Secondary Cracking of Gasoline and Diesel from Heavy Oil Catalytic Pyrolysis

This paper investigated the secondary cracking of gasoline and diesel from the catalytic pyrolysis of Daqing atmospheric residue on catalyst CEP-1 in a fluidized bed reactor.The results show that the secondary cracking reactivity of gasoline and diesel is poor,and the yield of total light olefins is only about 10%(by mass).As reaction temperature increases,ethylene yield increases,butylene yield decreases,and propylene yield shows a maximum.The optimal reaction temperature is about 670℃for the production of light olefins.With the enhance- ment of catalyst-to-oil mass ratio and steam-to-oil mass ratio,the yields of light olefins increase to some extent. About 6.30%of the mass of total aromatic rings is converted by secondary cracking,indicating that aromatic hy- drocarbons are not easy to undergo ring-opening reactions under the present experimental conditions.

Secondary cracking of volatile and its avoidance in infrared-heating pyrolysis reactor

This study aims to compare the pyrolysis behavior of Huadian oil shale in two infrared heating fixed bed reactors with different directions of infrared beam.Our previous work has shown that fast pyrolysis of oil shale conducted in the shallow fixed bed infrared heating reactor(co-current)presented the massive secondary reactions,which lowered the shale oil production(Siramard et al.,2017).Conversely,the cross-current infrared achieved shale oil yields higher than the Fischer Assay oil yield(13.07 wt%of dry basis),such as 117.7%of the Fischer Assay yield at our realized highest heating rate of 7℃/s under a specified pyrolysis temperature of 550℃.The shale oil from the cross-current infrared heating reactor was obviously heavier than the oil obtained from the cocurrent heating reactor.Thus,the infrared cross heating evidently suppressed the secondary reactions toward volatile.Our realized shale oil yield could reach 13.67 wt%or 122.5%of the Fischer Assay yield under reducing pyrolysis pressure of 0.6 atm,indicating that lower pressure is also beneficial to the release of volatile and reduction of the secondary cracking reactions.This work shows essentially that the infrared cross heating provides an effective merge of the advantages from quick heating and minimization of secondary cracking reactions to enable the shale oil yields being higher than the Fischer Assay oil yield.

Numerical analysis of confinement effect on crack propagation mechanism from a flaw in a pre-cracked rock under compression

In many situations rocks are subjected to biaxial loading and the failure process is controlled by the lateral confinement stresses. The importance of confinement stresses has been recognized in the literature by many researchers, in particular, its influence on strength and on the angle of fracture, but still there is not a clear description for the influence of confining stress on the crack propagation mechanism of rocks. This paper presents a numerical pro- cedure for the analysis of crack propagation in rock-like ma- terials under compressive biaxial loads. Several numerical simulations of biaxial tests on the rock specimen have been carried out by a bonded particle model （BPM） and the influ- ence of confinement on the mechanism of crack propagation from a single flaw in rock specimens is studied. For this purpose, several biaxial compressive tests on rectangular spec- imens under different confinement stresses were modeled in （2 dimensional particle flow code） PFC2D. The results show that wing cracks initiate perpendicular to the flaw and trend toward the direction of major stress, however, when the lat- eral stresses increase, this initiation angle gets wider. Also it is concluded that in addition to the material type, the initiation direction of the secondary cracks depends on confine- ment stresses, too. Besides, it is understood that secondary cracks may be produced from both tensile and shear mechanisms.

Geochemical characteristics of natural gases and source rocks in Obayied sub-basin,north Western Desert,Egypt:implications for gas-source correlation

Western Desert represents a major oil and gas province in Egypt producing more than 50%of the country’s oil production.Oil and gas blend occurs in most producing fields,however,the genetic link between gas and liquid hydrocarbon phases are not well-constrained.Obayied sub-basin in the Western Desert where oil and gas phases coexist in the Middle Jurassic sandstones of the Khatatba Formation provides an ideal place to investigate the link between oil and gas generation.Geochemical analyses on rock samples(Rock–Eval pyrolysis,vitrinite reflectance,R_(o))and gases(molecular and isotopic composition)were conducted in order to identify the genetic characteristics of the hydrocarbon phases produced.Maturity-relevant parameters(Rock–Eval T_(max),vitrinite reflectance R_(o))elucidate that only Middle Jurassic Khatatba organofacies capable of generating wet and dry hydrocarbon gases.Additionally,the enrichment of C_(7)normal alkanes,mono-branched alkanes relative to polybranched components in the Obayied gases reflect their generation via cracking of oil.Basin modelling results confirm gas generation through both primary and secondary cracking.However,secondary cracking of liquid hydrocarbon phases is volumetrically more significant.Primary cracking of the Khatatba organofacies likely predate and catalyze the secondary cracking of the liquid phases and therefore the volume of generated gas increases incrementally eastward where both processes coexist.The present study highlights the significant role of secondary cracking in the generation and accumulation of huge gas accumulations in the basins containing oil-prone source intervals.

Characteristics of oil shale pyrolysis in a two-stage fluidized bed

Rapid pyrolysis of oil shale coupled with in-situ upgrading of pyrolysis volatiles over oil shale char was studied in a laboratory two-stage fluidized bed(TSFB) to clarify the shale oil yield and quality and their variations with operating conditions. Rapid pyrolysis of oil shale in fluidized bed(FB) obtained shale oil yield higher than the Fischer Assay oil yield at temperatures of 500-600 ℃. The highest yield was 12.7 wt% at 500 ℃ and was about1.3 times of the Fischer Assay oil yield. The heavy fraction(boiling point > 350 ℃) in shale oil at all temperatures from rapid pyrolysis was above 50%. Adding an upper FB of secondary cracking over oil shale char caused the loss of shale oil but improved its quality. Heavy fraction yield decreased significantly and almost disappeared at temperatures above 550 ℃, while the corresponding light fraction(boiling point < 350 ℃) yield dramatically increased. In terms of achieving high light fraction yield, the optimal pyrolysis and also secondary cracking temperatures in TSFB were 600 ℃, at which the shale oil yield decreased by 17.74% but its light fraction yield of 7.07 wt% increased by 86.11% in comparison with FB pyrolysis. The light fraction yield was higher than that of Fischer Assay at all cases in TSFB. Thus, a rapid pyrolysis of oil shale combined with volatile upgrading was important for producing high-quality shale oil with high yield as well.

CYCLIC DEFORMATION OF COARSE GRAINED POLYCRYSTALLINE PURE Al——Ⅱ.FRACTURE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY

SEM photos for very coarse grained and high ductile polycrystalline pure Al show following characteristics:A few fracture sources are concentrated,the crack propagates in fan-shape near them,and the fatigue striations are cyclic cleavage facets.Each striation consists of a wide cleavage facet and a narrow cleavage stage.Those stages often blunt due to plastic deformation.The fatigue striations are clear and continual,and distribute over whole zone of stage Ⅱ crack propagation.Two kinds of fatigue striations form in different levels,are conjoined by a“twisted baked piece of pastry”band.The secondary crack along the fatigue striations was observed frequently.Some of them have already developed into secondary macrocracks and secondary fatigue striations were found clearly on secondary fracture sur- face.The fracture surface can be divided into two parts,initiation and propagation zone of the crack,however,no statical-fracture zone was observed.The mechanism to form striations was preliminarily discussed.

Unveiling the underlying mechanism of forming edge cracks upon high strain-rate rolling of magnesium alloy

In the current study,high strain-rate rolling(≥10 s-1) has been successfully employed to produce Mg-3 A1-1 Zn alloy sheets to a high reduction of 82% with a fine grain structure in a single pass.The underlying mechanism of forming primary and secondary edge cracks has been investigated.It is found that dynamic recrystallization(DRX) induced by subgrains tends to blunt cracks,while twinning-induced D RX is mainly observed around sharp crack tips.The motion of emitted dislocations from blunted cracks is inhibited by the DRX grain boundaries.This,on one hand,increases local work hardening,and on the other hand,causes stress concentration alo ng grain boundaries especially in the triple junctions leading to the formation of secondary cracks.

Influence of Twinning Texture on the Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of Extruded Magnesium Alloys

Bio-magnesium alloys have received great attention due to their degradability and biocompatibility.Corrosion fatigue failure is a huge challenge in vivo for bio-magnesium alloy implants.Understanding the eff ects of twinning textures on the corrosion fatigue of magnesium alloys is meaningful for the applications.In the current study,pre-compression strains of 2%and 4%were carried out on extruded rods.The effects of twinning texture on the corrosion performance and corrosion fatigue resistance were investigated.The hydrogen evolution tests indicated that twinning texture enhanced the corrosion resistance of longitudinal cross section by improving uniformity of surface energy.The results of corrosion fatigue tests indicated that the differences in mechanical damage caused by twinning texture dominated the corrosion fatigue behavior under high stress amplitude.The secondary cracks of surface deteriorated the corrosion fatigue resistance of the original specimens under low stress amplitude.The compact corrosion film and the re-passivation of matrix suppressed the hydrogen induced cracking,thereby improving the corrosion fatigue resistance of the pre-compression specimens.