Model for Bidding and Tendering with Bill of Quantities Based on Bid-Winning Estimate at Reasonable Low Price

The possibility and rationality of introducing an bid-winning estimate based on a reasonable low price into construction bidding mode with bill of quantities were analyzed by setting up a model for bidding and tendering, and the functions of the estimate of reasonable low price in the bidding were revealed. On this basis, a new bidding mode of the project with bill of quantities was pro- posed. The application of the new mode will be advantageous to the promotion of the bill of quantities in China.

High Environmental Cost behind Low China Price

China has won the name of the world factory being famous for exporting a great deal of and various kinds of low-price merchandise. However, most of Chinese exports are primary goods or manufactured products that create heavy pollution and require intensive use of resources. Chinese products go abroad, but their following harms stay behind. The article analyzes many obvious low-price facts in China and their concomitant terrible environmental results in detail, and points out that there are huge hidden troubles in the way of China’s sustainable development behind her seemingly flourishing economy.

Low cost development strategy for oilfields in China under low oil prices

By reviewing the challenges in the development of oilfields in China under low oil prices,this study analyzes the root causes of cost rising,put forwards the low cost oilfield development strategy and specific paths to realize the strategy,and predicts the development potential and prospect of oilfields in China.In addition to the low grade of the reservoir and high development maturation,the fundamental reasons of development full cost rising of oilfields in China are as follows:(1)Facing the problem of resources turning poorer in quality,we have built production capacity at a pace too fast before making enough technical and experimental preparation;(2)technical engineering service model leads to high service cost;(3)team of oil development expertise and matched engineering system cannot satisfy the technical requirements of stabilizing oil production,controlling water cut and fine development.To realize development at low cost,the core is to increase economic recoverable reserves.The concrete paths include:(1)to explore the"Daqing oilfield development culture",improve the ability of leaders in charge of development,and inspire potential of staff;(2)to improve the ability of reservoir dynamics control,and implement precise development by following scientific principles;(3)to speed up integration of water flooding and enhanced oil recovery(EOR)and technological upgrading in order to enhance oil recovery;(4)to innovate key techniques in gas flooding and accelerate the industrial popularization of gas flooding;(5)to break the related transaction barriers and create new management models;and(6)to collaboratively optimize strategic layout and cultivate key oil bases.Although oilfield development in China faces huge challenges in cost,the low-cost development strategy will succeed as long as strategic development of mature and new oil fields is well planned.The cores to lower cost are to control decline rate and enhance oil recovery in mature oil fields,and increase single well productivity through technical innovation and improve engineering service efficiency through management innovation in new oil fields.

Strategy for China's Natural Gas Industry in the Low Oil Price Environment

In regard to the continuous decline of international oil prices in recent years, how should China's natural gas industry seize the opportunity brought by this round of energy price declines, and how should we meet the challenges posed to the development of the domestic natural gas industry caused by changes in the international energy pattern? These questions deserve serious consideration. Through analysis on the situation of the domestic and overseas oil and gas market, and in combination with China's 13 th Five-Year Plan for energy development, the article proposes the development strategy in response to the low oil prices, aiming to provide countermeasures and suggestions for the long-term stable development of China's natural gas industry.

Opportunities and Risks of Natural Gas Investment in China under the Circumstance of Low Oil Prices

After more than 30 years of rapid growth, the Chinese economy has entered the "new normal" of moderately high growth. Due to the effects of multiple factors, the international oil price has remained consistently low. The low oil price has exerted critical effects on international natural gas investment. At the same time, the market-oriented price mechanism of natural gas in China is gradually taking shape; the concept of low carbon development is widely advocated; and the use of natural gas gains popularity in the city. Such factors provide great opportunities for investment in the natural gas market of China, including boiler coal-to-gas transformation, natural gas distributed energy and natural gas vehicles. However, risks also exist, such as the lower competitiveness of natural gas, its excess production capacity and dwindling consumption in some gas consumption industries, an insufficient driving force for facilitating the coal-to-gas transformation of industrial fuel users, reverse substitution of "coal in place of gas" in some enterprises, nontransparent costs of the downstream link of the natural gas price chain, and mismatches and nonsynchronous adjustments in natural gas prices and electricity prices.

CNOOC Reports Heavy Loss amid Low Oil Prices

CNOOC Limited,of which China National Offshore Oil Corporation(CNOOC)is the parent,recently posted its first-ever half-year loss as the plunge of crude oil prices destroy the profit at China’s biggest offshore oil and gas producer.The company swung to a 7.74 billion yuan(USD1.16billion)loss in the January-June period,compared to a

Challenges of Oil Companies' Upstream Business under Low Oil Price Condition

Currently, oil companies face the ＂new normal＂ condition that the profit of their upstream business is shrinking with the plunge of oil price. This problem challenges the operation and management of the upstream business. Therefore, it is essential to find out ＆e new approaches and key points of work, to achieve the goal of realizing a quality and sustainable development. From ten aspects, this paper discusses ＆e challenges facing ＆e upstream business of oil companies and puts forward corresponding roadmaps and strategies.

Research on Innovation of Floating Production Storage and Offloading Unit’s Rent Mode under Low Oil Price

After many years of exploitation,onshore oil and gas resources are about to enter a recession period.Oil and gas will mainly come from oceans in the future.Generally speaking,the exploration and production(E&P)cost of oil from offshore is much higher than that of oil from onshore,so it is more sensitive to oil price.However,in recent years,oil price has been hovering at a low level for a long time,almost close to or even lower than the E&P cost of oil,which directly affects the development of oilfields.Besides the influence of oil price,some oilfields present the characteristics of marginal reserve scale,short peak production period and output rapidly declining.There leads to short economic life period and makes the economic benefit close to or lower than oilfield’s hurdle rate,which increases the difficulty of offshore oilfield development.As an important part of oilfield development,Floating Production Storage and Offloading unit,its investment mode and rent mode directly affect overall oilfield’s rate of return and the economic life.This paper chooses lease mode as the research object based on the analysis of investment mode,and further puts forward rent mode related with oil price through the analysis of traditional rent mode,and illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of various rent modes and their applicability so that the lessor chooses the right mode to achieve Win-Win with Oil Company and promotes the development of oilfields under low oil price.

Low Oil Prices Drive up China's Crude Oil Imports

China’s crude oil imports hit a record high in the first half of 2016 despite an economic slowdown,and analysts largely attributed the surge to low prices,not strategic maneuvering.The country imported 186.5 million tons of crude oil in the first half of the year,23.15 million

The influence of South Korea grabbing orders with low price

Entering into 2018,the orders received by South Korean shipbuilding enterprises increased rapidly.As of the end of February,the order volume of South Korean three major enterprises,Daewoo shipbuilding,Samsung Heavy Industries and Hyundai Heavy Industries,reached 4.05 trillion won,an increase of 16.4%over the same period last year.More than half of the new ship orders were received by South Korean shipbuilding companies,in February South Korea exceeded China to be back to number one in the world in terms of order volume.

Comparative Analysis of the Effects of False Low-Price Marketing Strategy on Multiple Platforms

In order to make full use of the characteristics of commodity prices,merchants on e-commerce platforms have adopted the low-price marketing strategy.Regular promotional discounts can bring new vitality to the commodity sales market,but extreme discount marketing methods would lead to serious impacts on the sales of competing products,thus affecting the stable development of the online shopping market.The sales data of four electrical products using the false low-price marketing strategy on three e-commerce platforms(Taobao,JD,and Amazon)were used in this study.The sales data from different e-commerce platforms and different time periods were analyzed,and one-way ANOVA was used on the factors affecting the effect of marketing strategy.The results showed that there is a significant difference between the direct marketing of high-priced products and low-priced products on Taobao;the difference between the marketing effects of high-priced products and mid-priced products on JD and Amazon is significant.This analysis would help businesses formulate reasonable marketing strategies and promote the stable development of the online shopping market.

Collaborative robust dispatch of electricity and carbon under carbon allowance trading market

The launch of the carbon-allowance trading market has changed the cost structure of the power industry.There is an asynchronous coupling mechanism between the carbon-allowance-trading market and the day-ahead power-system dispatch.In this study,a data-driven model of the uncertainty in the annual carbon price was created.Subsequently,a collaborative,robust dispatch model was constructed considering the annual uncertainty of the carbon price and the daily uncertainty of renewable-energy generation.The model is solved using the column-and-constraint generation algorithm.An operation and cost model of a carbon-capture power plant(CCPP)that couples the carbon market and the economic operation of the power system is also established.The critical,profitable conditions for the economic operation of the CCPP were derived.Case studies demonstrated that the proposed low-carbon,robust dispatch model reduced carbon emissions by 2.67%compared with the traditional,economic,dispatch method.The total fuel cost of generation decreases with decreasing,conservative,carbon-price-uncertainty levels,while total carbon emissions continue to increase.When the carbon-quota coefficient decreases,the system dispatch tends to increase low-carbon unit output.This study can provide important guidance for carbon-market design and the low-carbon-dispatch selection strategies.

Low-E玻璃在建筑中的节能效果

设计了数种Low-E玻璃和普通玻璃的组合形式,计算相关的导热热阻,并对其导热热阻进行比较,得出P-L-L(3)和L-L-P(3)这两组的组合形式更有利于建筑节能。建议根据市场价格选择最有利的组合形式。

2023年国内外油气行业发展及2024年展望

2023年,全球能源格局深刻调整,绿色低碳转型稳步推进;国际油价波动下跌,天然气价高位回落;油气勘探开发投资保持增长,油气产量继续双增;炼油乙烯产能继续增长,毛利总体下滑;大石油公司重新强化油气上游,降碳和盈利并重;碳减排共识进一步凝聚,碳市场影响力不断增强。中国油气行业立足安全清洁发展,能源行业政策体系加快完善;新型能源体系建设有序推进;成品油和天然气消费恢复向好,“全国一张网”加速完善;油气产储量保持增长,“两深一非”成增储上产新阵地;炼油能力继续小幅增长;大宗石化产品产能呈扩张态势;碳市场建设步伐加快。2024年,预计国际石油市场基本面由紧平衡转为供应过剩,天然气市场延续脆弱平衡,地缘政治紧张局势及外溢影响等将继续推动油气价格大幅波动;能源转型更加理性务实,基于安全效益发展建设能源韧性体系渐成共识。国内经济景气度回升势头向好,将进一步带动能源行业回暖;深化能源体制机制改革、加快建设新型能源体系、保障能源供应安全稳定仍是能源行业的重要使命任务。

基建投资、工业土地价格与城投债发行利率

以2011-2019年中国155个城市为样本,采用面板数据模型、中介效应模型和GMM方法探讨了基建投资、工业土地价格对城投债发行利率的影响。研究结果表明:基础设施建设投资规模和工业土地出让价格对城投债发行利率分别具有正向和负向影响,且低碳试点城市和非试点城市存在显著的区域异质性;基建投资的总体效益与技术效益的提高有助于融资平台以较低的利率发行城投债。

公立医院带量集采中“药价虚低”问题的法律规制研究

作为新近的药价调节机制,带量集采对遏制“药价虚高”问题颇有裨益,但其所引发的“药价虚低”问题同样值得关注。带量集采中的“药价虚低”表现为以不合理低价获取竞标权,在履约过程中采用不当手段弥补亏损,本质上是一种价格欺诈,应被规制。“药价虚低”中不合理低价的判定应以合同履约为主线,并结合成本、其他提交实质性响应的投标者报价、供应商以往报价等要素,利用澄清机制判断供应商的主观心态,并依据采购阶段建立差异化的处理机制。遏制“药价虚低”应实现多元共治,一方面,应在评价指标中增加质量、技术等要素比重,并慎用控价机制;一方面,应从价格共享和预警、验收与库存监测、信用与履约管理三个面向加强配套机制建设。

农村新生代青年低额彩礼的形成机制及其现实挑战

高额彩礼是我国近年来重点治理的突出社会问题。本研究基于对重庆石村新生代青年“零彩礼”现象的田野调查,分析当地低额彩礼的形成机制及其面临的现实挑战。石村“不算彩礼”的共识促进了婚姻交换灵活多元的发展,相对于更具仪式性的婚礼花费、改口费和房产花费,彩礼因过于货币化和功利化而被排除在有意义的婚姻交换之外。自明清流传至今的传统习俗和社会主义新风尚共同塑造了当地礼俗传统,弱代际责任感下自由恋爱、代际和性别平等的情境化解了婚姻交换的偿付和资助功能,礼物模式的婚姻交换在仪式和日常中塑造着集体道德感,即使是在跨婚姻圈的新生代中也没有形成高额彩礼。但随着社会流动性和风险性增大,当地低额彩礼实践的维系正面临着跨区域文化冲突和彩礼抵押功能强化的挑战。

国外LLDPE价格对我国LLDPE价格的非对称传导分析

选取2010年1月至2023年12月我国、中东、东南亚及美国线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)现货价格,采用非线性自回归分布滞后模型(NARDL)探讨国外地区市场价格对我国LLDPE价格传导的非对称效应。实证结果表明,相较于美国和东南亚,我国LLDPE对中东LLDPE市场的依存程度比较高;同时,东南亚、中东地区及美国对我国LLDPE价格传导存在非对称性,且在价格非对称传导程度和速度上呈现异质特点,其中,美国LLDPE价格下跌的传导程度与速度均大于价格上涨的传导程度与速度,东南亚地区在价格传导程度上也体现出负向非对称性,但传导速度的非对称性不显著,而中东地区LLDPE价格上涨的传导程度大于价格下跌的传导程度,在传导速度上差异较小。