable no matter which implementation strategy is selected.This study is expected to serve as a theoretical basis for design and development of the four-axis ultra-precision grinding machine.

Influence Analysis of Secondary O-ring Seals in Dynamic Behavior of Spiral Groove Gas Face Seals

The current research on secondary O-ring seals used in mechanical seals has begun to focus on their dynamic properties. However, detailed analysis of the dynamic properties of O-ring seals in spiral groove gas face seals is lacking. In particular a transient study and a difference analysis of steady-state and transient performance are imperative. In this paper, a case study is performed to gauge the effect of secondary O-ring seals on the dynamic behavior（steady-state performance and transient performance） of face seals. A numerical finite element method（FEM） model is developed for the dynamic analysis of spiral groove gas face seals with a flexibly mounted stator in the axial and angular modes. The rotor tilt angle, static stator tilt angle and O-ring damping are selected to investigate the effect of O-ring seals on face seals during stable running operation. The results show that the angular factor can be ignored to save time in the simulation under small damping or undamped conditions. However, large O-ring damping has an enormous effect on the angular phase difference of mated rings, affecting the steady-state performance of face seals and largely increasing the possibility of face contact that reduces the service life of face seals. A pressure drop fluctuation is carried out to analyze the effect of O-ring seals on the transient performance of face seals. The results show that face seals could remain stable without support stiffness and O-ring damping during normal stable operation but may enter a large-leakage state when confronting instantaneous fluctuations. The oscillation-amplitude shortening effect of O-ring damping on the axial mode is much greater than that on the angular modes and O-ring damping prefers to cater for axial motion at the cost of angular motion. This research proposes a detailed dynamic-property study of O-ring seals in spiral groove gas face seals, to assist in the design of face seals.

Fluid-solid Interaction Model for Hydraulic Reciprocating O-ring Seals

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of hydraulic reciprocating seals have significant effects on sealing and tribology performances of hydraulic actuators, especially in high parameter hydraulic systems. Only elastic deformations of hydraulic reciprocating seals were discussed, and hydrodynamic effects were neglected in many studies. The physical process of the fluid-solid interaction effect did not be clearly presented in the existing fluid-solid interaction models for hydraulic reciprocating O-ring seals, and few of these models had been simultaneously validated through experiments. By exploring the physical process of the fluid-solid interaction effect of the hydraulic reciprocating O-ring seal, a numerical fluid-solid interaction model consisting of fluid lubrication, contact mechanics, asperity contact and elastic deformation analyses is constructed with an iterative procedure. With the SRV friction and wear tester, the experiments are performed to investigate the elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of the O-ring seal. The regularity of the friction coefficient varying with the speed of reciprocating motion is obtained in the mixed lubrication condition. The experimental result is used to validate the fluid-solid interaction model. Based on the model, The elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of the hydraulic reciprocating O-ring seal are presented respectively in the dry friction, mixed lubrication and full film lubrication conditions, including of the contact pressure, film thickness, friction coefficient, liquid film pressure and viscous shear stress in the sealing zone. The proposed numerical fluid-solid interaction model can be effectively used to analyze the operation characteristics of the hydraulic reciprocating O-ring seal, and can also be widely used to study other hydraulic reciprocating seals.

Analysis of Force Characteristic and Friction State on the Sealing Ring Used in Composite Transmission

Based on analysis of flow field of the rotary seal using sealing ring, mechanical models under the condition of full film friction and mixed film friction were established respectively. The influence of friction state of the sealing ring on seal performance was also discussed. The relation between force characteristic and structural parameters of the sealing ring was analyzed. Analytical results indicate that friction state mainly depends on structural parameters of the sealing ring. The expression of calculating friction torque under the condition of mixed film friction was deduced. Experiment verification had been done. Experimental results agree with the deducing theoretical conclusions on the whole. It lays the foundation for design of new type of sealing ring used in composite transmission.

Stress and thickness calculation of a bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings

The design of a bolted flat cover is extremely important for the structural integrity of pressure vessels.The present design codes provide the thickness calculation equations for a bolted flat cover with single metal gasket.However,the rules for a bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings are not developed to date.In the study,a new thickness calculation equation for the bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings is proposed.First,the theoretical stress solution for bolted flat cover with the double metal sealing rings is obtained,based on the theory of simply supported circular plate and then verified using the results from finite element analyses.The results indicate that the influence of double metal sealing ring on the stress of the flat cover is more serious compared to single metal gasket.Second,a more accurate and reasonable equation is proposed to calculate the thickness of bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings based on the derived theoretical equations of maximum stress.Finally,the influence of linear load and the spacing between rings on the thickness are discussed.Subsequently,a few suggestions are provided to design low-pressure or atmosphere pressure vessels.The study provides a theoretical foundation to develop design codes of pressure vessels in nuclear reactors.

Enhancement of seal life through carbon composite back-up rings under shock loading conditions in defence applications

The life of Nitrile Butadiene Rubber(NBR) O-ring seal having shore hardness of A70 and A90 under shock loading conditions was investigated by a specially designed pneumo-hydraulic shock test rig. Shock tests have been carried out on bare seals, seal with conventional polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) back-up rings and seal with newly developed carbon composite back-up rings to study its behaviour under different operating conditions until failure. Experiments were conducted by varying annular gap ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 mm, oil temperature from 30 ℃ to 70 ℃ and rate of pressure rise from 600 to 2400 MPa/s. Significant enhancement in seal life was observed with carbon composite back-up ring at reduced annular clearances compared to seal life with conventional PTFE back-up ring and without back-up rings.

基于PTFE矩形密封圈的高压容器密封结构设计

PTFE矩形密封圈具有耐化学性能好、截面稳定性高等优点,可以有效解决腐蚀性介质的密封问题。但在实际使用中,PTFE矩形密封圈及其适配沟槽的尺寸设计缺乏参考依据。针对上述问题,根据高压容器端面密封结构的形状与受力特征,在Ansys Workbench中建立PTFE矩形密封圈的二维轴对称模型,采用双线性等向强化模型表征PTFE的力学性能,对基于PTFE矩形密封圈的高压容器端面密封结构进行分析和设计,讨论压缩率、PTFE矩形密封圈几何参数和沟槽结构参数对高压容器端面密封性能的影响。结果表明,压缩率、矩形圈的高度和宽度以及矩形圈与沟槽侧壁的间隙对密封性能的影响较大,而内径对密封性能的影响较小,因而设计时应优先考虑沟槽深度、矩形圈的截面尺寸以及与沟槽的装配位置等参数。确定PTFE矩形密封圈及适配沟槽的尺寸后,采用有限元仿真手段验证了设计的密封结构在常温30 MPa高压下的密封性能,证实了设计的合理性。

具有圆度误差的径向金属密封接触应力研究

由于加工圆度误差的影响,井下流量控制阀径向金属密封接触应力分布不均匀,从而影响密封性能。利用有限元方法研究具有圆度误差的径向金属密封唇部接触应力分布,并分析圆度误差对径向金属密封接触应力的影响;基于有限元分析结果提出径向金属密封接触应力分布的理论解析式,并进行误差分析。具有圆度误差的径向金属密封唇部接触应力分布的理论解与数值解相符,各参数引起的最大接触应力的平均相对误差约为10%。根据具有圆度误差的径向金属密封副接触应力的分布规律,提出合理的过盈量函数,修正了径向金属密封轴对称结构的悬臂梁模型的接触应力理论关系式,得出了圆度误差下的径向金属密封接触应力分布规律。研究结果为井下流量控制阀径向金属密封的设计提供了理论指导。

油罐车自主加注臂密封圈响应面优化及分析

为了提高油罐车自主加注臂前端快接装置的密封性能,设计了一种内胀式橡胶密封圈,并结合响应面法和有限元法对密封圈进行了优化和分析。首先,基于有限元软件ANSYS Workbench对密封圈进行建模和仿真,研究了密封圈的倒圆半径、厚度和压缩量对密封圈性能的影响;然后,将密封圈与管壁的接触面积、接触压力和所受等效应力作为优化目标,利用Design⁃Expert软件建立了密封结构的优化模型,并通过多目标优化获得最优设计方案;最后,进行了密封圈优化前后的性能对比和分析。数值测试表明,在最大3 MPa介质压力下,优化后密封圈的接触压力提升了1.3 MPa,有效接触面积更大,且接触带更加集中,有利于实现快接装置和油罐车加注口的有效密封,同时等效应力降低了4.3%,有助于延长密封圈的使用寿命。

基于有限元分析的液压缸密封圈磨损分析

液压缸密封圈磨损原因较多,难以通过肉眼直观观察,很难找到直接原因,提出基于有限元的液压缸密封圈磨损量分析方法。基于液压缸密封圈几何模型、材料模型和物理模型,分析了橡胶密封圈在应力和应变上的非线性,通过定义应变密度函数,构建了液压缸密封圈的有限元模型。根据液压缸活塞的密封结构,分析了液压缸活塞的运动特点,利用Archard模型描述密封圈的外观特征变化,通过计算密封圈接触面上任意一点的磨损深度,分析液压缸密封圈的磨损量。试验结果表明,所研究方法可以对液压缸密封圈的裂纹深度与裂纹扩展角度进行有效分析,两项指标的试验分析与实测结果基本一致,裂纹深度的试验分析误差最大值仅为0.002 mm。方法有助于提高液压缸设计的密封可靠性。

Y形组合密封的密封性能研究

应用ABAQUS软件建立YO组合密封的有限元模型,分别比较Y形组合密封与Y形密封、聚氨酯和丁腈橡胶2种材料的Y形组合密封,在密封区域的静态接触压力和Mises应力分布,分析O形圈截面直径对2种材料Y形组合密封性能的影响规律。结果表明:Y形组合密封在密封区域的接触压力和Mises应力均大于相同规格、材料的Y形圈,且外行程时Y形组合密封接触压力增大更明显,应力分布更均匀,验证了Y形组合密封的双重密封和改善根部抗撕裂的特性;在O形圈截面直径相同的情况下,聚氨酯组合密封外行程与内行程的最大接触压力差值远远高于丁腈橡胶组合密封,而丁腈橡胶组合密封Mises应力分布更均匀;随着O形圈截面直径的增大,聚氨酯组合密封的最大接触压力呈现先增大后减小的趋势,丁腈橡胶组合密封呈现逐渐减小的趋势,但两者的Mises应力均呈现逐渐增大的趋势,且丁腈橡胶组合密封增大更显著。研究结果为不同工作条件下密封件的选择提供了参考依据。

超高压高低温条件下节流阀Y形圈的影响因素分析

为研究天然气设备中节流阀的Y形密封圈在超高压、高低温工况下的影响因素,选择PTFE及其4种改性材料作为密封材料,研究唇口过盈量、唇前角、唇后角对Y形密封圈静密封性能的影响。结果表明:Y形密封圈最大von Mises应力随唇口过盈量增加而减小,随唇前角和唇后角的增大先增加后减小;内唇最大接触应力随唇口过盈量、唇后角的增加而增大,随唇前角的增加先增大后减小。选取密封圈宽度、基体高度、唇尖高度、唇前角、唇后角5个参数,采用ISIGHT软件对各参数进行灵敏度分析。结果表明:密封圈宽度及基体高度对Y形密封圈最大Mises应力及内唇接触应力影响最大。通过多岛遗传算法获得密封圈的优化尺寸,通过试验验证理论设计结果。

70 MPa高压氢气瓶阀密封技术研究

全球正面对能源和环境的挑战,氢能源汽车已成为全球汽车行业的发展方向,车载储氢系统主要是由储氢气瓶、组合式瓶阀、溢流阀、减压阀、压力/温度传感器等组成,其中需要频繁开启的部件是组合式瓶阀,压力一般在35 MPa~70 MPa,最容易产生泄漏。目前车载氢能的储存压力一般为35 MPa, 70 MPa的也在进行技术攻关,不同于普通的工业用气瓶阀,70 MPa高压氢气瓶阀设计压力高,密封性能的可靠性直接影响了产品的使用安全。针对70 MPa高压氢气瓶阀密封材料进行研究,采用GB/T 528-2009标准对不同硬度和直径的O形密封圈进行性能试验,比较不同材料的密封性能,确保70 MPa高压氢气瓶阀密封性能安全可靠。

表面粗糙度对橡塑O形圈往复密封性能的影响

建立三维确定性混合润滑数值仿真模型,该模型采用统一Reynolds方程系统法,耦合了固体力学分析、流体力学分析和接触力学分析;生成非高斯粗糙表面,基于混合润滑模型研究表面粗糙度、自相关长度比值和纹理方向对橡塑O形圈往复密封摩擦力、泄漏率、平均膜厚和接触面积比等密封性能的影响规律。研究表明:低速时随着表面粗糙度的增大,润滑区接触面积比增大,引起摩擦因数增大,平均膜厚先增大后减小,临界接触面积比约为40%;在混合润滑状态时,对于横向纹理粗糙表面,存在合适的自相关长度比值使得密封的摩擦因数和接触面积比最低;当纹理方向θ=π/10时,摩擦因数最小。

GIS密封圈老化诊断与寿命预测方法研究现状

作为气体绝缘输变电设备技术领域中的重要部分,现有的气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备(gas-insulated metalenclosed switchgear,GIS)密封圈老化诊断和寿命预测方法已不能满足当代电力工业关键零件可靠性的需求,新形势下也迫切需要以新的框架来回顾该领域的研究现状,启发新的研究思路。该文首先分析GIS密封圈压缩老化因子、热老化因子和化学老化因子的水平、分布及作用。在此基础上,回顾GIS密封圈加速老化试验从试样的热空气老化,逐步发展到充入SF6气体的完整O形圈老化等多因子老化试验的过程。然后,综述GIS密封圈机械性能表征、理化特征及气体泄漏特征3个主要方面,特别指出在大气/绝缘气体异相介质作用下GIS密封圈具有明显的非均相老化特征。最后,回溯硫化橡胶密封圈寿命预测方法在数学模型和失效判据两方面的研究成果。该文可为学术和工程研究提供一定基础性参考。

基于能量法的篦齿封严环气弹稳定性数值研究

针对航空发动机篦齿封严环气弹稳定性问题,采用基于三维插值及非定常动网格技术的能量法,建立了篦齿封严环气弹稳定性数值求解模型。在验证数值方法准确性的基础上,研究了供气压力、转速和进气畸变对篦齿封严环气弹稳定性的影响,分析了篦齿封严环气动力、气动功分布特性,揭示了进气畸变对篦齿封严环气弹稳定性的影响机理。研究表明:在本文研究中,外篦齿封严环相对于内篦齿封严环更易发生气弹失稳;随供气压力增加,外篦齿封严环气弹稳定性呈现降低趋势,当供气压力为0.55 MPa和0.7 MPa时,外篦齿封严环存在气弹失稳的风险;转速2000 r/min和4000 r/min相对于6000 r/min具有更大的气弹失稳风险。相比于360°圆周进气,90°圆周进气的外篦齿封严环气动力存在相互抵消的耦合作用,所以90°圆周进气的外篦齿封严环具有较高的气弹稳定性。篦齿封严环在发生气弹失稳时,齿腔底部做功占总气动功百分比会显著增加,故在进行结构优化时,可改变齿腔底部的结构参数以对篦齿封严环气弹稳定性进行改善。

弹簧蓄能密封圈中蓄能弹簧的有限元计算及等效建模研究

弹簧蓄能密封圈是一种性能优良的密封装置,其中的蓄能弹簧可以为密封圈提供初始密封压力,起到辅助密封的作用。但目前对弹簧蓄能密封圈的研究多是在有限元软件中建立二维轴对称模型进行仿真实验,对蓄能弹簧的力学特性和建模计算方法的认识尚有不足。为实现不同结构的弹簧蓄能密封圈的参数化仿真设计,推导环形蓄能弹簧的空间曲线参数方程,建立双层螺旋蓄能弹簧的三维有限元模型,并仿真分析其力学特性。定义蓄能弹簧的内侧刚度和外侧刚度,研究弹簧不同结构参数对其刚度的影响。结果表明,弹簧的厚度和弹簧截面外径对刚度的影响较大,而弹簧中径和匝数对刚度影响可忽略不计。提出轴对称等效模型的建立原则,建立轴对称等效模型的经验公式,为弹簧蓄能密封圈的参数化仿真设计提供了参考。

周向进气畸变对篦齿封严环气弹稳定性影响研究

针对航空发动机篦齿封严环在周向进气畸变状态下的气弹稳定性问题,采用三维插值和非定常动网格技术,建立了基于能量法的篦齿封严环气弹稳定性求解模型,在验证求解模型准确性的基础上,研究了对称进气与非对称进气、进气畸变程度对篦齿封严环气弹稳定性的影响规律,分析了气动功在齿腔不同区域分布特性,揭示了周向进气畸变对篦齿封严环气弹稳定性影响机理。研究表明,周向进气畸变可改变气动阻尼比,对篦齿封严环气弹稳定性影响较大。非对称进气时,篦齿封严环气弹稳定性随畸变度的增加先降低后增加再降低。对称进气时,篦齿封严环气弹稳定性随畸变度的增加先增加后降低,相对于非对称进气畸变,对称进气方式对气弹稳定状态影响较小。篦齿封严环在发生气弹失稳时,周向进气畸变对气动功影响最大的区域位于首级篦齿迎风区域,是流场周向压力均匀性最差的区域,周向进气畸变的影响随相对距离增加而降低;篦齿封严环所有齿腔底部的总气动功受周向进气畸变影响较大,在进行结构设计时可改变齿腔底部尺寸、形状等,以降低周向进气畸变对篦齿封严环气弹稳定性的影响。

基于有限单元法密封结构影响因素建模分析

密封圈结构对高压试验装置的密封性、承压性具有直接影响。依据高压试验装置的结构特点,对O型密封结构进行结构参数分析,基于Mooney-Rivlin模型对特性进行分析;利用MARC有限元分析的方法对O型圈进行密封分析,分析不同密封间隙和槽深的尺寸下,接触压应力和Von Mises应力的大小,基于分析结果,优选密封间隙和槽深参数。结果可知:密封间隙为(0.04~0.14)mm间,压缩率为(10~20)%间,能够满足设计承载条件下的密封要求;通过对影响因素分析发现,密封间隙与Von Mises应力正相关,与接触应力负相关;压缩率提升,Von Mises应力先增后降,最大接触应力先降后增;80MPa压力下,较小密封间隙、压缩率对密封结构承载是有利的;通过分析设计密封圈影响趋势,发现参数的最优解为间隙0.043mm,槽深5.357mm,压缩率为10%。分析方法和研究结果可为超高压压力容器O型密封结构设计提供参考依据。

采用双向流固耦合的胀圈密封功率损失预测模型

针对现存胀圈密封功率损失模型不能准测预测出实际运行时密封环的功率损失的问题,提出了新的胀圈密封功率损失预测模型。基于ANSYS Workbench平台建立了包括转轴、配油套及胀圈密封环在内的双向流固耦合数值计算模型,设计并搭建了胀圈密封性能试验系统,验证了数值模拟的准确性。通过多元线性回归方法构建了包含油液动力黏度、密封压差、转轴转速以及胀圈密封结构主要尺寸参数的功率损失预测模型,比现存模型包含更多影响因素。分析结果表明:模型预测值与试验值的相对误差在9%以内,满足工业应用要求;功率损失对各影响因素的敏感度由强到弱依次为:密封压差、温度、转速,且密封压差对胀圈密封功率损失影响高度显著。